保定市城市热岛效应特征分析

利用1970-2007年保定市和周边邻近的徐水、满城、望都、高阳4个气象站的气温资料,应用统计学方法,对保定市热岛效应的年代际、年际、季节和日变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:保定市城市热岛效应十分明显,在最近的38 a中,市区比郊区年平均气温偏高0.7 ℃,且这一现象有增强的趋势,平均增长率为0.18 ℃/10a.保定市城市热岛效应主要表现在对最低气温的影响,对最高气温的影响不明显,市区比郊区年平均最低气温偏高1.5 ℃.保定市城市热岛效应四季差异较大,热岛效应最强的季节是冬季,38 a中冬季的平均气温差达到1.0 ℃,最弱的季节是夏季,夏季平均气温差为0.5 ℃.保定市的热岛强度日变化特征是夜间强、白天弱.     

阳泉城市热岛效应及气象因素分析

根据阳泉市气象站点37年的气候资料,分析了阳泉城市热岛效应的年、季、月的变化,自1972～2008年,阳泉市城市热岛效应存在且随时间推移呈现增大的趋势。市区和郊区年平均温差为1.38℃,2004年温差最大为1.771℃,1973年市区与郊区温差最小,仅为1.279℃。阳泉城市热岛效应冬季最强,夏季最弱。利用灰色关联度分析法,分析了影响阳泉城市热岛效应的主要气象因子,影响顺序为:相对湿度>日照时数>降雨量>风速。     

七台河市城市热岛效应特征分析

利用1994-2010年七台河市和邻近的北兴气象站的气象资料,应用统计学方法,对七台河市城市热岛效应的年际、季节和日变化进行了分析研究。结果表明:七台河市存在一定的城市热岛效应,有气象记录以来的17 a中,市区比郊区年平均气温偏高1.2℃,其中2003年市区与郊区平均温差最大为1.6℃,2002、2005、2010年市区与郊区平均温差最小,均为1.0℃,近3 a(2008-2010年)市区与郊区温差分别为1.2、1.1、1.0℃,呈逐年下降趋势。七台河市城市热岛效应主要表现在对最低气温的影响,对最高气温的影响较弱,市区比郊区年平均最低气温偏高1.9℃。七台河市城市热岛效应四季差异明显,春季、秋季、冬季热岛效应相对较强,夏季最弱,平均气温差均为0.6℃。热岛强度日变化特征是夜间强、白天弱。     

湖陆风对滨湖夏季气温和岳阳市城市热岛强度的影响

利用逐日逐时气象资料对岳阳市主城区近年夏季城市热岛强度进行了评估,探讨了东洞庭湖湖陆风对滨湖夏季气温以及城市热岛强度的影响。结果表明：平均气温郊区较城区、滨湖低1.47、1.11 ℃,最低气温郊区较城区、滨湖低1.89、2.03 ℃,最高气温城区较郊区高0.61 ℃、郊区较滨湖高0.63 ℃。白天城区气温高于郊区,郊区气温高于滨湖;夜间城区气温与滨湖基本相当,且明显高于郊区。各区逐时气温变率郊区最大,城区次之,滨湖最小,三者在23:00—次日6:00基本相当且变化较小。城区平均、最高、最低气温分别比郊区高1.47、0.61、1.89 ℃,对应城市热岛强度分别为弱、弱、中等。8:00—19:00城市热岛强度为弱,20:00—次日7:00为中等。滨湖9:00—18:00湖风强,19:00—次日8:00陆风弱。湖陆风与各区气温以及城市热岛强度均极显著相关。夜间城市热岛效应强于白天湖泊冷效应,白天城市热岛效应和夜间湖泊热效应随着站点与滨湖和郊区的距离远近影响强度不同,离滨湖越近的城市站白天受城市热岛效应影响越小,夜间受城市热岛效应影响越大。     

兰州城市热岛效应特征及其影响因子研究

利用1958-2003年兰州及临近两个乡村气象站气温资料,研究了兰州城市热岛效应特征和导致热岛效应季节差异及其年代际变化趋势的主要气象因子。结果表明：近40多年来,兰州城市热岛效应一直呈增强趋势,热岛效应在冬季尤为显著;在日变化中以02：00热岛效应最为明显,而14：00效应较小。冬季逆温层、夏季城市下垫面对热岛效应的季节差异影响较大。城市发展导致热岛效应增强,而部分气象要素的年代际异常加剧了热岛效应。     

北京及其周边地区闪电活动的时空特征

利用具有总闪观测能力的SAFIR3000在2005-2007年对北京及周边地区(天津、唐山、廊坊等)的观测资料,分析了该地区云闪和地闪时空分布特征.结果表明:云闪高发时段在15:00-次日00:00,峰值在19:00,高发月份在6-8月,峰值在7月;云闪空间分布高值区在北京东北部、天津北部、承德西南部一带,约为30次/(km2·a);云闪平均高度(海拔高度)日变化差异不大,季节变化夏季最高,冬季最低;高度在9～10 km的云闪最多,占云闪总次数的10.97％.地闪高发时段、月份、地闪高值区(密度约为5次/(km2·a))与云闪基本相似,不同之处在于云闪日分布多为单峰,而地闪为双峰,云闪高值时段开始与结束时间均比地闪早;云闪空间分布高值区密度约为地闪的6倍.3 a平均正闪占地闪总数百分比为16.44％,夏季该百分比较低,春秋季较高,其月际变化与正闪次数月际变化相反.总闪时空分布特征和云闪更为相似,总闪高值区分布和卫星探测得到的基本一致.     

北京市朝阳区热岛效应特征分析

利用1961—2014年朝阳、密云、上甸子3个站气温地面观测数据,对朝阳区与郊区温度年际变化、热岛强度年际变化进行了分析,并利用卫星反演数据分析了热岛效应的空间分布特征,得到以下主要结论:1朝阳区在20世纪70年代末城市热岛效应不太明显,之后城市热岛效应开始显现,热岛强度逐年增强,80年代末到90年代初略有减弱,2000年以后热岛强度有明显增强。2朝阳与郊区平均温差达1.5℃左右,为强热岛效应。热岛效应增强使得夏季高温日数增加,冬季低温日数减少。冬季为一年中热岛强度最强的季节。3朝阳区的热岛效应表现为西强东弱,热岛强度逐渐有向东、向南发展的趋势。强热岛区域集中在三环以内的城区。弱热岛区域集中在奥林匹克森林公园等下垫面多为大面积的水体和植被的地区。     

中国西南地区气溶胶光学厚度的时空特征

采用MODIS卫星遥感产品研究西南地区气溶胶季节变化,并对成都和香格里拉两站2008年的太阳光度计观测资料进行分析。结果表明西南地区气溶胶光学厚度(AOD Aerosol Optical Depth)全年呈西低东高的地理分布特征,但东西部季节变化特征不同:西南地区东部AOD有春季最大,秋冬次之,夏季最小的演变特征,并且在四川盆地,黔、渝、湘交界和广西中部有三个明显的AOD高值区。西南地区西部AOD有春季最大,夏秋次之,冬季最小的演变特征,无明显高值区。太阳光度计资料分析表明,成都地区AOD日变化呈准双峰型,香格里拉AOD日变化呈上升趋势。     

基于CERA-20C资料青藏高原边界层高度日变化气候特征分析

基于1981-2010年CERA-20C全球大气边界层高度(Boundary layer height,BLH)再分析资料对青藏高原边界层高度的日变化特征,包括日变化的季节变化、年代变化与年际变化进行研究。结果表明:BLH大值区在海拔大于5 000 m地区以及沙漠干旱地区,其中尼玛等地为边界层高度大值区的扩散源地。03:00(世界时,下同)-06:00 BLH增加最剧烈,增幅达948. 67 m·(3h)~(-1); 09:00-12:00降低最剧烈,降幅达760. 02 m·(3h)~(-1)09:00为最大值,晚于非高原地区(06:00),30年平均最大值可达1 982. 764 m,日变化最大值可达2 901. 21 m,昼高夜低。BLH最大值在春季为最大、夏季最小,BLH最小值在夏季最大、秋季最小。高原西坡BLH在春秋季最大,腹地在冬季最大,东坡BLH低,变化幅度小。03:00 BLH逐月变化趋势为单峰变化特征。BLH除夏季年际变化平稳变化以外,春、秋、冬三季在20世纪80年代中期,20世纪90年代末与21世纪初均存在较大波动。冬季边界层高度近30年逐渐增加,特别是在21世纪初的大幅持续增加值得重视。春季高原腹地处于积雪融化时期,积雪融化带走地表热量,促使春季地表气温更低,边界层高度春季与地表气温呈负相关,同时夏季相对湿度为波状分布,相对湿度梯度最小值与边界层顶相对应,边界层高度在春季比夏季更高。边界层高度发展最高时,高原边界层内通常为上升运动与下沉运动交替,为边界层发展提供一定的动力条件。     

北京城市热岛效应对冬夏季降水的影响研究

利用北京地区20个气象观测站最近30年（1975～2004年）冬季（12～2月）、夏季（6～8月）平均气温、降水量和降水日数资料,研究了城市热岛效应的年代际变化及其对降水的影响。结果表明:（1）最近30年来,北京城区与北部山区之间的温度梯度在明显加大,其中,冬季温度梯度的平均增幅为0.6℃/10 a,夏季约为0.2℃/10 a。（2）在北京城区南北两侧,冬季和夏季的降水日数、降水量的相对变化趋势明显不同:相对区域平均而言,在城区及南部近郊区,冬季降水日数和降水量都在明显增加;夏季,城区北侧的降水日数呈加速增长趋势,尽管南部平原郊区的相对降水日数变化不大,但降水量在相对减少。（3）城市热岛效应对不同季节降水分布的影响,可能是城乡温度梯度与盛行风相互作用的结果,就北京地区而言,地形的存在,强化了城区与北部郊区之间的温度梯度:冬季盛行北风气流,在北部郊区,热岛效应强迫产生的边界层下沉运动有可能造成局地降水天气过程相对减少,城区及其南侧则相反;夏季盛行南风气流,随着城市热岛效应的增强, 发生在北部近郊区的弱降水天气过程趋于增多。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.