四阶△－∑过抽样电路原理及其在微弱地学信号检测中的应用

传统的测量电路无法解决诸如海底大地电磁场这样微弱地学信号的检测问题。近几年诞生了一种称之为△-∑的电路理论以及相应的硬件芯片，给微伏级的弱信号检测开辟一条新的技术路径。文章介绍与地学探测有关的一种△-∑电路类型，该类型以低频段微弱信号为检测对象。采用系统理论和电路分析方法对△-∑原理作了较深入的讨论，阐明这种电路技术对提高微弱信号观测的分辨率是有效的。结合海底大地电磁探测中的信号采集问题，介绍了在仪器中把多路的被测模拟量变为数字量的技术过程。经对实际采集的海底信息的频谱曲线进行分析，证实所采用的△-∑技术以及多路信号采集的电路方案是合理的。     

海底大地电磁数据采集电路的接口技术

为了实现智能化的海底大地电磁数据采集,必须应用计算机技术使采集过程自动控制、被测数据自动存储、且电路具有某些纠错功能.根据海洋工程的作业特点,较详细地介绍了自行研制的海底大地电磁仪中的数据采集接口技术.整套仪器系统经海洋试验,证实是有效的和实用的.     

海底大地电磁信号采集的技术难点

海底大地电磁探测要解决的首要问题是海底信号采集。对于陆上已广泛使用且采集技术已较为成熟的大地电磁测深法来说 ,该方法在海洋中的应用并不是一个简单的方法移植问题。由于海洋环境的严酷、海上作业的风险和海底信号微弱 ,要实现海底大地电磁信号采集面临着重重困难。为实现预期的探测目标 ,需采用一系列高新技术 ,包括微弱信号检测技术、海底多台观测系统的高精度同步技术、智能化控制技术、水下密封承压技术以及硬件系统集成技术等等。对海底大地电磁探测所遇到的难点技术问题作了初步的探讨     

海底MT采集电路在非实时监控状态下的容错性设计

测量海底大地电磁场的仪器系统只能以非实时监控模式运行,这给信号的采集工作带来诸多不可预测的因素。在测量周期长、条件恶劣且与人员隔绝的时空条件下,信号测试过程会受到来自环境干扰和电路异常等方面的影响。因而,预防干扰及自动纠错成为海底大地电磁信号采集电路必须具备的功能。针对可能出现的电路故障,设计相应的软硬件纠错方案以确保海底的仪器始终正常工作是十分重要的。详细分析了海洋作业过程中由于强烈振动的影响、电子盘的写盘噪声以及方向传感器的电磁辐射等方面的故障及其产生的原因,并提出了软件与硬件相结合的容错性设计方案,实现了海底电磁信号采集在非实时监控状态下的容错功能。     

四阶Δ-Σ过抽样电路原理及其在微弱地学信号检测中的应用

传统的测量电路无法解决诸如海底大地电磁场这样微弱地学信号的检测问题。近几年诞生了一种称之为ΔΣ的电路理论以及相应的硬件芯片 ,给微伏级的弱信号检测开辟一条新的技术路径。文章介绍与地学探测有关的一种ΔΣ电路类型 ,该类型以低频段微弱信号为检测对象。采用系统理论和电路分析方法对ΔΣ原理作了较深入的讨论 ,阐明这种电路技术对提高微弱信号观测的分辨率是有效的。结合海底大地电磁探测中的信号采集问题 ,介绍了在仪器中把多路的被测模拟量变为数字量的技术过程。经对实际采集的海底信息的频谱曲线进行分析 ,证实所采用的ΔΣ技术以及多路信号采集的电路方案是合理的。     

海底MT信号采集电路的设计

设计海底大地电磁信号采集电路，需考虑海底信号特征、海上作业以及海底环境等各种因素。分析表明，除遵循电路设计的一般原则外，海底大地电磁测量要重点解决微弱信号检测、智能化数据采集、海底环境监测和同步记录等4个方面的问题。在设计方案中，电路灵敏度达到微伏级；使用嵌入式计算机实现采集控制；对方位、倾斜、振动、温度等参数进行巡回记录；仪器的时钟精度精准到微秒。所研制的电路经过了室内模拟测试和海洋试验。首次采集到中国海域的大地电磁数据。     

海底环境参数采集电路的硬件实现及其驱动软件设计

海底大地电磁探测与陆上同类探测的技术差别之一是其测量过程受环境因素的影响较大.为真实地获取海底岩石介质的电性模型, 在对海底大地电磁实测信号进行数据处理的同时, 需参考海底仪器的方位朝向、倾斜姿态等信息, 以便认识海底电磁场真实的矢量变化方向, 进而实现对整个测网多站位的统一资料解释.为达到这一目的, 海底大地电磁仪内部设有环境参数采集通道, 该通道对诸如方位、倾斜、温度等信息实施分时循环采集.电路包括PC104嵌入式计算机、多路选择开关、逻辑控制门阵列等硬件单元.在硬件架构搭建完成后, 开发出相配套的电路驱动软件, 实现对海底环境参数的实时记录与存储.近期的海洋试验效果显示, 所研制的电路硬件及其驱动软件已达到设计要求.      

海底大地电磁数据采集器高精度应急时钟源的设计

为了实现海底大地电磁探测的远参考道测量,各台仪器需同步采集数据,为此,设计了1个具有微秒级误差的高精度应急时钟源.该时钟源的设计采用单片机(MCU)为主控单元,应用了串行通讯、I2C等技术手段.文中概要介绍了其硬件组成和软件程序的设计.     

LJH-2B型流速直读仪的研制及应用

介绍了LJH-2B型流速直读仪原理结构及其应用情况,阐述了一种实现流速仪信号抗干扰的软硬件滤波方法,论证了推广该仪器的可行性。     

V8多功能电法仪与EH-4连续电导率仪的对比

通过EH-4连续电导率仪及V8多功能电法仪的音频大地电磁测量对比实验,详细分析了两套仪器所采集的原始数据及反演结果,并从仪器性能指标及工作效率等方面对两套仪器进行了对比研究.研究表明两套仪器都能采集到真实可信的数据.V8多功能电法仪能获得更低频段的信号,EH-4连续电导率仪则能采集到较高质量的高频信号.相比较而言,V8多功能电法仪所获得数据的连续性要好于EH-4连续电导率仪,且其工作效率要高于EH-4连续电导率仪,但就工作成本而言,EH-4连续电导率仪有更大优势.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861