A vector‐valued ground motion intensity measure consisting of spectral acceleration and epsilon

The ‘strength’ of an earthquake ground motion is often quantified by an Intensity Measure (IM), such as peak ground acceleration or spectral acceleration at a given period. This IM is used to predict the response of a structure. In this paper an intensity measure consisting of two parameters, spectral acceleration and epsilon, is considered. The IM is termed a vector‐valued IM, as opposed to the single parameter, or scalar, IMs that are traditionally used. Epsilon (defined as a measure of the difference between the spectral acceleration of a record and the mean of a ground motion prediction equation at the given period) is found to have significant ability to predict structural response. It is shown that epsilon is an indicator of spectral shape, explaining why it is related to structural response. By incorporating this vector‐valued IM with a vector‐valued ground motion hazard, we can predict the mean annual frequency of exceeding a given value of maximum interstory drift ratio, or other such response measure. It is shown that neglecting the effect of epsilon when computing this drift hazard curve leads to conservative estimates of the response of the structure. These observations should perhaps affect record selection in the future. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于阿里亚斯烈度估值的概率性地震危险性分析——以四川丹棱县及其周缘为例

以编制《中国地震动参数区划图》时所构建的地震潜在震源区模型和地震活动性模型为基本输入,在四川省丹棱县及其周缘地区开展基于阿里亚斯烈度的概率地震危险性分析,计算50年超越概率10%的阿里亚斯烈度(Arias Intensity,Ia)。结果表明:丹棱县及其周缘绝大部分地区的Ia值都在0.11m/s以上,部分地区在0.32m/s甚至0.54m/s以上,具有较高的地震诱发滑坡风险,应当加强人员密集区的地震诱发滑坡危险性评估。根据不同Ia预测方程计算得到的Ia分布有较大差异,因此在计算Ia时应考虑多个Ia预测方程,对最终结果进行加权平均,以减小Ia结果的不确定性。同时还发现Ia值与1.0s的谱加速度具有很好的相关性,这也印证了Ia和1.0s谱加速度与砂土液化的相关性。     

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified peak velocity and target spectrum

In this paper, a method, which synthesizes the artificial ground motion compatible with the specified peak velocity as well as the target acceleration response spectrum, was proposed. In this method, firstly, an initial acceleration time history α8^（0） （t）, which satisfies the prescribed peak ground acceleration, the target spectral acceleration ST（ω, ζ）,and the specified intensity envelope, is generated by the traditional method that generates the requency domain; secondly,α8^（0） （t）is further modulated by superimposing narrow-band time histories upon it in the time domain to make its peak velocity, approach the target peak ground velocity, and at the same time to improve its fitting precision to the target spectrum. Numerical examples show that this algorithm boasts high calculation precisions.     

Seismic microzoning from synthetic ground motion parameters: case study, Santiago de Cuba

Synthetic seismograms (P-SV and SH waves) have been calculated along six profiles in Santiago de Cuba basin, with a cutoff frequency of 5 Hz, by using a hybrid approach (modal summation for a regional 1D structure plus finite differences for a local 2D structure embedded in the first). They correspond to a scenario earthquake of M_S=7 that may occur in Oriente fault zone, directly south of the city. As initial data for a seismic microzoning, the characterisation of earthquake effects has been made considering several relative (2D/1D) quantities (PGDR, PGVR, PGAR, DGAR, I_AR—ratios of peak ground values of displacement, velocity and acceleration, and of design ground acceleration and Arias intensity-, etc.) and functions representative of the ground motion characteristics in soil (2D) with respect to bedrock (1D). The functions are the response spectra ratio RSR(f), already routinely used in this kind of work, and the elastic energy input ratio E_IR(f), defined, for the first time, in this paper. These data, sampled at 115 sites within all the profiles have been classified in two steps, using logical combinatory algorithms: connected components and compact sets. In the first step, from the original ground motion parameters or functions extracted from the synthetic seismograms, nine sets have been classified and the partial results show the spatial distribution of the soil behaviour as a function of the component of motion. In the second step, the results of the classification of the nine sets have been used as input for a further classification that shows a spatial distribution of sites with a quasi-homogeneous integral ground motion behaviour. By adding the available geological surface data, a microzoning scheme of Santiago de Cuba basin has been obtained.     

An evaluation of strong motion records and a new parameter A95

From the past studies of acceleration records, it is generally recognised that peak acceleration is not a suitable measure of the ground motion for design purposes. Usually, peak accelerations are difficult to predict. They occur in high frequency pulses containing very little energy and therefore are of little consequence. On the other hand acceleration has direct and useful application in engineering design. A new parameter A₉₅ is introduced in this paper which is defined as that level of acceleration which contains up to 95 per cent of the Arias Intensity. From the study of 135 records, it is noticed that the variation of the fraction of Arias Intensity with acceleration level can be described by a very well defined relationship. It is also observed that A₉₅ and Arias Intensity bear a stable relationship. Furthermore, the Arias Intensity at a site correlates more closely with the earthquake magnitude and the distance of the site from the source in attenuation relationships. From the available data, relationships are derived which show that there is a difference between the near-field and the far-field attenuation laws. The following relationships are obtained: where E_s = Arias Intensity, E_x = fraction of Arias Intensity above an acceleration level A, M = surface wave magnitude, R = nearest distance to the energy source or focal distance in km.     

Prediction of spatially distributed seismic demands in specific structures: Structural response to loss estimation

A companion paper has investigated the effects of intensity measure (IM) selection in the prediction of spatially distributed response in a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structure. This paper extends from structural response prediction to performance assessment metrics such as probability of structural collapse; probability of exceeding a specified level of demand or direct repair cost; and the distribution of direct repair loss for a given level of ground motion. In addition, a method is proposed to account for the effect of varying seismological properties of ground motions on seismic demand that does not require different ground motion records to be used for each intensity level. Results illustrate that the conventional IM, spectral displacement at the first mode, S_de(T₁), produces higher risk estimates than alternative velocity‐based IM's, namely spectrum intensity, SI, and peak ground velocity, PGV, because of its high uncertainty in ground motion prediction and poor efficiency in predicting peak acceleration demands. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A note on time of maximum response of single degree of freedom oscillator to earthquake excitation

The dependence of the relative time of maximum response of single degree of freedom system, subjected to recorded strong earthquake ground motion, on magnitude, epicentral distance and the Modified Mercalli Intensity at the site has been studied. Two empirical regression models are presented that enable estimation of the relative time of maximum response in terms of (1) earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance, or (2) Modified Mercalli Intensity at the site. The empirical distribution functions of the observed times of maximum response are presented. Both models also consider whether motion is horizontal or vertical, and the effects of the geologic conditions surrounding the site. The results are useful for the response spectrum approach in earthquake resistant design, as they provide guidelines for superposition of different loads in time.     

Proposal for a soil classification based on parameters alternative or complementary to Vs,30

The selection of specific elastic response spectra according to soil categories is the easiest way to account for site effects in engineering projects and general-purpose hazard maps. Most of the international seismic codes make use of the average shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m (Vs_,30) to discriminate soil categories, although some doubts arose about the capability of Vs_,30 to predict actual soil amplification. In this work we propose two soil classifications in which the soil fundamental frequency (f₀) becomes either an alternative or a complement to Vs_,30. The performance of the derived categorizations is achieved through the estimation of the standard deviation associated to ground motion prediction equations of acceleration response spectra, considering recordings extracted from the Italian strong motion data base. The results indicate that there is a significant reduction of the standard deviation when the classification is based on the couple of variables Vs_,30–f₀, although a classification based of the single f₀ also leads to satisfactory results, comparable with those obtained assuming a classification scheme based on Vs_,30.     

Strong ground motion from the November 12, 2017, <Emphasis Type="Bold">M</Emphasis> 7.3 Kermanshah earthquake in western Iran

In this paper, we analyzed the strong ground motion from the November 12, 2017, Kermanshah earthquake in western Iran with moment magnitude (M) of 7.3. Nonlinear and linear amplification of ground motion amplitudes were observed at stations with soft soil condition at hypocentral distances below and above 100 km, respectively. Observation of large ground motion amplitudes dominated with long-period pulses on the strike-normal component of the velocity time series suggests a right-lateral component of movement and propagation of rupture towards southeast. Comparison of the horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) from the M 7.3 earthquake with global PGA values showed a similar decay in ground motion amplitudes, although it seems that PGA from the M 7.3 Kermanshah earthquake is higher than global values for NEHRP site class B. We also found that the bracketed duration (D_b) was higher in the velocity domain than in the acceleration domain for the same modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) threshold. For example, D_b reached ~?30 s at the maximum PGA while it was ~?50 s at the maximum peak ground velocity above the threshold of MMI?=?5. Although the standard design spectrum from Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design of Buildings (standard No. 2800) seems to include appropriate values for the design of structures with fundamental period of 1 s and higher, it is underestimated for near-field ground motions at lower periods.     

2019年10月28日甘肃夏河5.7级地震强地面运动特征分析

2019年10月28日甘肃省夏河县发生5.7级地震,中国数字强震动台网的18个专业台站在此次地震中触发。本文处理捕获的54条三分向加速度记录,给出近场台站的地震动参数,绘制了震中附近区域峰值加速度等值线图,其长轴呈WN-ES方向展布。将实际观测数据与几种常用地震动衰减关系对比,发现俞言祥^[1]短轴衰减预测模型能更好地反映此次地震的影响场。将振幅较大的62LBL、62BLX台的反应谱与我国抗震设计反应谱比较,采用最小二乘法拟合出不同震中距5个台站各周期谱加速度衰减特性,总结了此次地震的反应谱基本特征。运用H/V谱比法对4个典型台站进行场地地震反应分析,研究了局部场地条件对峰值加速度和峰值速度的影响过程。     

Scaling of ground motions and its implications to plan-asymmetric structures

Ground motions are often scaled to certain convenient target spectra in the response assessment of structures. While uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) is more widely used, conditional mean spectrum (CMS) is recently proposed as a more desirable target for scaling of real accelerograms. In this backdrop, the present study spectrally scales, using wavelets, a set of near-field and far-field ground motions to both the targets, viz., UHS and CMS. Relevance of a set of useful ground motion characteristics, viz., the peak ground acceleration-to-peak velocity ratio (a_max/v_max), predominant period (T_p), Arias intensity (I_a), Housner intensity (I_H), cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) and significant duration (T_d^⁎), is reviewed. Influence of ground motion scaling is discussed in terms of possible changes of such identified parameters. Seismic demand of horizontally irregular structures is assessed under both scaled and seed records recognizing strength dependent stiffness. Threshold of the scale factor, shown to have well-correlated with the change of ground motion characteristics, may be as high as ~10 to adequately estimate torsion-induced amplification in asymmetric system without any bias.     

基于烈度指标的核电厂地震预警停堆参数研究

核电厂在遭遇超设计基准地震时需要考虑安全停堆,以避免造成核泄漏事故。采用地震动的峰值加速度参数(PGA)作为判别停堆的参数具有一定的局限性,PGA参数不能反映地震动的频谱和持时特征,因而可能引起不必要的停堆。针对此问题,基于我国本土大量实际强震记录,遴选出7种典型的工程相关地震动参数,进而基于地震烈度指标,分析发现地震动的标准累计绝对速度参数能更好地表征地震对核电厂的整体潜在破坏能力,适合作为判别停堆的参数,然后提出两种确定预警参数阈值的方法,最终建议考虑我国强震数据特征的核电厂判别停堆的预警参数阈值,为我国核电厂的地震安全停堆参数的确定提供了参考。     

2018年陕西宁强5.3级地震强地面运动特征及局部场地效应分析

2018年9月12日陕西省宁强县发生5.3级地震,中国数字强震动台网的39个专业台站在此次地震中触发。文章中通过处理捕获的117条三分向加速度记录,给出近场台站的地震动参数,绘制震中附近区域峰值加速度等值线图,其长轴呈西南-东北方向展布。采用实际观测数据与几种常用地震动衰减关系对比,发现霍俊荣衰减预测模型能更好地反映此次地震的影响场。将振幅最大的51GYD台的反应谱与我国抗震设计反应谱比较,采用最小二乘法拟合出不同震中距5个台站各周期谱加速度衰减特性,总结出此次地震的反应谱基本特征。运用H/V谱比法对51GYD土层台和62ZM台阵进行局部场地地震反应分析,研究覆盖土层对地震动的放大作用,及局部地形对峰值加速度和峰值速度的影响过程。     

Duration of earthquake fault motion in California

Duration of high frequency (5–25 Hz) radiation of energy from earthquake sources in California is consistent with the estimates of fault length and with dislocation velocity estimates of 2–3 km/sec. This duration can be described by an exponential function of magnitude for 2·5 < M < 7·5. It is related to the times it takes the dislocation to spread over the fault width (1/f₂), and the fault length (～ 1/f₁), and to reach its ultimate amplitude (T₀). The results in this paper can be used to estimate the range of amplitudes and the duration of long period pulses of strong ground motion near faults, as these long period pulses can be related to the properties of high-frequency radiation from the source. Such pulses must be considered in the analyses of yielding structures, when the average peak acceleration of the pulse exceeds the yield resistance seismic coefficient of the structure.     

Rocking strong earthquake accelerations

In this paper, the method presented by Lee and Trifunac (1985) for generating synthetic torsional accelerograms has been extended to the estimation of synthetic rocking accelerograms and of their response spectra. Results from our previous regression analyses for the characterization of strong shaking in terms of (1) earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance, or (2) Modified Mercalli Intensity at the site are utilized here again. The effects of geologic environment, in terms of site parameters or the representative depth of sediments, which influence amplification, and the dispersive properties of ground motion are also included. The synthetic rocking accelerogram is then constructed from the horizontal and vertical acceleration components.     

Real-time mapping of earthquake-induced landslides

Rigid sliding block analysis is a common analytical procedure used to predict the potential for earthquake-induced landslides for natural slopes. Currently, predictive models provide the expected level of displacement as a function of the characteristics of the slope (e.g., geometry, strength, yield acceleration) and the characteristics of earthquake shaking (e.g., peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity). These predictive models are used for developing seismic landslide hazard maps which identify zones with risk of earthquake-induced landslides. Alternatively, these models can be combined with Shakemaps to generate “near-real-time” Slidemaps which could be used, among others, as a tool in disaster management. Shakemaps (a publicly available free service of the United States Geological Survey, USGS) provide near-real-time ground motion conditions during the time of an earthquake event. The ground motion parameters provided by a Shakemap are very useful for the development of Slidemaps. By providing ground motion parameters from an actual earthquake event, Shakemaps also serve as a tool to decouple the uncertainty of the ground motion in sliding displacements prediction. Campania region in Italy is studied for assessing the applicability of using Shakemaps for regional landslide-risk assessment. This region is selected based on the availability of soil shear strength parameters and the proximity to the 1980 Irpina (M _w  = 6.9) Earthquake.     

The Northridge, California, earthquake of 1994: fire ignition by strong shaking

The Northridge earthquake contributed unprecedented detail and quality of data on strong ground motion and on its effects on man-made structures. About 110 fires have been attributed directly to the effects of this earthquake. Two hypotheses for the principal causative agents leading to fire ignition were examined: differential motion and strains in the soil, and inertial forces. The fire-ignition frequency is described with respect to: (1) simple measures of strain in the soil (via density of water pipe breaks, n), (2) occurrence of severely damaged buildings (via density of red-tagged buildings, N), (3) site intensity of shaking, (I_MM), and (4) inertial forces (via peak horizontal ground velocity, v_m). It is shown that the rate of fires (per unit area) ignited by earthquake shaking can be predicted by several empirical equations of comparable accuracy and in terms of common scaling parameters of strong ground motion.     

基于《建筑抗震设计规范》强度包线函数参数取值研究

利用《中国地震动参数区划图》采用的地震动参数衰减关系,以及《中国地震动参数区划图》中地震动峰值加速度和地震动加速度反应谱特征周期反推不同设防烈度和设计地震分组对应的震级和震中距,再根据《建筑抗震设计规范》中各设防水准的峰值加速度确定对应的震级和震中距,进而根据地震动强度包线参数与震级和震中距关系计算地震动强度包线参数的取值,为基于强度包线函数生成人工地震动提供参考,并讨论强度包线参数的取值规律：(1)随着设防烈度的提高,加速度时程曲线上升段持续时间t₁和平稳段持续时间t_s减小,下降段衰减指数c增大;(2)随着地震水准和设计地震分组的提高,加速度时程曲线上升段持续时间t₁和平稳段持续时间t_s增加,下降段衰减指数c减小;(3)在生成人工地震动时,除考虑峰值加速度和设计地震分组影响外,还需要考虑设防烈度影响。     

A note on an instrumental comparison of the modified mercalli (MMI) and the Japanese meteorological agency (JMA) intensity scales,based on computed peak accelerations

In many parts of the world, subjectively based earthquake intensity scales similar to those of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) are applied regularly. Although the characteristics of these scales are quite similar, it is often difficult to convert an estimate of strong ground shaking measured by the MMI scale into its equivalent on other scales. In this paper, an instrumental correlation of the Japanese Intensity scale (JMA) with the MMI scale is described. Currently, one common yardstick that is available for both Japan and the United States is the statistic of peak accelerations. The correlation is done by comparing the JMA for sites where the ‘peak acceleration’ is known in Japan with the MMI for sites in the United States where the peak acceleration is also known. To ensure a direct correspondence of peak accelerations in these two countries, the peak values recorded in the U.S. are corrected by determining the peak acceleration as recorded by the Japanese accelerograph, the SMAC, while it is subjected to the excitation recorded in the United States.