大兴安岭哈拉哈河—淖尔河地区第四纪火山活动初步研究

大兴安岭中部哈拉哈河-淖尔河地区受基底断裂控制,发育28座第四纪火山,这些火山总体呈北东向带状分布。研究区第四纪火山岩分布面积约1000km^2,岩性主要为碱性玄武岩。根据喷发时代和火山地质特征,这里的火山大体可分为更新世和全新世两期。按照火山作用方式不同,区内火山可分为岩浆成因和射汽岩浆成因两类：前者活动产物主要包括火山碎屑锥、碎屑席、熔岩流,其中发育结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩、块状熔岩,以及喷气锥、熔岩冢等火山地质现象;后者产物主要是射汽岩浆喷发形成的基浪堆积物,其中发育大型平行层理及交错层理。不同的火山作用形成了火山口湖、低平火山口湖、火山堰塞湖和塌陷熔岩湖四种不同规模与形态特征的湖泊,这种水火相容的火山地质现象为阿尔山火山温泉国家地质公园增添了景观。     

北部湾涠洲岛及斜阳岛火山地质与喷发历史研究

涠洲岛及斜阳岛是北部湾内一对姊妹火山岛，本文采用火山岩K-Ar法，火山岩中砂岩捕掳体光释光法（OSL）和贝壳^14C法分别测定了火山活动的年代，结合火山岩地质特征，将涠洲岛火山活动初步划分为早-中更新世（1．42Ma-0．49Ma）和晚更新世末期（36ka-33ka）两期。早-中更新世溢流玄武质熔岩盾造就了涠洲岛及斜阳岛，从涠洲岛横路山锅盖岭盾形火山锥溢出的熔岩流向四周漫流，形成涠洲岛中心高四周低的盾形火山地形，其晚阶段球状风化玄武岩沿涠洲岛潮间带分布。晚更新世末期涠洲岛南湾火山和斜阳岛斜阳村火山射气岩浆喷发，间有岩浆喷发，形成典型的低平火山口和巨厚基浪堆积几乎覆盖两岛，经历了海蚀作用，塑造了两岛现代地貌景观。     

长白山火山活动历史、岩浆演化与喷发机制探讨

广义的长白山火山在我国境内包括著名的天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,是我国最大的第四纪火山岩分布区。图们江火山和望天鹅火山活动都始于上新世,喷发活动分别介于上新世—中更新世（5.5~0.19 Ma）和上新世—早更新世（4.77 ~2.12 Ma）。天池火山和龙岗火山属于第四纪火山,喷发活动从早更新世（~2 Ma）持续到全新世。图们江火山岩为溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩,望天鹅火山、天池火山和龙岗火山母岩浆都是钾质粗面玄武岩,但经历了不同的演化过程。天池火山和望天鹅火山都经历了钾质粗面玄武岩造盾、粗面岩造锥和晚期碱性酸性岩浆（碱流岩和碱性流纹岩）的喷发;龙岗火山来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆则未经演化和混染直接喷出地表。图们江火山岩以溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩为主,少量玄武质粗安岩等。天池火山造盾之后,地壳岩浆房和地幔岩浆房具互动式喷发特点,来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆一方面在天池火山锥体内外形成诸多小火山渣锥,另一方面持续补给地壳岩浆房发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,分别导致双峰式火山岩分布特征和触发千年大喷发。火山岩微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素示踪揭示,长白山东（图们江火山、望天鹅火山和天池火山）、西（龙岗火山）两区显示地幔非均一性,东区岩浆源区具有软流圈地幔与富集岩石圈地幔混合特征,西区岩浆源区具有相对亏损的较原始地幔特征。西太平洋板块俯冲—东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山火山活动的动力学机制。     

长白山天池火山粗面玄武岩的喷发历史与演化

本文新提出的年代学和岩石化学结果，进一步从天池火山与区域火山活动的关系，论述了天池火山造盾、造锥历史和岩浆结晶分异转型的时间约束，早更新世早期（2Ma前）开始粗面玄武岩的造盾，早更新世晚期（约1Ma）粗面玄武岩向粗安岩、粗面岩演化，中更新世是粗面岩造锥的主阶段，到了晚更新世（约0．1Ma）粗面岩向碱流岩演化。在中-晚更新世来自地壳岩浆房的粗面岩、碱流岩造锥过程中，来自地幔的粗面玄武岩浆喷发活动始终没有间断过。由于来自地幔粗面玄武质岩浆持续向地壳岩浆房补给，所以天池火山是一座长寿命的火山。岩浆的结晶分异作用和混合作用是天池火山岩浆演化的两个最重要过程，前者形成天池火山双峰式火山岩分布特征，后者成为天池火山喷发的触发机制。天池火山在晚更新世-全新世碱流质岩浆主喷发期兼有少量玄武质粗安岩、粗安岩或粗面质岩浆的交替喷出，揭示了天池火山的地壳岩浆房熔体的分层结构特点，由于来自地幔粗面玄武质岩浆注入地壳岩浆房，导致不同层位岩浆的扰动和混合作用，触发天池火山的喷发。     

龙岗火山群单成因火山作用

长白山区龙岗火山群内分布有100多座由玄武质岩渣锥、熔岩流、低平火山口等火山结构组成的新生代火山。单成因火山作用决定着龙岗火山区内火山结构与规模,这对指导当地减轻火山灾害工作也有一定意义。     

龙岗火山群第四纪爆破式火山作用类型与期次研究

龙岗火山群位于吉林省辉南和靖宇县境内的龙岗山脉中段。火山活动始于新近纪，第四纪更新世为鼎盛期，全新世以来仍有较强的喷发活动，是中国近代活动火山区之一。火山碎屑物的堆积构造、组成、显微形貌和粒度特征表明，第四纪爆破式火山作用包括岩浆爆发、射汽一岩浆爆发和射汽爆发三种类型，以岩浆和射汽-岩浆爆发最为发育。区内爆破式火山活动具有多旋回、多期次、多阶段喷发特点。据火山地质特征，可划分为9期，由老至新为：早更新世早期、晚期；中更新世三角龙湾期、旱龙湾期和金龙顶子早期；晚更新世金川东期；全新世大翁圈期、红期林场期和金龙顶子晚期。爆破式火山灾害的范围较大，岩浆爆发中高危区的半径约10km。射汽-岩浆爆发影响的半径约4km。     

火山射气岩浆喷发作用研究进展

射气岩浆喷发是一种特殊类型的火山活动，水在这类火山活动中起到至关重要的作用，且其喷发产物——低平火山口和基浪堆积物在我国乃至全世界都有广泛的分布。国际上对射气岩浆喷发的研究始于1921年，迄今为止已有80余年的历史。国内外许多学者运用火山地质学、岩石学、沉积学、物理火山学及数值模拟等多学科研究手段，对射气岩浆喷发作用及其产物进行详细的野外观测描述，并探讨其成因机制。本文在前人研究基础上，以我国南方北部湾周边第四纪火山区大量存在的射气岩浆喷发成因的低平火山口和基浪堆积物为研究对象，深入讨论了基浪堆积物的地质特征、射气岩浆喷发形成的基本条件、喷发过程的动力学机制以及基浪流的搬运过程等几方面重要问题，并对已有的研究成果进行了概括和总结，提出有待解决的难点，揭示了这类火山活动特有的属性。     

龙岗火山喷发特征与火山岩化学初步研究

龙岗火山是中国少数几个近代仍有喷发的活动火山区之一,在1700多平方千米火山区内形成100多个玄武质岩浆爆炸成因的火山锥和低平火口湖(龙湾),并有约1600 a BP喷发的金龙顶子活火山。龙岗火山岩是单一的粗面玄武岩,具有一致的化学成分,表明岩浆上升过程中很少演化,推测龙岗火山岩来自同源地幔岩浆。     

大兴安岭诺敏河第四纪火山岩分期:岩石学、年代学与火山地质特征

大兴安岭北段诺敏河第四纪火山24座,分布于诺敏河及其支流毕拉河和甘河支流奎勒河,火山岩分布面积约600km2。诺敏河火山岩均属于钾质系列火山岩(K2O含量2%～4%,且K2O>Na2O-2%),类似于邻区五大连池-科洛钾质火山岩,具有来自类似的富钾地幔源区。但诺敏河火山岩的K2O含量明显低于五大连池-科洛火山岩的K2O含量(一般4%～6%)。东北地区和内蒙东部处于中亚造山带东段,从古生代到新生代,多重构造-岩浆活动导致火山岩源区地球化学非均一性和火山岩的多样性。根据本文提出的火山岩K-Ar年龄(2.3～0.128Ma)及火山地质特征,可将诺敏河第四纪火山岩分为四期。早期(早更新世)火山活动主要沿诺敏河和奎勒河流域分布,火山产物多被晚期沉积物或火山产物所覆盖。中更新世保留的火山锥体及熔岩流是诺敏河第四纪火山产物的主体,表明是第四纪火山活动的高潮期。晚更新世-全新世火山活动限于毕拉河流域,典型的四方山火山和马鞍山火山是该时期火山活动的代表作,保留了较完好的火山地质地貌特征。从火山产物的时空展布,推测诺敏河第四纪火山活动有从东向西发展的趋势。     

火山射气岩浆喷发研究新进展

射气岩浆喷发是一种特殊类型的火山活动,水在这类火山活动中起着至关重要的作用,其喷发产物———低平火山口和基浪堆积物在中国乃至全世界都很常见。国际上对射气岩浆喷发的研究始于1921年。本文在前人研究基础上,以中国南方北部湾周边第四纪火山区大量射气岩浆喷发成因的低平火山口和基浪堆积物为研究对象,综合了近几年中国学者的研究成果,深入讨论了基浪堆积物的地质特征、射气岩浆喷发形成的基本条件、喷发过程的动力学机制,以及基浪流的搬运过程等重要问题,提出有待解决的难点,揭示了这类火山活动的特有属性。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861