一次冰雹云天气过程不同波段雷达回波对比分析

选取一次降雹天气过程,采用贵阳C波段雷达和移动X波段雷达数据,通过分析两部雷达回波强度的空间分布、时间变化波动等特征参量,以验证在复杂山地环境下,移动X波段天气雷达对冰雹云天气过程的探测效果。     

移动X波段双线偏振雷达数据质量分析及偏差订正

2019年8月,中国电子科技集团第十四研究所南京恩瑞特实业有限公司研制的GLC-12A型移动X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达在江苏大丰进行外场观测.根据该雷达外场观测资料,联合盐城新一代SA天气雷达和江苏省6个雨量站资料,对移动X波段双线偏振雷达做数据质量分析.结果 表明,针对同一次降水过程而言,距离越远,衰减越大.为了降...     

广州相控阵天气雷达组网站址分析

X波段双偏振相控阵天气雷达在观测中小尺度天气系统方面具有优势,然而在反射率因子超过一定值之后,有效探测距离会急剧下降。利用雷达组网建设,能确保有效探测,提高观测数据质量。根据相关文献资料,结合2018年5月7日广州暴雨过程,得出组网观测系统中的X波段相控阵天气雷达彼此间隔为35～45 km,基于此间距,通过综合分析,明确广州X波段双偏振相控阵天气雷达组网建设站址。     

威宁X波段双偏雷达与昭通C波段天气雷达回波强度对比

为了能够更加准确地预警贵州威宁及其周边地区的冰雹和其他强对流天气过程,尽可能多的减小各型雷达回波强度的差异,以昭通C波段天气雷达为基准,选取昭通C波段天气雷达和威宁X波段双偏雷达同步观测体扫资料,对3组强对流天气过程回波特征进行了详尽的对比分析,结果表明:威宁X波段双偏雷达与昭通C波段天气雷达回波强度测量值存在一定的误差,前者回波强度整体较后者偏大;观测目标距离两者越近回波强度误差值越小,反之越大;两者对距离较近的观测目标回波强度值一致性较好。     

X波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达降雨估算试验

用X波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达和RG3-M型自动采集翻斗式雨量计,经过严格科学设计,在平凉野外布置试验场,采用与天气系统移动方向一致的两次层积云资料,验证X波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达的测雨能力。试验表明:雷达原始数据滤波处理的好坏直接影响降雨估算精度的高低,特别是对R(Kdp)和R(Kdp,Zdr)影响明显,滤波后数据点的空间平滑是必要的;发展了用雨量计反演雷达测雨参数方法,此方法改进了不同地区、不同雨滴谱分布情况下雷达定量测雨能力;同时表明X波段雷达受降雨衰减的影响比较严重,这些试验结果可作为下一代测雨天气雷达的重要参考依据。     

X波段天气雷达电磁辐射对环境影响的评估

为了定量分析X波段天气雷达电磁辐射对环境的影响,依据X波段天气雷达的主要性能参数,理论推导X波段天气雷达的电磁辐射特性,分析X波段雷达站点周边环境,对电磁辐射进行水平和垂直立体监测,理论计算和实际监测结果均表明X波段雷达电磁辐射大小满足《电磁环境控制限值》(GB8702—2014)和《辐射环境保护管理导则电磁辐射监测仪器和方法》(HJ/T10. 2—1996)的要求,电磁辐射水平低于公众曝露的控制限值。     

多部X波段天气雷达测量偏差分布及组网拼图结果分析北大核心CSCD

在与附近新一代天气雷达对比的基础上,利用自2013年6月起中国科学院大气物理研究所的三部X波段天气雷达在江苏开展了组网观测试验的观测资料,初步对雷达的探测能力和雨区衰减做了分析和订正,同时使用了中国气象科学研究院三维组网系统,将X波段天气雷达与业务雷达资料组网,探索了X波段天气雷达的对业务雷达的补充效果。结果表明:(1)X波段天气雷达的观测数据分别受到了地物回波、遮挡及雨区衰减的影响,已对基数据做了初步的质量控制;(2)通过回波结构和廓线图的对比,经地物抑制、衰减汀正等方法质控后的数据存一定范围内具有较高的可靠性,同时三部X波段天气雷达能够有效探测到60 km内的降水结构,其回波分布较为合理,准确的反映了降水区域的特征;(3)将三部X波段天气雷达观测资料与业务中的新一代天气雷达组网后,得到了结构连续、分布更广、平滑作用更低的资料,补充了新一代天气雷达的低空盲区。     

多部X波段天气雷达测量偏差分布及组网拼图结果分析

在与附近新一代天气雷达对比的基础上,利用自2013年6月起中国科学院大气物理研究所的三部X波段天气雷达在江苏开展了组网观测试验的观测资料,初步对雷达的探测能力和雨区衰减做了分析和订正,同时使用了中国气象科学研究院三维组网系统,将X波段天气雷达与业务雷达资料组网,探索了X波段天气雷达的对业务雷达的补充效果。结果表明:(1)X波段天气雷达的观测数据分别受到了地物回波、遮挡及雨区衰减的影响,已对基数据做了初步的质量控制;(2)通过回波结构和廓线图的对比,经地物抑制、衰减汀正等方法质控后的数据存一定范围内具有较高的可靠性,同时三部X波段天气雷达能够有效探测到60 km内的降水结构,其回波分布较为合理,准确的反映了降水区域的特征;(3)将三部X波段天气雷达观测资料与业务中的新一代天气雷达组网后,得到了结构连续、分布更广、平滑作用更低的资料,补充了新一代天气雷达的低空盲区。     

X波段移动全相参多普勒雷达应用及与C波段新一代天气雷达对比

本文根据2010年8月10日12:00至8月12日12:00在呼兰地区连续48h观测得到的移动X波段全相参多普勒天气雷达的数据,讨论了该移动雷达在两个方面的应用情况:一是根据移动雷达观测150km范围内得到的回波进行全方位跟踪、识别;二是对该移动雷达观测结果在强度场、速度场以及回波高度、回波位置与距离30km的C波段3...     

我国地基天气雷达技术系统发展介绍

回顾了我国天气雷达从常规雷达发展到单极化多普勒,再到双极化多普勒,雷达获取目标的参数信息更加丰富的过程。分析了常规、单极化多普勒、双极化多普勒雷达工作原理及其产品信息。对于我国新一代S、C和X波段的天气雷达性能进行了研究对比。阐述了毫米波段多普勒测云雷达工作原理及其产品。对新一代天气雷达网进行了分析及展望,双极化将是我国天气雷达网升级改造趋势,为弥补新一代天气雷达探测盲区,小型移动电扫描雷达也是一种辅助主雷达网可移动灵活布网的趋势。     

宁波地区海-陆下垫面差异对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟

利用耦合Noah陆面过程的WRF模式对2009年6月5日傍晚发生在宁波地区的一次雷暴过程进行数值模拟,通过改变下垫面覆盖类型的敏感性试验,探讨了海洋和陆地下垫面对雷暴过程的影响。结果表明,WRF模式能够较合理地模拟出雷暴的发生、发展过程。雷暴发生前期,由于海-陆强烈的热力差异,海风特征明显,海风引起的抬升运动触发了雷暴,海风形成的强辐合区对应雷暴过程累积降水量的大值区。当研究区域全部被替换成陆地后,地表的粗糙度增大,在研究区域东部由于摩擦辐合加强,产生了强烈的上升运动,多个发展旺盛的对流单体在上升运动区生成,使雷暴产生的降水区域东扩、降水量增大、雷暴维持时间延长。当研究区域所有陆地被替换成水体后,白天地表通量减小,大气边界层中湍流运动减弱,边界层高度降低,大气层结变得稳定,不利于对流发展。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice: Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact

Light absorbing particles(LAP, e.g., black carbon, brown carbon, and dust) influence water and energy budgets of the atmosphere and snowpack in multiple ways. In addition to their effects associated with atmospheric heating by absorption of solar radiation and interactions with clouds, LAP in snow on land and ice can reduce the surface reflectance(a.k.a., surface darkening), which is likely to accelerate the snow aging process and further reduces snow albedo and increases the speed of snowpack melt. LAP in snow and ice(LAPSI) has been identified as one of major forcings affecting climate change, e.g.in the fourth and fifth assessment reports of IPCC. However, the uncertainty level in quantifying this effect remains very high. In this review paper, we document various technical methods of measuring LAPSI and review the progress made in measuring the LAPSI in Arctic, Tibetan Plateau and other mid-latitude regions. We also report the progress in modeling the mass concentrations, albedo reduction, radiative forcing, and climatic and hydrological impact of LAPSI at global and regional scales. Finally we identify some research needs for reducing the uncertainties in the impact of LAPSI on global and regional climate and the hydrological cycle.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

CBDR&RC in a regime applicable to all

The principle of common, but differentiated, responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR&RC) is fundamental to the UNFCCC. Some options for a nuanced model of differentiation that addresses both responsibility and capability in a changing world are explored, such as new categories of countries, and some of the political issues that such a model might face are considered. The strengths and limitations of options for graduation based on ‘objective’ criteria such that countries could move between categories or ‘graduate’ – an option provided by the UNFCCC – are discussed. Countries could also choose to join another club (e.g. the G20), self-elect into categories or differentiate among themselves implicitly by accepting different commitments and actions. CBDR&RC will form part of the overall legally binding agreement, and must apply symmetry in some respects and differentiation in others to the commitments and actions contained therein. Some possible characteristics of CBDR&RC of relevance in a regime ‘applicable to all’ are outlined. These include promoting climate action and using mechanisms available in the UNFCCC to instil dynamism. Differentiation on mitigation must consider the distinctions between absolute and relative reductions, as well as commitments to outcomes and implementation. CBDR&RC should be applied to mitigation, adaptation, and the means of implementation.

Policy relevance

In Durban, Parties agreed to negotiate a regime ‘applicable to all’, which sent a political signal that there should be greater symmetry between nations. The world has changed since the UNFCCC was negotiated in 1992. It is now less helpful to think only in terms of two groups of countries (e.g. Annex I and non-Annex I), and evident that there are significant differences between member states. This requires a more nuanced interpretation of the principles of equity and CBDR&RC, which is an integral part of the UNFCCC. The options for the different approaches outlined in this article might help in the construction of a more nuanced model. All must do more, while some must do more still than others. To achieve this, some defining characteristics of CBDR&RC in a regime applicable to all are suggested.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

Organic matter of the troposphere — V: Application of molecular marker analysis to biogenic emissions into the troposphere for source reconciliations

Organic matter in tropospheric aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic area. These sources are biogenic detritus and anthropogenic emissions. The biogenic materials in the solvent-extractable organic matter are comprised predominantly of higher plant waxes, with lesser amounts of resin and microbial detritus and the anthropogenic components are primarily vehicular emissions (e.g. oils, soot, etc.) and input from combustion (e.g. charcoal, thermally-altered biogenic matter, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and anthropogenic emissions contain organic compounds (C₁₂–C₄₀₊), which can be identified with unique and distinguishable distribution patterns. Molecular composition analysis has been applied to such extracts after suitable chemical separation into subfractions (i.e. hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, and wax esters). Both homologous compound series and specific natural products (e.g. phytosterols, terpenes, etc.) are identified as molecular markers.Aerosols from rural and remote areas in the western United States, South America, Nigeria and Australia have been analyzed and all contained predominantly plant waxes. The loadings of hydrocarbons ranged approximately from 10–1400 ng/m³ of air, of fatty acids from 10–450 ng/m³ and of fatty alcohols from 10–1650 ng/m³. These higher molecular weight lipids primarily from flora comprise a major component of the organic carbon in rural and remote aerosols. They are thus important indicators for regional biogenic sources in the global cycling of organic carbon.Presented in part at the International Symposium on Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange, Mainz, E.R. Germany, March 16–22, 1986, for Part IV see Simoneit et al. (1988) Atmos. Environ. 22, 983–1004.     

The impact of AIRS atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles on hurricane forecasts: Ike (2008) and Irene (2011)

Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS) measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data, especially over the oceans where conventional data are sparse. In this study, two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, the AIRS Science Team product(Sci Sup) and the single field-of-view(SFOV) research product, were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike(2008) and Hurricane Irene(2011). The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis, especially between 200 h Pa and 700 h Pa. The average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 h Pa, where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS Sci Sup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV retrievals. The mean Sci Sup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere. A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational(3DVAR) data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and Irene. The results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane environment. In terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts, the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding assimilation.Meanwhile, improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

The Expansion of Intensive Beef Farming to the Brazilian Amazon

Systems of intensive animal farming, such as the confinement of beef cattle, are widespread in the developed world. Such practices have been under scrutiny since the 1960s for animal welfare and pollution issues. Here, we document the expansion of intensive beef farming to the Brazilian Amazon in order to assess socio-environmental implications. Using a combination of data mining and field surveys, we developed a georeferenced dataset of 201 cattle confinements in the states of Mato Grosso (Cerrado and Amazon biomes), Pará and Rondônia (Amazon biome), collected in 2017. In Mato Grosso, the country’s agribusiness powerhouse, confinements are well established and account for ˜20% of the cattle slaughter. But rapid expansion in Pará and Rondônia remains largely unnoticed due to the absence of data since 2012. We used the new dataset to map cattle confinements across space and time. For the first time, (1) we document an expansion to the Amazon biome; (2) we also show that confinements are associated with substantially higher productivity rates, though intensified pasture-based systems can reach comparable yields; (3) that confinements have crop production levels 2-3 times higher than comparable properties, both in- and out-of-farm; and (4) that confinements tend to slow down on-property deforestation when compared to fattening ranches in the Amazon biome, although off-property effects could be substantial and need further study. Overall, the implications of intensive beef farming for animal welfare and local waste generation in Brazil require attention as pressure to avoid deforestation continues to stimulate the practice.