Tree-ring growth recovers,but δ13C and δ15N do not change,after the removal of point-source air pollution: a case study for poplar (Populus cathayana) in northwestern China

Pollution from urban centers and fossil fuel combustion can decrease forest growth and interfere with physiological processes. To evaluate whether tree growth and the carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) and nitrogen isotope ratio (δ¹⁵N) in tree rings can serve as proxies for air pollution, this study compared these indices for poplar (Populus cathayana) growing at urban and suburban locations in Lanzhou, in northwestern China. Basal area increment values were much lower at the urban site than in the suburbs from 1985 to 2009, were negatively correlated with NO₂ (r = ?0.56, p < 0.01) and SO₂ (r = ?0.52, p < 0.05) emissions from 1990 to 2009, and increased abruptly after the Lanzhou urban steel factory closed. Urban tree-ring δ¹³C values were not significantly correlated with NO₂ and SO₂ concentrations, and did not differ significantly between the two sites, indicating that other environmental effects (such as precipitation) masked the pollution effects. Tree-ring δ¹⁵N values in the urban samples were much higher than the suburban values. Such differences may be attributable to uptake of ¹⁵N-enriched compounds caused by a higher urban N deposition rate. Tree growth is a promising tool for detecting ecophysiological responses of trees to both diffuse and point-source air pollution, but δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in poplar were not sensitive to point-source air pollution in a heavily polluted environment.     

The suitability of annual tree growth rings as environmental archives: Evidence from Sr,Nd, Pb and Ca isotopes in spruce growth rings from the Strengbach watershed

The combination of the Sr, Nd and Pb isotope systems, recognized as tracers of sources, with the Ca isotope system, known to reveal biology-related fractionations, allowed us to test the reliability of spruce (Picea abies) growth rings as environmental archives through time (from 1916 to 1983) in a forest ecosystem affected by acid atmospheric deposition. Sr and Pb isotopes have already been applied in former tree-ring studies, whereas the suitability of Nd and Ca isotope systems is checked in the present article. Our Sr and Nd isotope data indicate an evolution in the cation origin with a geogenic origin for the oldest rings and an atmospheric origin for the youngest rings. Ca isotopes show, for their part, an isotopic homogeneity which could be linked to the very low weathering flux of Ca. Since this flux is weak the spruces’ root systems have pumped the Ca mainly from the organic matter-rich top-soil over the past century. In contrast, the annual growth rings studied are not reliable and suitable archives of past Pb pollution.     

Tree ring based Pb and Zn contamination history reconstruction in East China: a case study of Kalopanax septemlobus

To reconstruct trace metal contamination history in the Yangtze River Delta region, annual growth rings of native hardwood species, Kalopanax septemlobus, were studied as the potential archive of the past Pb and Zn pollution events. Wide distribution of K. septemlobus trees in the study area and clear annual tree rings are advantages of this potential geochemical archive. In this research, tree ring increments for 48 years, from 1960 to 2007, were analyzed for Pb and Zn concentrations. Trees were sampled in two sites, Xiaoyingpan, a contaminated area around a mine (Pb, Zn, Ag) in the Yangtze River Delta region, and a reference site 19 km away. The results show that: (1) distinct Pb and Zn concentrations increasing from 1960 to 1974 in the polluted site were coincident with increasing historical open mining activities; (2) from 1974 to 1986, Pb and Zn concentrations dramatically decreased during a conversion from above-ground exploitation to below-ground extraction; and (3) after 1992, the concentration of Zn decreased gradually, but Pb concentrations initially increased with automobile traffic from 1986 to 2004, then decreased when the number of automobiles was controlled from 2004 to 2007. In particular, Pb and Zn concentrations in tree rings had no effect on K. septemlobus growth. Pb and Zn concentrations in tree rings were linearly related with those in soils. Growth rings of K. septemlobus around the Pb, Zn, Ag mine accurately recorded historical changes in Pb and Zn deposition.     

树木年轮与其根部土壤化学元素含量的相关性

运用树木年轮学方法研究了北京南郊土壤环境中元素含量随时间序列演变的规律。依据吸收系数研究了相同土壤类型上生长的不同树种对12种化学元素的吸收状况,结果表明不同树种对元素的吸收情况不同。Zn、Cd和P3个元素吸收系数较高。对杨树年轮及其根部土壤中9种化学元素(Na、K、Cu、Zn、As、Sr、Cd、Ba、Pb)的相关性研究结果表明,年轮中元素的含量与其根土中对应元素的含量呈正相关。采用对数线性相关模式(lgC'=algC+b),根据逐年年轮中Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Ba、Pb6种化学元素的含量,反演6种元素在土壤中的逐年(1982—2004年)演变状况。本技术方法能为追溯近代城市化几十年以来的环境污染变迁历史、预测未来污染演变趋势提供更为丰富和科学的信息。     

若尔盖高原土壤和近地表大气气溶胶铅同位素组成测试及示踪研究

若尔盖高原牧场处于中国偏远洁净高海拔地区,大气沉降是污染物主要来源途径之一。由于季风的影响,污染源的辨析较为困难。本文通过多点大气气溶胶不同季节同时采样方式,利用热电离固体同位素质谱仪可有效校正质谱分析中同位素分馏效应的优点,对若尔盖地区土壤和大气气溶胶的铅同位素比值进行精确分析,并结合季风特征对该地区污染物的来源进行解析。结果表明:土壤的208Pb/204Pb比值变化范围为38.79059±0.00194~38.94461±0.00135,206Pb/207Pb为1.18551±0.00002~1.19362±0.00002;大气气溶胶的208Pb/204Pb比值变化范围为37.49571±0.00117~38.48980±0.00105,206Pb/207Pb为1.12894±0.00001~1.16734±0.00001。该地区土壤铅同位素的特征是放射成因铅高,来自于自身天然存在的岩石矿物,与大气污染关系不大;大气气溶胶的铅同位素组成与土壤差异较大,显示为多元混合模式,受到了天然物质和人类活动来源的混合影响,机动车尾气及来自北部(兰州)和西北部(青海、新疆、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯)的大气远程运移是若尔盖大气气溶胶及污染物质的主要来源。     

Lead isotope geochemistry of the urban environment in the Pearl River Delta

The study of the Pb isotopic and elemental composition of eolian dusts, aerosols and soils collected from urban areas in the Pearl River Delta, China, indicates that the atmospheric Pb pollution originates from automobile exhausts and industry. The Pb isotopes allow distinguishing between Pb from the natural background, automobile exhausts, and industrial pollution. The Pb isotopes show that the air-carried Pb pollution in Guangzhou and Foshan is a mixture of industrial Pb from the Fankou Pb-Zn giant deposit and automobile exhaust, whereas the pollution in Foshan is mainly from industry. The chemical compositions show that aerosols possess features of volcanic ash, and eolian dusts are mixtures of aluminosilicates-sulfides.     

Pb isotopic investigation of aircraft-sampled emissions from the Horne smelter (Rouyn, Québec): Implications for atmospheric pollution in northeastern North America

This study reports metal abundances and Pb isotope ratios of emissions from the Horne copper smelter, and ambient (ground level) atmosphere at Rouyn, Québec retrieved during 2-week field studies in the winter and summer seasons of 2000. Plume aerosols were sampled during horizontal and vertical passes using a DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft, which typically tracked the plume up to 30 km from the stack. Samples of the ‘background’ atmospheric conditions were taken simultaneously from a ground site meteorological station located 2.5 km in the predominant upwind direction from the stack.Overall, metal concentrations (ng/m³ of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn) for the in-plume samples are elevated by one or more orders of magnitude over those measured in the ground site samples. The Pb isotope compositions for the in-plume samples are extremely variable (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb range from ∼1.120 to ∼1.170) but define well-constrained linear arrays in conventional Pb-Pb isotope plots. Correlations between metal concentrations (e.g. As/Pb, Cu/Pb, Zn/Pb) and the Pb isotope data are indicative of binary mixing between two anthropogenic end members; most probably imported industrial Pb found in recycled materials, and nonradiogenic Pb derived from Archean sulfide ore deposits. Pb isotope data from the winter ground site (‘background’) samples indicate that the ground level atmosphere at Rouyn contains a mixture of Pb emitted from the Horne smelter and long-range anthropogenic Pb transported from Eurasian pollution sources. Compared to the Pb isotope composition of epiphytic lichens, snowpack, and precipitations collected in 1990 to 1999 from adjacent geographic regions, the Pb isotope results obtained here suggest that aerosols emitted from the Horne smelter are dispersed into northeastern North America. However, future studies dealing with point source apportionment for this region of the globe will be rendered difficult due to the processing at the Horne smelter of recycled material containing industrial Pb from various sources.     

Radial distribution of lead and lead isotopes in stem wood of Norway spruce: A reliable archive of pollution trends in Central Europe

Annual growth rings of a common hardwood species, Picea abies L., were investigated as a potential archive of past atmospheric Pb pollution. Wide distribution of trees in terrestrial settings and straightforward chronology are two advantages of this potential geochemical archive, but several processes described in the literature may obscure the trends in past Pb deposition. These confounding factors include, e.g., radial post-depositional mobility of Pb in xylem, and ecosystem acidification leading to higher bioavailability of Pb. One- to five-year annual wood increments were analyzed for Pb concentrations and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios at Jezeri (JEZ), Uhlirska (UHL) and Na Lizu (LIZ), three sites in the Czech Republic, differing in atmospheric Pb loads. Three to four trees per site were included in the study. Distinct Pb concentration maxima between 1960 and 1990 at the two heavily polluted sites (JEZ and UHL) coincided with historical Pb emissions known from inventories of industrial production. No Pb concentration maxima were found at one site, LIZ, situated in a national park 150 km from major pollution sources. Spruce tree rings from JEZ, located just 5 km from coal-burning power stations, contained a large proportion of coal-derived Pb (a high-²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio of 1.19). A coal-related maximum in ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb in JEZ tree rings was found using two different analytical techniques, laser-ablation multi-collector ICP MS, and single-collector sector-field ICP MS. In a three-isotope graph (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb vs. ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb), tree-ring data plotted into the field of ombrotrophic (i.e., rain-fed) peat bogs, suggesting negligible contribution of bedrock-derived Pb in the xylem. We concluded that none of the potential confounding factors played a major role at our sites. Annual growth rings of P. abies in Central Europe faithfully recorded historical changes in atmospheric Pb depositions.     

Model evaluation for reconstructing the oxygen isotopic composition in precipitation from tree ring cellulose over the last century

The oxygen isotope composition of tree rings is controlled by many factors, including temperature, amount of precipitation, and changes in relative humidity. In this study we present a modified leaf-water model (from Dongmann et al. [Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 11 (1974) 41]) that can be used to calculate the isotopic composition of the source-water (and thus of precipitation) that a tree used during the growing season. The calibration of the model was accomplished by comparing a previously measured oxygen isotope tree ring chronology from Central Switzerland with the Swiss Network for Isotopes in the Hydrologic Cycle station at Bern from 1971 to 1995 and integrating temperature, relative humidity data, and ring-width. In particular, our efforts focused on understanding the significance of the dampening factor f, which we relate to changes in humidity, and its variability over both the calibration period (1971 to 1995) and the study period (1913 to 1995). Our results indicate that f (ranging between 0.27 to 0.49) is variable, based on correlation with relative humidity, average daily temperature and ring width index. Using this model, we have constructed a record of the oxygen isotope composition of precipitation during the growing season (May through September) for the last century in central western Europe. This approach can be potentially used in other locations where isotopic and meteorological data are available to extend records of the isotopic composition of precipitation back in time beyond observational records.     

T-检验在杭州市不同环境介质中铅同位素组成及其来源判别中的应用

应用Microsoft Excel软件中"数据分析"工具之T-检验,对杭州地区不同环境介质的铅同位素组成(206Pb/207Pb比值)进行了均值相等假设检验。通过T-检验,揭示了杭州市哪些环境介质具有相似或不同的铅同位素组成。结果表明,汽车尾气铅具有独特的铅同位素组成而不同于其它环境介质;汽车尾气铅对环境的污染导致环境中铅同位素组成逐渐偏离原值,如城区表土污染最为严重,其206Pb/207Pb比值已与土壤的残渣显示有显著差异,西湖表层沉积淤泥也与深部沉积柱样品有明显的不同。大气和水与多个环境介质具有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气与水在环境中能与多种环境介质进行同位素物质交换,对污染的扩散起了重要的作用;茶叶与大气有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气(降尘)对茶叶铅有较大的贡献。而运河沉积物与城区表土铅同位素比值高度一致则说明运河沉积物可能就是来自城区流失的表土。通过实例,介绍了Excel中T-检验在地球化学研究中的应用。     

Combined effects of particulates dispersion and elemental analysis in desert plants: a modeling tool to air pollution

Multidimensional assessment of air pollution was carried out on trace metals in particulates, desert plant parts and soil collected from the six sites to validate air pollution tolerance index, translocation and bioaccumulation factors. A map indicating the sampled sites was superimposed on the Disper 5.2 software graphical interface to track the particulate dispersion route during the summer and winter seasons. This study showed site-wise orientation of particulates dispersed in the ambient air. Observations indicated the high concentrations of dispersed coarse > fine > ultra-fine particulates in trace metals analyzed from selected desert plants and in the soil especially during winter than in the summer seasons. High air pollution tolerance index was observed in the sequence of Calatropis gigantean > Portulaca oleracea > Citrullus collocynthis > Rumex vesicarius > Bienertia sinuspersici > Tribulus terrestris. Assessment of translocation and bioaccumulation factors labeled these desert plants as hyper-accumulators. The synergistic effect of the translocation and bioaccumulation factor in the various plants and the pollution levels for a given geographical location provides insight management to mitigate air pollution and landscape designers to grow tolerant species and protect sensitive plants from air pollution.     

Correlations between metals in tree-rings of Prosopis julifora as indicators of sources of heavy metal contamination

Heavy-metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in tree-ring sequences of Prosopis juliflora, a tree species native to arid environments, were analyzed by ICP-MS. The tree-ring sequences were obtained from three specimens growing in an urban area previously reported as contaminated by the activity of a Cu smelter facility. The metal found in highest concentration in the wood was Zn, with concentrations up to 120 mg/kg and an enrichment factor up to 26; followed by Cu (up to 9.6 mg/kg, enrichment factor up to 8.6) and Pb (up to 1.4 mg/kg, enrichment factor up to 3). By assessing the correlation between different metal concentration trends, it was possible to infer two main pollution sources: vehicle traffic and Cu smelter emissions. Vehicle traffic is indicated by a correlation between Pb and Zn over time within individual trees, whereas contamination from the Cu-smelting facility is indicated by a correlation of Cu over time between trees. In tree A there was a significant within-tree correlation between Pb and Zn concentration trends (r = 0.856, P < 0.001), whereas Cu showed no correlation with the other metals. For tree B, there were no within-tree correlations between these metals, but when comparing the concentration–time trends between trees A and B, there was a significant correlation for Cu (r = 0.768, P < 0.01). The tree-ring sequence from tree C showed significant within-tree correlation for Cu:Zn (r = 0.430, P < 0.01) and for Pb:Zn (r = 0.753, P < 0.001). The highest enrichment values were found in tree A, located along the path of the growing-season dominant wind direction from the smelter facility, and not in the tree growing closer to the smelter (tree C), suggesting that the smelter’s emissions are dispersed to longer distances through the tall chimneys, attenuating the impact to the area directly closest to the smelter facility. It is concluded that Prosopis juliflora appears as a good bioindicator based on its metal accumulation capacity and lack of metal mobility among tree rings, thus providing information on the chronology and sources of heavy-metal pollution in urban and industrial areas.     

Investigating the origin of Pb pollution in a terrestrial soil–plant–snail food chain by means of Pb isotope ratios

Lead isotope ratios were used to trace the origin of Pb in a soil–plant (Urtica dioica)–snail (Cepaea nemoralis) food chain in two polluted locations in the floodplains of the rivers Meuse and Rhine (Biesbosch National Park) and one reference location in the Netherlands. Lead isotope ratios and concentrations were determined in soil, litter, plant leaves, snails, rainwater and airborne particulate matter. Anthropogenic Pb in the soils of all locations was found to be derived from deposition of Pb polluted river sediments. Discharging rivers influenced the reference location before being reclaimed from the sea. The river sediment contains anthropogenic Pb from various sources related to industrial activities in the hinterland of the rivers Meuse and Rhine. Lead in the atmosphere contributed substantially to Pb pollution and Pb transfer in plant leaves and snails in all locations. Lead pollution in plant leaves and snails can be explained from a mixture of river sediment-Pb and atmospheric Pb from various transfer routes that involve low concentrations.     

Use of isotope ratios to assess sources of Pb and Zn dispersed in the environment during mining and ore processing within the Orlovka–Spokoinoe mining site (Russia)

Element concentrations, element ratios and Pb and Zn isotope data are reported for different geologic samples (barren and ore-bearing granites and host rocks), technogenic products (ore concentrates and tailings) and biologic samples (lichens and birch leaves) from the Orlovka–Spokoinoe mining district, Eastern Transbaikalia, Russia, with the aim to trace the sources of Pb and Zn at a local level within the mining site. Lichens and birch leaves were used as receptors of contamination within the mining site. Pb/Zr and Zn/Zr values indicated Pb and Zn enrichment relative to host rocks. Zn isotope data of 15 geologic and 11 lichen samples showed different Zn isotopic signatures with the total range for the geologic suite of −0.4‰ to +1.2‰ and for lichens of +0.4‰ to +1.4‰ in δ⁶⁶Zn relative to Lyon JMC Zn standard. The source of isotopically heavy Zn within the Orlovka–Spokoinoe mining site could be potentially associated with long-range atmospheric aerosols that also contributed Pb to the studied mining site. Our results demonstrated that Zn isotopes might be used as new tools for Zn source assessment.     

Natural factors controlling the temporal variability of the major-element chemical composition of mineral aerosols over the Northern Caspian

This paper considers characteristic features of the composition and distribution of chemical elements in aerosols over the Northern Caspian, which can be used for a more reliable prediction of possible negative consequences of atmospheric pollution related to the beginning of the large-scale exploitation of oil and gas deposits in the shelf zone of the Caspian Sea. It was shown that the contents of aerosols, their grain-size composition, and major-element composition change under the influence of (1) transboundary transport of terrigenous dust by air masses, (2) variations in the intensity of turbulent and convective mixing in the near-surface atmosphere, and (3) variations in air humidity.     

Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) as a biological monitor of changes in soil metal loading related to past mining activity

Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) is the dominant tree species in many abandoned mine areas of the Rocky Mountains. It is long-lived, and therefore, may act as a long term biological monitor of changes in soil chemistry caused by past mining activity. In this study, laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) was used to analyze individual tree rings of Engelmann spruce for Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb and Sr concentrations. Cores were obtained from trees growing in tailings-impacted and control (non-tailings impacted) sites near the Waldorf mine (Waldorf, CO, USA). Zinc, Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb and Sr concentrations remained low and consistent over time in the control tree rings. However, in the tailings impacted cores, concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe and Cd increase significantly in post-mining rings. In addition, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd concentrations in pre-mining rings of both the control and tailings impacted cores are similar, indicating that present day soil concentrations of these elements in the control area are a reasonable estimation of background for this area. Lead and Sr concentrations in control and tailings-impacted rings remained similar and relatively constant through time and are not useful in determining changes in soil chemistry due to past mining activity.     

Atmospheric Pb-pollution by pre-medieval mining detected in the sediments of the brackish karst lake An Loch Mór,western Ireland

This paper presents results of geochemical investigations of lake sediments from the karst lake An Loch Mór, Aran Islands, including the first highly resolved record of atmospheric Roman Pb pollution for Ireland. The natural Pb influx into the lake is largely contributed by 3 Pb components, which differ in their isotopic composition: detrital influx of Pb from the siliciclastic input, dissolved influx of Pb released by weathering of the local limestone, and dissolved influx of seawater Pb. The balance between the 3 Pb components varies in concert with the hydrological evolution of the lake. The influx of Pb in dissolved form is estimated by geochemical mass balance assuming that the siliciclastic influx is characterised by the Pb/Al-ratio of the Late Glacial clastic sediments. It typically accounts for 50–80% of total Pb input in the Holocene sediments of An Loch Mór. The natural dissolved influxes of Pb, Sc, and Y reach a similar order of magnitude. Normalisation with Sc and Y is applied to quantify contributions from anthropogenic Pb. Based on continuous sampling of 1 cm sample slices, variations in the influx of Roman Pb could be reconstructed at a time resolution of c. 5 a. Combined geochemical and Pb isotope mass balance is used to characterise the isotopic composition of anthropogenic Pb. Distinctly enhanced influx of anthropogenic Pb occurs in the 1st and 2nd century AD and shows high variability on decadal scale. This is in contrast to central European Pb records, which document a gradual increase and decrease in ancient atmospheric pollution by Roman Pb. The reconstructed high variability in the influx of Roman Pb in An Loch Mór documents variations in the wind regime of western Europe, temporarily favouring the transport of atmospheric Pb to western Ireland.     

Concentration, isotopic composition, and sources of lead in Southern Ocean air during 1999/2000, measured at the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Tasmania

Southern Ocean aerosols were collected at the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station from onshore air under baseline conditions between February 1999 and April 2000. Thermal ionization techniques (TIMS) and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) were used to measure the isotopic composition and concentration of lead in the air giving concentrations as low as 0.6 ± 0.1 pg · m⁻³. Air collected under baseline conditions for 12 months (May 1999-April 2000) yielded an overall lead concentration of 11.0 ± 0.2 pg · m⁻³ and isotopic composition of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb = 1.154, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb = 2.387 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.93. The range in isotopic ratios was consistent with the mixing of lead from major population centers in the Southern Hemisphere in the mid to high latitudes, except for the presence of highly radiogenic lead in some samples. Contributions from radiogenic lead of up to ∼0.8% were observed. Three periods with the highest percentage contribution of radiogenic lead (>0.5%) were investigated in more detail, and 4-d back-trajectories and radon concentrations were used to help identify the sources. The sources are probably associated with the mining and processing of uranium rich ores in southern Africa and possibly South Australia.     

Investigating the influence of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on the stable isotope ratios (δC and δO) of tree rings

This study reports the influence of a 20th century pollution signal recorded in the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of absolutely dated tree rings from Quercus robur and Pinus sylvestris from southern England. We identify a correspondence between the inter-relationship and climate sensitivity of stable isotope series that appears to be linked to recent trends in local SO₂ emissions. This effect is most clearly exhibited in the broadleaved trees studied but is also observed in the δ¹³C values of the (less polluted) pine site at Windsor. The SO₂ induced stomatal closure leads to a maximum increase of 2.5‰ in the isotope values (δ¹³C). The combined physiological response to high pollution levels is less in δ¹⁸O than δ¹³C. The SO₂ signal also seems to be present as a period of reduced growth in the two ring-width chronologies. Direct, quantitative correction for the SO₂ effect represents a significant challenge owing to the nature of the records and likely local plant response to environmental pollution. Whilst it appears that this signal is both limited to the late industrial period and demonstrates a recovery in line with improvements in air quality, the role of atmospheric pollution during the calibration period should not be underestimated and adequate consideration needs to be taken when calibrating biological environmental proxies in order to avoid development of biased reconstructions.     

兰州市大气总悬浮颗粒物中有机污染物分布特征及来源

对兰州市区、郊区大气颗粒物、汽车尾气及烟尘样品中的饱和烃和芳香烃进行了色谱－质谱检测，较为系统地对兰州市大气有机污染物来源做了定量、半定量研究。结果表明，兰州市大气有机污染物主要来源于人为因素，小部分为自然因素。人为污染源是复杂（包括工业生产、汽车尾气和燃煤等的排放）且严重的，应引起足够重视。