锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖损伤特性研究

爆破开挖导致的围岩损伤是围岩稳定性的重要影响因素。采用数值分析及现场检测的方法研究了锦屏二级引水隧洞岩体爆破开挖损伤特性。数值模拟结果表明,引水隧洞开挖引起的围岩应力重分布是围岩损伤的主要原因,爆炸荷载和应力重分布的耦合作用将增大引水隧洞围岩损伤区范围,增大的损伤深度可达1.5 m,考虑开挖荷载瞬态卸荷动态损伤效应的损伤区范围最大,较单独考虑围岩地应力准静态重分布所导致的损伤深度可增大1.9 m,平均损伤深度增大近1倍。现场检测成果较好地验证了数值模拟结果,表明爆破开挖可显著增大围岩的损伤范围。锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞开挖过程中,不可忽视爆炸荷载及开挖瞬态卸荷对围岩的损伤作用。     

深部岩体地应力瞬态卸载诱发振动效应的影响因素

针对深埋隧洞爆破开挖振动控制,以瀑布沟水电站2#引水隧洞爆破开挖为工程背景,讨论了地应力瞬态卸荷诱发振动特征及影响因素,并结合实测数据采用数值模拟的方法进行了验证分析。研究发现：中、高地应力条件下开挖面初始应力的瞬间释放诱发的振动是爆破开挖诱发振动的重要组成部分;当波阻抗一定时,开挖面初始应力动态卸荷诱发振动由地应力水平、开挖面初始应力、开挖面面积和振动衰减指数共同决定,动态卸荷诱发振动最强段发生在开挖面的初始应力和开挖面面积综合效应最大的位置;深埋隧洞爆破开挖振动的强度是由爆炸荷载和开挖面初始应力动态卸荷效应共同决定的,减小炮孔排距和进尺、采用较小洞径和分部开挖能有效降低地应力瞬态卸荷效应强度,控制深埋隧洞的爆破振动强度。     

深埋隧洞爆破开挖荷载诱发围岩损伤特性

深埋隧洞爆破开挖荷载构成复杂,对围岩损伤区的孕育发展具有重要影响。利用颗粒流程序（PFC）软件,讨论了不同初始地应力状态下爆炸荷载及地应力瞬态卸载所分别诱发围岩损伤的特性,并通过锦屏2级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖损伤区检测数据对数值模拟的结果进行了验证。研究表明,爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸载所诱发的围岩损伤程度和范围均随地应力量级的提高而显著增大;爆炸荷载作用条件下损伤区的分布有随着侧压力系数的增大而向应力集中区发展的趋势,而地应力瞬态卸荷所产生的围岩破坏以受拉破坏为主,表层损伤区沿开挖呈轮廓均匀分布的趋势;在相同的初始地应力状态下,爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸荷所分别诱发的围岩损伤区深度均明显小于实测值,考虑二者的耦合效应后,计算值与实测值基本吻合。这说明这两种荷载是高应力条件下爆破开挖荷载的主要成分,但二者耦合作用对围岩的损伤大于它们单独作用效应的线性叠加。     

考虑损伤效应的岩锚梁光面爆破数值分析

在地下厂房岩锚梁爆破施工中,为获得良好的开挖轮廓面和较小的损伤区,常采用光面爆破的开挖方式,但在光面爆破施工中,主爆孔爆破对光爆层岩石造成较大程度的损伤,使岩石的力学参数发生变化,而在爆破设计与施工中未考虑这种损伤效应,结果造成单孔装药量偏大,岩石受到过度破坏,出现超挖或产生大量的爆振裂隙。应用动力有限元程序,建立岩体二维弹塑性模型,对不考虑损伤和考虑损伤的光面爆破过程进行了数值模拟,并比较两种模型最大有效应力随距离的变化关系。研究结果表明,在相同情况下,考虑损伤影响时可适当加大光面爆破的炮孔间距和抵抗线。在现场进行了考虑爆破损伤和未考虑爆破损伤的两组爆破试验,观察爆后效果表明：考虑爆破损伤效应的参数设计爆破效果好、损伤作用小。     

天然气管道沟槽石方爆破开挖技术研究

结合西气东输工程聊城至泰安天然气输气管道沟开挖工程的特点,探讨了沟槽石方爆破的设计原则和爆破施工方案。通过选择合适的炮孔布置方式及参数、分段装药结构和起爆顺序,提出了沟槽微差爆破技术以及减小爆破震动和飞石的安全措施,保证了通讯光缆和周围设施的安全,取得了良好的爆破效果,为工程的顺利进行创造了有利条件     

超深孔一次成井微差爆破技术研究

起爆时差是超深孔一次成井爆破设计中的一个重要参数,合理设计起爆时差和起爆顺序,能够达到先起爆炮孔为后起爆炮孔创造良好自由面和补偿空间,实现筒状硐室分层、分段爆破的目的,并能降低围岩震动破坏。为合理选取起爆时差,基于超深孔微差爆破破岩机制,从理论上推导了一次成井预裂爆破延期时间,掏槽孔与相邻辅助孔、同分段辅助孔、相邻分段辅助孔的起爆时差等计算公式;同时提出了自下而上预裂爆破、先上下后中间光面爆破等6种一次成井起爆顺序。在华恒矿-650矸石仓,结合施工条件合理确定起爆时差等爆破参数,形成爆破设计方案。爆破过程中实现了分层、分段爆破,获得了良好的硐室成型,验证了形成的超深孔微差爆破技术是成功的,其结果对类似工程的实施具有一定的参考价值。     

Comparison of Blast-Induced Damage Between Presplit and Smooth Blasting of High Rock Slope

This paper focuses on the comparison of damage induced by smooth blasting and presplit blasting based on the excavation of high rock slope. The whole damage process of the smooth blasting and presplit blasting excavation method is studied by using a cumulative blasting damage numerical simulation technology based on the secondary development of the dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA. The results demonstrate that, in the case of contour blasting with the method of smooth blasting, the total damage of rock slope is a result of cumulated damage induced by the production hole, buffering hole, and smooth hole. Among the total damage, the blasting of the production hole is the main resource, followed by the smooth and buffering holes. For the presplit blasting, the final damage of rock slope is mainly induced by presplit blasting itself. The spatial distribution characteristics of the final damage zone of two methods are compared. Two classes of damage zone could be found in smooth blasting excavation; one of them is the columnar high-degree damage zone around the slope surface and the other is the low-degree damage zone located in the middle of the slope. But in the case of presplit blasting, there is only the columnar high-degree damage zone around the slope surface. Finally, a damage control suggestion for two blasting excavation methods is proposed and verified based on the excavation of the temporary shiplock slopes of the Three Gorges Project in China.     

葛洲坝二江基坑围岩岩组分析

葛洲坝二江基坑在开挖期间发现围岩移动,为了研究其原因,本文采用了岩组分析的方法.该法能精确地测量各组构要素的产状和利用数理统计来计算,从而分析岩石的形成条件和各种构造运动的成因与发展.通过岩组分析研究岩体内部产生差异运动引起造岩矿物的品格变化而形成的应力方位及其强弱。为此在二江基坑围岩沿一剖面取样12片,分别进行了 X 射线岩组和显微镜-费氏台岩组分析,将其结果进行对比,得出地质构造应力方位及其强弱.实践证明岩组分析得出的地应力方位及强弱与工程地质、地应力测量等方法所得的结果是一致的.通过这次试验研究证明利用岩组分析所得的地应力方位及其强弱对岩体工程稳定性评价是有意义的.     

Fabric Analysis of Surrounding Rock of Erjiang River Foundation Pit at Gezhouba Dam

The foundation pit of Gezhouba Dam at the part of Erjiang River was discovered to remove in surrounding rock during excavation. For the purpose of ingestigation of its causes, a fabric analysis method is adopted in this paper. The occurrence of each fabric factor can be accurately measured and calculated by the mathematical statistics, so as to analyse the formation conditions of rock and the genesis and development of various tectonic movements. The orientation and magnitude of rock stresses are studied due to changes of crystal lattice of rock-forming minerals caused by differential movements inside the rock. Twelve pieces of sample which were cut off from the original rock as the Dam site were fabrically analysed respectively by X-ray method and microscope (F fabric) method. By comparing with each other, the orientation and magnitude of the tectonic stresses were obtained. It is shown that the orientation and magnitudes of in-situ geo-stress as determined from the fabric analysis are in accord with the results obtained from engineering geology or in-situ stress measurement. From this research, the orientations and magnitudes of geo-stress determined by the fabric analysis are found to be ;suitable for evaluating stability in rock engineering.     

地下洞室开挖爆破围岩松动圈的数值分析计算

根据数值计算提出了在地下洞室开挖爆破中,确定围岩松动圈的方法。给出了地下洞室开挖爆破的三维弹塑性损伤有限元计算方法。该方法论述了爆破荷载、重力荷载和开挖荷载的计算、施加以及迭代的方法,可以合理反应爆破对围岩稳定的影响和锚固支护施加的效果;结合岩石松动圈的实测方法,推导了判定围岩开始松动的损伤系数阈值公式,可以结合数值计算得到的洞周围岩损伤系数分布,确定在开挖爆破作用下围岩松动圈的范围。对实际工程的分析计算表明,根据数值计算判定的围岩松动范围与实测松动范围的规律基本一致,量值吻合较好,其结果为地下洞室开挖爆破的围岩松动圈的确定提供了有效的方法。     

隧洞边界超欠挖的摄动法解析分析

钻爆法施工常造成隧道边界不平整,隧道分析模型一般将开挖界面光滑处理,忽略了边界不平整对围岩应力的扰动作用。将隧道超欠挖值当作中心偏量小参数,利用摄动法得到了静水压力下圆形隧道的弹性应力解。计算分析表明:超欠挖改变了隧道洞壁附近围岩的应力状态,围岩应力随超欠开挖曲线呈波浪状变化,应力变化量与超欠挖曲线幅值及曲线斜率有关;环向应力变化最大值在洞壁处,其应力集中系数分别在超挖及欠挖顶点达到局部极大与极小值,径向应力变化最大值靠近洞壁表面,切应力变化最大值位于超挖与欠挖表面相交处;扰动应力在径向衰减较快,影响范围约为1~2倍的隧道半径。     

Optimization Methods of Blasting Parameters of Large Cross-Section Tunnel in Horizontal Layered Rock Mass

For large cross-section tunnel in horizontal layered rock mass, blasting excavation often causes serious overbreak and underbreak. In this study, blasting excavation tests of tunnel upper face were conducted, blast-induced excavation damage and the influence mechanisms of weak beddings and joints were analyzed based on the Panlongshan tunnel. In order to achieve fine excavation, the cut mode of “center holes and four-wedge cutting holes”, the blasthole pattern of “empty holes, long holes, short holes and additional relief holes”, the maximum single-hole charge and the air-deck charge structure were proposed. Compared with the damage characteristics, overbreak and underbreak, and deformations of surrounding rock before and after optimization, the latter was better in tunnel contour formation and surrounding rock stability. The results show that after optimization, the large-area separation of vault rock mass is solved, the step-like overbreak of spandrel rock mass is reduced and the large-size rock block and underbreak are avoided. The maximum linear overbreak of vault, spandrel, and haunch surrounding rock is decreased by 42.3%, 53.7% and 45.1%, respectively. The underbreak at the bottom of the upper face is reduced from ??111.5 to ??16.5 cm. The average overbreak area is decreased by 61.1%. The surrounding rock displacement after optimization finally converges to the smaller value. The arch crown settlement and the horizontal convergence of haunch are reduced by about 21.6% and 18.3%, respectively. Furthermore, from the completion of blasting excavation to the stabilization of surrounding rock, it takes less time by using the optimized blasting scheme.

     

Experimental study of the influence of loading rate on tensile mechanical behavior of sandstone damaged by blasting

The drill and blast method (D&B) is perhaps the most common excavation method for rock mass, and intense blasting vibrations would induce an excavation damage zone (EDZ) around the excavated space. The tensile failure of rock mass in EDZ at diverse rupture velocities results in various geological disasters in engineering practices. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of blasting on the tensile strength of sandstone rock and the influence of loading rate on the disk specimens affected by blasting. We firstly performed a D&B exercise on a sandstone block with a size of 600 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm. Then, a total number of 49 standard disk specimens were prepared from large fragments of this blasting sandstone block and an undamaged block. A series of Brazilian split tests was carried out using these specimens to determine their indirect tensile strength, and to assess the effects of the distance from the blasting source and loading rate (varying from 1.67 × 10^?5 to 8.33 × 10^?2 mm s^?1). The results show that the tensile strength of specimens exhibits an upward trend with increasing distance from the blasting source, to approach that of undamaged rock, following a power function with a positive exponent (0~1). The loading rate affects the tensile mechanical behaviors of disks, in terms of the convergence of microscopic defects, the main load-bearing area, and the absorbed energy at the fracture moment of specimens. Both the tensile strength and absorbed energy have positive linear correlations with the natural logarithm of the loading rate. In addition, the fragmentation degree of disk specimens also increases due to an increasing brittleness of sandstone with the loading rate.     

初始地应力对隧洞开挖爆生裂隙区的影响研究

隧洞开挖过程中控制爆炸对岩体的损伤,减小爆破裂隙范围,对保证工程安全具有重要意义。基于爆炸应力波作用下爆生裂隙形成机制的研究,采用摩尔-库仑准则及最大拉应力准则,研究了初始地应力对爆炸应力波作用下爆生裂隙区比例半径的影响。研究结果表明,初始地应力对爆生裂隙范围有显著影响。在压剪破坏模式下,爆生裂隙区比例半径随地应力的增大而减小,地应力侧压系数影响爆生裂隙区比例半径在洞壁圆周的分布。考虑围岩应力卸荷影响后,沿隧洞径向的爆生裂隙区比例半径比不考虑卸荷的小。拉伸破坏导致的岩体爆生裂隙区比例半径一般比压剪破坏模式下爆生裂隙比例小,爆炸应力波作用下隧洞围岩更容易沿结构弱面发生压剪破坏。     

地下洞室开挖过程围岩应变能调整力学机制

深埋洞室岩体开挖过程中,围岩应变能的聚集和释放是洞室发生灾变破坏的重要诱因。针对圆形洞室开挖,分析和比较初始地应力准静态和动态两种不同卸载方式下围岩应变能的调整过程,基于能量角度判定了围岩损伤范围。研究表明：伴随地下洞室的开挖,岩体能量靠径向应力做功的方式在围岩中由远及近传递,并导致近区围岩应变能聚集;初始地应力动态卸载诱发围岩应变能先减小后增大,先对靠近开挖面的相邻岩体通过径向应力做功的方式释放自身的应变能,随着卸载应力波的继续向前传播,远离开挖面的相邻岩体又通过径向应力对其做功的方式促使其应变能聚集;相比初始地应力准静态卸载,动态卸载条件下高应变能聚集程度导致围岩损伤破坏范围更大。     

浅埋大跨隧道施工爆破监测与减震技术

以沪-蓉线庙垭分岔隧道工程为背景,研究了其浅埋大跨段掘进爆破的地表震动效应及大断面开挖减震控制技术,并结合爆破监测数据的回归分析,确立了地震波垂向衰减规律的数学模型。综合分析地表及洞内地震波的震动特性发现,地表质点振动主振频率主要集中在低频段;由于表土的滤波作用,主振频率随距离的增加而减小的趋势并不明显;洞内混凝土衬砌减弱了爆破对围岩的冲击,高频地震波衰减极快;开挖区上部的地表振速通常大于未开挖区的振速,浅埋大跨隧道爆破安全控制应以已开挖区顶部的地表振速为准。     

隧道开挖施工的爆破振动监测与控制技术

以万松岭隧道工程开挖为研究对象,对隧道工程开挖施工爆破地震波的振动监测方法及控制技术进行了研究。通过对爆破振动监测结果的回归分析,建立了隧道工程开挖爆破振动传播的数学模型;确立了其传播衰减规律。结合工程实际,提出了修正后的爆破地震波衰减经验数学公式;经对比分析,所得爆破地震波衰减规律公式预测的质点振动速度具有较高的精度。同时,结合该隧道工程开挖爆破施工,从选择合理爆破时差、最大装药量、微差起爆、掘进进尺、预裂爆破等5个方面提出了爆破振动控制技术措施使该隧道开挖施工爆破中的地面振动速度值控制在了安全范围以内,从而确保了施工段地面建筑群的安全和该隧道工程开挖爆破作业的安全。其研究对指导隧道工程开挖爆破施工和保证地面建筑物安全起到了重要作用。     

隧洞开挖重复爆炸荷载作用下围岩累积损伤特性

隧洞毫秒爆破开挖推进过程中,预留岩体在重复爆炸荷载作用下产生不可逆的损伤叠加。而现有的岩体爆破损伤数值模拟基本都是针对单孔装药和单段爆破,很少涉及实际工程中的重复爆炸。基于LS-DYNA程序的用户自定义材料接口,将统计损伤演化模型嵌入到弹塑性本构材料中,模拟圆形隧洞全断面毫秒爆破过程中重复爆炸荷载作用下的岩体累积损伤效应,并考虑地应力对岩体爆破损伤的影响。计算结果表明,围岩损伤范围和损伤程度随重复爆炸荷载次数而增加,在一个爆破进尺内,围岩损伤的临界峰值质点振动速度较单段爆破降低了12%;爆炸荷载作用下,围岩主要表现为拉损伤,围岩地应力对爆破张拉效应起到非常敏感的"抑制"作用,在2¹0 MPa应力水平时,围岩爆破累积损伤范围随着应力增加而明显减小,围岩损伤的临界峰值质点振动速度增加24%10 MPa应力水平时,围岩爆破累积损伤范围随着应力增加而明显减小,围岩损伤的临界峰值质点振动速度增加24%⁵7%。     

上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究

钻爆法是隧道开挖中一种主要的施工方法,爆破开挖不可避免会对围岩产生扰动。以新建走马岗隧道上穿东深供水走马岗引水隧洞工程为背景,开展上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究。选取与交叉段岩性一致的爆破施工开挖区域进行爆破振动监测,得到了现场爆破施工方案条件下走马岗隧道爆破振动规律。对实测数据进行回归分析,计算得出走马岗地区爆破质点峰值振动速度（PPV）的Sadovsk公式,反演得到控制爆破振动的最大掏槽药量及安全距离,制定出交叉段施工的安全控制范围以及相应的爆破方案。通过数值模拟进行了验证并付于交叉段现场施工。现场监测数据表明,提出的振速控制标准及爆破方案符合安全要求,保证了在建隧道的顺利开挖以及既有隧道的安全运行。研究成果可为类似工程爆破开挖及振动控制提供参考。