CIAY MINERALS IN THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE BOHAI SEA

Analyses of clay mineralogy about 30 surface sediments indicate widespread occurrence of illite, kaolinite, chlorite and montmorillonite throughout the Bohai Sea. Illite is the most abundant mineral, averaging 60%, kaolinite, next to illite, is the most abundant one,averaging 18%. Chlorite and montmorillonite come second, averaging 12% and 10% respectively. The distributive patterns of clay minerals in the surface sediments are closely related to the suspended materials carried into the Bohai Sea, especially to those did by the Huanghe River, and to water dynamics in the area. Based on the distribution, the assemblages and the others of clay minerals, the Bohai Sea can be divided into two clay mineral regions, the Liaodong Gulf region and the Bohai-Laizhou Bay region.     

The clay mineralogy of particulate material from some surface seawaters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean

The concentrations of the clay minerals montmorillonite and illite have been determined in 28 samples of particulate material from surface (0–～5 m) waters along the eastern margins of the Atlantic Ocean, and the concentrations of chlorite and kaolinite have been determined in nineteen of the samples.The average concentration of the four clays in the particulate material decreases in the following order: illite (～42%) > kaolinite (～25%) > chlorite (～19%) > montmorillonite (～14%). There are specific trends in the latitudinal distributions of illite and kaolinite in the particulate material; illite decreases and kaolinite increases towards low latitudes. These trends are also found in eolian dusts and deep-sea sediments from the same region, and these clays are considered to have a detrital origin.The concentrations of montmorillonite in the particulate material and deep-sea sediments are similar in the North Atlantic. However, in the South Atlantic the sediments contain about twice as much montmorillonite as does the particulate material. It is suggested that whereas the montmorillonite in North Atlantic deep-sea sediments is largely detrital, that in South Atlantic sediments is both detrital and authigenic.     

南海西北部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及其来源

黏土矿物研究在示踪物源、源区风化历史乃至洋流变迁能力等方面具有重要的作用,尽管目前对南海表层沉积物黏土矿物宏观分布特征已获得了较系统的认识,但在受珠江和海南岛物源共同影响的南海西北部其高分辨率的黏土矿物学工作还未开展。本文对南海西北部表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组成、结晶学特征进行了分析,讨论了研究区黏土矿物的物质来源。结果表明,南海西北部表层沉积物的黏土矿物组成以伊利石为主（平均45%）,蒙脱石（平均27%）与高岭石（平均21%）次之,绿泥石含量最少（平均6%）。在区域空间分布上,蒙脱石含量呈现西南高东北低的特征,伊利石含量则与之相反;高岭石含量表现为近岸高离岸低,而绿泥石含量呈现离岸高近岸低的特征。总体上,研究区表层沉积物黏土矿物组成与现代珠江沉积物组成差异较大,而与珠江口2.5 ka前的沉积物黏土矿物组成比较接近,并且结合研究区岩心揭露的全新世以来极低的沉积速率（4 cm/ka）以及上部很薄（小于0.6 m）的泥质沉积,推测该区表层沉积物可能并非是现代沉积的结果,更可能主要来自全新世末期古珠江输送的沉积物。除古珠江作为研究区表层沉积物中蒙脱石的一个主要来源外,海南岛北部河流也贡献了少量蒙脱石到其邻近的东南海域。运用高岭石/伊利石比值和伊利石化学指数等进一步对比分析表明,珠江是研究区沉积物中伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石的主要物源,其次台湾和海南岛也可能分别提供了少量富含伊利石/绿泥石和高岭石的沉积物。本工作对于南海西北部沉积物源-汇过程和相应的古环境研究有重要的参考意义。     

Clay mineralogy of bottom sediment in the Jinhae Bay,Korea

The bottom sediments of Jinhae Bay area contain, on average, 45 % illite, 23 % kaolinite, 17 % intergrade clay, 10 % chlorite, and 5 % smectite. The geographical distribution of the clay minerals shows, in general, an it crease in illite, a decrease in kaolinite, and a slight decrease in chlorite seawards. The distributional trends of smectite and intergrade clay are irregular. The clay fractions of the sediments of Jinhae Bay are supplied from stream-borne sediments and are mixed with sediments transported landwards from the East China Sea. Local erosion and redeposition of the clay fractions of the bottom sediments is caused by rapid tidal currents.     

The distribution characteristics of clay minerals in the northern South China Sea

The clay minearals are composed of illite, chlorite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and mixed-layer minerals in the submarine sediments of the northern South China Sea. Three types of clay mineral zone can be recognized on the basis of the distributive regularity of clay minerals, submarine relief, hydrodynamic conditions and depositional characteristics in this region. Apart from the northern mainland source, kaolinites carried from the Philippines volcanic arc in the east and Malaysia in the south are also assumed to be one of the sources of the clay minerals in the deep sea. The increase of chlorites to the abyssal direction in the west of 116° E might be associated with the residual chlorites carried from the ancient Zhujiang River during the glacial period and the conversion of kaolinite into chlorite submarine volcanoes appear to be one of the sources of the increment of montmorillonite and chlorite around the Huangyan Island. From the distribution pattern of clay minerals in the whole area, it is kn     

南海表层黏土矿物的分布与来源

南海表层黏土矿物组合主要包括伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙皂石,这些矿物在不同地区不同水深有着不同的分布特征,而物源区的不同是导致分布特征存在差异的主要因素。结合在南海西部和北部的工作以及近年来其他学者发表的南海表层黏土矿物资料将其大致分为东南西北4个部分,并确定各自的物源区。台湾和吕宋岛是南海东部表层黏土矿物的主要来源;湄公河、婆罗洲、巽他陆架和印度尼西亚岛弧是南海南部的主要物源区;南海西部表层黏土矿物主要来自红河、湄公河、珠江、台湾、巽他陆架、印度尼西亚岛弧以及婆罗洲;珠江、台湾、长江和吕宋岛则是南海北部的主要来源。     

南海北部陆坡50 ka 以来黏土矿物来源与输运机制分析

在 AMS14C 定年的基础上,对南海北部 KNG5站和 KNG7站柱状沉积物中的粒度和黏土矿物进行了研究.KNG5孔黏土矿物组合的基本特点是以伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石为主,蒙脱石含量次之.而 KNG7孔黏土矿物组合的基本特点是以伊利石、绿泥石和蒙脱石为主,高岭石含量次之.物源分析进一步表明, KNG5和 KNG7孔高岭石主要来自于珠江,蒙脱石主要由吕宋岛提供,伊利石和绿泥石分别由珠江和台湾提供.相对于 KNG5孔而言, KNG7孔沉积物受珠江影响较小,而受台西南影响较大.由物源分析推测,珠江对南海北部的物源供应存在一个明显的界线,而这一界线可能位于 KNG5孔和KNG7孔之间,越过这一界线随着离岸距离的增加,南海北部陆坡陆源沉积物受珠江影响明显减弱,而主要由台湾贡献.     

南海粘土矿物组合特征及其环境意义

利用X射线衍射法(XRD)对南海12个海底表层沉积物和20个悬浮物样品中粘土矿物组成和分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)研究区的表层沉积物粘土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石、高岭石、伊/蒙间层矿物以及蒙皂石;悬浮物粘土矿物是以绿泥石为主,其次为高岭石、蒙皂石、伊利石以及伊/蒙间层矿物。(2)粘土矿物的组成和分布特征主要受气候条件、物质来源、水动力条件及相互间稀释作用的制约。伊利石的含量随离岸距离和水深的增加呈增大趋势;高岭石则在近岸区特别是河口区富集;绿泥石在西部沿岸海区的含量较低,在东部岛弧和北部台湾岛附近海区的含量较高;蒙皂石与火山作用密切相关,在东部火山岛弧附近海区含量较高。(3)粘土沉积物的来源以河流输入为主,海洋自生和风尘搬运对该区的沉积影响不大。(4)深海悬浮物粘土矿物的组成变化能够很好地指示短尺度气候环境的变迁,伊利石的结晶程度对气候和环境变化反映灵敏,其随所处环境的压力增大而变差。     

Mineralogical study of the core samples from the Indian Ocean,with special reference to the vertical distribution of clay minerals

The clay minerals in the 18 core samples collected from the northern, equatorial and southeastern Indian Ocean are illite, chlorite, montmorillonite and kaolinite. In the fraction finer than 2 in the surface layer (top to 5 cm deep) of each core, the relative abundance of clay minerals varies widely from area to area. Kaolinite possesses the maximum proportion of the clay mineral composition and chlorite has the minimum proportion.Kaolinite is particularly dominant in sediments near off the northwestern coast of Australia. In the factions finer and coarser than 2 of the surface layer, montmorillonite and kaolinite tend to be abundant in the fraction finer than 2, and chlorite and illite tend to be abundant in the fraction coarser than 2. In some cores, kaolinite-rich layers in sediments which are considered to have been transported by turbidity currents from the Bay of Bengal are found. Turbidity currents appear partly a role in transport of sediments to the equatorial Indian Ocean.As to the relation between the vertical change of clay mineral composition and geochronological data, montmorillonite and kaolinite tend to be more abundant in interglacial ages than in glacial ages, while illite and chlorite tend to exhibit opposite trend.Muscovite and biotite highly concentrated in the cores Ka-9 and Ka-15 collected from the equatorial Indian Ocean seem to originate from granite or gneiss of Ceylon and/or India.     

南海中南部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布及控制因素

利用南海中南部表层沉积物151个样品中黏土矿物的测试数据,计算了主要黏土矿物含量的平均值并编制分布图,据此分析黏土矿物的分布特征及其控制因素。南海中南部表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组合类型为伊利石-蒙脱石-高岭石-绿泥石,含量平均值依次为47%、19%、17%和16%。高岭石含量分布具有北部低、南部高的特点,与之对应的是蒙脱石矿物含量呈现北部高、南部低的趋势。伊利石和绿泥石含量分布规律不甚明显。前者呈现北部略高、南部稍低的分布趋势,含量变化起伏较大;后者的含量变化呈西北陆坡区稍偏低,其他部位含量分布均匀的趋势。伊利石/高岭石含量的比值变化与高岭石含量变化呈明显的负相关关系。从黏土矿物含量的分布规律来看,控制本区黏土矿物分布的主要因素有物源的搬运和输送、水动力条件变化、海底火山活动、地球化学环境影响等。     

渤海—北黄海沉积物黏土矿物特征及其环境意义

基于409个表层沉积物样品黏土组成的分析测试结果,结合周边河流沉积物黏土矿物组成数据,研究了渤海—北黄海底质沉积物中黏土矿物的分布特征、来源和输运趋势。渤海—北黄海底质沉积物中黏土矿物组分质量分数从高到低依次为伊利石(70%)、高岭石(12%)、绿泥石(11%)和蒙皂石(7%)。根据沉积物黏土矿物的组成和分布特征,可以把研究区分为2个区和6个亚区。I区物质来源主要为黄河,分布在黄河口外,向东北延伸至渤海海盆、东南向经莱州湾再向东北延伸至北黄海南部海域;II区物质来源主要为潍河、六股河、滦河和辽河等,还包括海岸侵蚀物质,主要分布在辽东湾、渤海湾北部和北黄海北部等海域。黏土矿物的输运和分布除了受到物源的影响外,主要受渤海环流的控制。     

南海台西南盆地南部海域19 ka以来沉积物物源与输运机制分析

通过对南海台西南盆地南部海域TS6岩芯沉积物样品稀土元素地球化学特征和黏土矿物组合进行分析,探讨了研究区近19 ka (末次冰消期)以来沉积物物质来源、输运机制及物源变化特征。物源综合分析结果显示,台湾河流是研究区沉积物的主要源区,其中台湾西部河流较东部河流贡献更大,珠江也为研究区输送了部分沉积物。由于各源区物质主要黏土矿物种类及含量存在较大差异,推测研究区沉积物黏土矿物中的伊利石和绿泥石主要由台湾河流提供,高岭石主要由珠江提供,含量较少的蒙脱石由东南部的吕宋岛提供。末次冰消期以来,研究区陆源物质输入量受控于海平面变化而逐渐减少,黏土矿物组合反映的物源变化主要受控于气候和洋流变化,还可能叠加了多种因素的影响。     

帕里西维拉海盆西北部表层沉积物中粘土矿物的分布特征及物源分析

提要应用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对菲律宾海帕里西维拉海盆西北部的257个表层沉积物样品<2μm粘土组分进行了分析。结果表明,本研究区粘土矿物的组合特点是伊利石含量最高(平均含量47%),蒙皂石含量次之(平均含量35%),高岭石和绿泥石含量均很低(平均含量小于10%)。根据该区表层粘土矿物中伊利石、蒙皂石相对含量的分布,可以大体上分为两种含量组合类型,据此也可以划分出两个组合分区:Ⅰ.富伊利石分区,主要位于帕劳海脊和帕里西维拉海沟之间的大部分区域的地形平坦处;Ⅱ.富蒙皂石分区,主要位于研究区东部帕里西维拉海沟附近和南部零星区域。根据粘土矿物的平面分布特征,结合个别样品的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)分析,认为伊利石主要来源于研究区以西陆地及周边岛屿。伊利石的化学指数和结晶度指数表明,伊利石形成于物理风化较强的气候环境并可能与中国内陆黄土有关系,区内大部分蒙皂石具有富铁并含少量镁的特征,基性火山物质的蚀变是其主要成因,高岭石和绿泥石以陆源为主;风力的吹扬是研究区伊利石物质来源的主要输送方式,洋流作用对粘土矿物,尤其是蒙皂石矿物的分布具有一定影响。     

Clay mineral associations in fine-grained surface sediments of the North Sea

With the help of about 500 samples of surface sediments from the North Sea crude maps of the distributions of the clay minerals illite, chlorite, smectite and kaolinite were constructed. Illite, with 51%, is the dominant clay mineral, followed by smectite (27%), chlorite (12%), and kaolinite (10%). There are well-distinguished areas of different concentrations of the individual clay mineral associations. Illite and chlorite show highest values in the north, kaolinite concentrations are high in a corridor a few hundred kilometres wide between the east coast of the UK and the Danish/south Norwegian coast. Smectite is high in the German Bight and in the southwestern North Sea. The distribution patterns of the clay mineral associations are mainly explained by late Quaternary history and by recent to sub-recent sedimentary processes. During the Pleistocene cold periods illite- and chlorite-rich sediments from the Fennoscandian Shield were transported by the great inland ice-masses in a southward direction. The present high sea-level erosion on the east coast of Great Britain provides the North Sea with kaolinite-rich fine-grained sediments. Smectites inherited from Elsterian deposits in the southeast corner and probably from sub-recent Elbe sediments are responsible for their higher values in the German Bight. The high values of smectite in the southwest may have originated from Cretaceous sediments eroded on the banks of the Strait of Dover. The present contribution of riverine suspended load to the North Sea appears to be low.     

闽江下游及河口区表层沉积物粘土矿物含量分布特征及其环境意义

为探究闽江下游及河口区粘土矿物的含量分布特征,于2009年在该区域采集表层沉积物样品25个,利用X射线衍射进行了粘土矿物的含量测定.结果表明粘土矿物的相对百分含量范围分别为：高岭石（33%-47%,平均值为42%）,伊利石（27%-43%,平均值为34%）,绿泥石（20%-29%,平均值为24%）,蒙脱石（0%-3%,平均值为1%）.在显著水平为0.01时,伊利石与高岭石、绿泥石的含量呈显著负相关关系,伊利石与高岭石的相关系数为-0.825,伊利石与绿泥石的相关系数为-0.611.通过对闽江下游及河口区粘土矿物含量分布的分析及与中国近海的粘土矿物含量分布对比,闽江下游及河口区粘土矿物的含量分布受物质来源、地形条件、介质环境、粘土矿物自身颗粒大小形态和人类活动的影响.相对于黄河和长江,闽江表层沉积物中具有较高的高岭石含量,较低的伊利石含量,与珠江的粘土矿物组合特征类似,这反映出气候效应的影响.     

南海西部表层沉积物黏土矿物的分布

对南海西部表层沉积物进行系统取样分析表明,该区黏土矿物总体以伊利石为主,平均含量超过50%,其次为蒙脱石、绿泥石和高岭石含量较低,伊利石和蒙脱石含量变化较大,两者呈负相关关系,而绿泥石和高岭石含量变化较小,两者呈正相关关系。根据黏土矿物组合及其分布特征,南海西部海域大致可以分为A、B、C、D四区,其中A区以高伊利石和低蒙脱石含量为特征,B区伊利石含量明显下降,蒙脱石含量增多,C区以较高蒙脱石含量和低绿泥石、高岭石含量为特征,D区为相对低伊利石,高蒙脱石、绿泥石和高岭石,且往东南方向蒙脱石含量增大,而伊利石含量下降。与邻区黏土矿物组合对比研究表明,高伊利石含量的A区物源,除来自华南大陆的珠江、韩江等大小河流外,可能有相当部分来自东北方向,包括台湾岛及台湾海峡等。越南岸外的陆坡区细粒沉积物与陆架区有明显的继承性,表明其物源主要来自中南半岛,而红河物源对陆坡及深海盆的影响相对较小。南部陆架-陆坡区的物源主要有湄公河和加里曼丹岛,但两者的混合明显。因此,从区域分布来看,来自台湾海峡的细粒沉积物对南海深海盆影响最大,这可能主要是有由于表层环流所致。     

Clay mineralogy of Quaternary sediments in the Wash Embayment,eastern England

The Wash is an area of extensive intertidal flat sedimentation. Samples were examined from the intertidal zone of deposition and also from areas that are probable sources of the sediments being deposited.The mineralogy of the clay fractions of the sediments is dominated by illite, mixed layer illite-montmorillonite, montmorillonite, kaolinite and chlorite with only minor amounts of quartz and calcite. There is no apparent difference in the qualitative nature of the clay minerals found in the sediments. There is also little or no significant variation in the relative proportions of the clay minerals in the modern intertidal flat sediments. However, variations are found between the relative proportions of clay minerals present in the probable source materials and the intertidal flat sediments.Evans (1965) proposed that the main sources of the intertidal sediments are via erosion of the floors of the North Sea and the Wash, and the exposed coasts of Lincolnshire and Norfolk. Whilst accepting these as primary sources, the clay mineral data indicate that erosion and redeposition of the intertidal flat material is a further important source of clay grade sediments.     

云南星云湖断陷湖盆中粘土矿物组合特征与沉积环境关系的初步探讨

于１９８８年对云南星云湖盆地区进行调查，运用Ｘ射线衍射，差热分析，红外光谱分析和扫描电镜方法，对该盆地的第四系泥岩和现代沉积环境的泥质沉积物的４９个样品进行研究。发现，现代环境中粘土矿物分布规律明显，且与第四系沉积物有对比性，从而推断盆地沉积环境分布和演化与泥质沉积物的微量元素聚类分析结果相吻合。     

Cumulative subject index volumes 34–38, 1980

The coast of the State of Kuwait is characterized by a relatively wide intertidal flat area. At the north, where it is close to Shatt-al-Arab estuary, the intertidal sediments are mainly fluviomarine, while open marine sediments dominate the southern intertidal flat area. Samples were examined from the intertidal zone of deposition from the fluviomarine and open marine environments.The sediments consist mainly of carbonate minerals (low-Mg calcite, high-Mg calcite, aragonite and dolomite), quartz, feldspars, clay minerals and heavy minerals. The mineralogy of the clay fractions of the sediments is dominated by illite, mixed-layer illite—montmorillonite, montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolinite and palygorskite with only minor amounts of quartz. Heavy minerals are concentrated in the very fine sand fraction and are dominated by opaque minerals, amphiboles, pyroxenes, epidotes, garnet, kyanite and sillimanite. Zircon, tourmaline, andalusite, staurolite and rutile are present in subordinate amounts.Three main sources are suggested for the intertidal sediments of Kuwait: (a) Shatt-al-Arab fluviatile deposits, (b) aeolian dust fallout, and (c) direct chemical and biogenic precipitation from the Gulf water.     

胶州湾表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及物源分析

利用X射线衍射（XRD）对胶州湾150个站位表层沉积物的黏土矿物组成及含量进行分析,研究了胶州湾表层沉积物黏土矿物的分布特征及其物质来源。结果表明,胶州湾表层沉积物中黏土矿物组成主要是伊利石（65.1%）和蒙脱石（17.1%）,其次是绿泥石（9.0%）和高岭石（8.8%）。在空间分布上,伊利石含量表现为西侧高、东侧低,高值区主要分布在大沽河、洋河口外两侧;蒙脱石含量高值区分布于胶州湾东北部、大沽河口东侧和湾口附近;绿泥石含量表现为东侧高、西侧低,且高值区整体呈条带状分布;高岭石含量表现为斑状分布,规律性不明显。黏土矿物物源分析表明,大沽河、洋河等入海河流所携带的陆源物质是胶州湾的主要物质来源,其中,大沽河是胶州湾沉积物中伊利石、蒙脱石和高岭石的主要物源,绿泥石则是大沽河、李村河及胶州湾东侧沿岸物质侵蚀风化产物共同作用的结果。