A General Framework for Mitigation-oriented Planning Assessments of Mobile Telecommunications Lifelines (MTL)

This article describes a generalframework for hazard mitigation-oriented planning assessments of mobile telecommunications lifelines. Geographic information systems (GIS) provide an integrated platform on which to operationalize this framework. Our view is that the creation and adoption of a mitigation-oriented assessment framework could provide the basis for better decision-making on the part of public officials and telecommunications carriers alike by providing a standard reference point for consultation and consensus-building. A standard point of consultation is a crucial first step toward a program of long-term risk reduction for emergency communications, contributing to more resilient communities across Canada.     

Hazards Risk Assessment Methodology for Emergency Managers: A Standardized Framework for Application

The public and the decision and policy makers who serve themtoo often have a view of community risks that is influenced and distorted significantlyby media exposure and common misconceptions. The regulators and managers, responsible forplanning and coordination of a community's mitigation, preparedness, response and recoveryefforts, are originated from a variety of disciplines and levels of education. Not only mustthese individuals deal with the misconceptions of their communities, but also frequently lacka basic methodology for the assessment of risks. The effective planning of mitigation andresponse are, however, directly dependent upon the understanding of the complexities, types,and nature of risks faced by the community, determining the susceptible areas, and conceptualizinghuman vulnerability.In this study, a review of the existing literature on both theconceptual underpinnings of risk and its assessment is attempted. A standardized framework is proposedfor use by all emergency managers, regardless of training or education. This frameworkconsists of the numerical ranking of the frequency of the event in the community, multiplied bya numerical ranking of the severity or magnitude of an event in a given community, based upon thepotential impact characteristics of a `worst-case' scenario. This figure is then multipliedby a numerical ranking indicating the Social Consequence; a combination of community perception ofrisk level and collective will to address the problem. The resulting score, which is notstrictly scientific, would permit emergency managers from a variety of backgrounds to comparelevels of community exposure to such disparate events as hazardous materials spills andtornadoes, and to set priorities for both mitigation efforts and for the acquisition of response needs,within the availability of community resources.     

突发地质灾害应急监测探讨

应急监测处于应急响应的前期处置阶段.分析应急监测内容、方案和方法的适宜性,探讨应急监测的特点、技术和管理层面.提出以地表监测为主、智能采集、无线网络传输和灾常兼备的应急监测措施.     

Risk Assessment,Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood,Canada

The prevention and/or mitigation offlood disasters requires continual research, numerouscapital investment decisions, and high-qualitymaintenance and modifications of flood-controlstructures. In addition, institutional and privatepreparedness is needed. The experience offlood-control in North America has shown mixedoutcomes: while flood frequency has declined duringthe last few decades, the economic losses havecontinued to rise. Recent catastrophic floods havealso been linked to major structural interventions inthe region. The flood diversions may cause harmfuleffects upon the floodplain inhabitants by influencingflood levels in areas which are not normallyflood-prone. The increasing vulnerability of thefloodplain inhabitants poses new challenges and raisesquestions concerning the existing risk assessmentmethods, institutional preparedness and responses todisaster-related public emergencies, and local-levelpublic involvement in flood mitigation efforts.In the context of the catastrophic 1997 floods of theRed River Valley, Manitoba, Canada, this researchfocuses on two aspects of flood-related emergencygovernance and management: (i) the functions andeffectiveness of control structures, and (ii) theroles, responsibilities and effectiveness oflegislative and other operational measures. The studyconcludes that the flood-loss mitigation measures,both in terms of effects of control structures andinstitutional interventions for emergency evacuation,were not fully effective for ensuring the well-beingand satisfaction of floodplain inhabitants. Althoughorganizational preparedness and mobilization to copewith the 1997 flood emergency was considerable, theirsuccess during the onset of the flood event waslimited. Lack of communication and understandingbetween institutions, a reluctance to implementup-to-date regulations, and minimal publicparticipation in the emergency decision-making processall contributed to the difficulties experienced byfloodplain inhabitants.     

北京市地质灾害防治历程与展望

本文在阐述北京市地质灾害的基本状况的基础上,对北京市几十年来地质灾害从被动避防到主动防灾,再到防灾体系初步形成不同阶段历程的防治工作进行了回顾总结。对北京市城市运行的地质安全.地质灾害防治与应急管理,提升公众防灾减灾意识等方面的需求进行了多角度的分析:从完善防灾保障体系、建立技术支撑体系.健全群防群治体系等几个方面,对北京市地质灾害防治进行了展望。     

First-Aid Transportation by Hovercraft in a Disaster

Transportation is one of the most important and urgent tasks in a disaster, e.g., earthquake or flood. Trains, trucks and cars are very restricted by destruction of rail and road, bridges and buildings fall down, flood waters and thick mud, landslides, cracks, level differences, severe traffic jam etc. Sunken objects in the water and damages of quays prevent ships from reaching harbors. The situation remains days, weeks and even months.Hovercraft can run on almost every surface: ground, water surface, mud, sands, grits, weeds etc. The performance is very favorable in the first-aid transportation in a disaster.A middle size hovercraft with payload of 2–3 tons is suitable for first-aid work in a disaster. The amount of load is appropriate for loading and unloading by manpower without using a special loading machine. Small loads with frequent return trip are desirable to fulfill needs that are changing from time to time. A system of first-aid transportation by a number of hovercraft of middle size is proposed in this paper as an additional system of transportation to existing ones. The system is very useful for first-aid transportation in a disaster.A simulation of hovercraft transportation was carried out after the Kobe Earthquake in 1995 as an example. We assume that 20 hovercraft of middle size are operated from 6 bases just outside of the disaster area to 12 destinations in the area. The result shows that they can transport up to 1,200 tons goods in a day in addition to those of conventional transportation means without disturbing them.     

Treating the Risks in Cairns

Cairns is exposed to the well-known natural hazards oftropical cyclone, flood, stormsurge and thunderstorm, but is also exposed to thelesser-known hazards of landslip, earthquake and dam break flooding. Recommendations fortreating the risks associated with these hazards have been made that will involve amulti-disciplinary approach to treatment strategies, require the cooperation of allthree levels of government, involve public utility authorities and private enterprise andinvolve the community as a whole.This paper summarises the suggested mitigation treatmentoptions, presented to the Cairns City Council and identified in the LocalGovernment Disaster Mitigation Project conducted in Cairns in 1999/2000 by theQueensland Department of Emergency Services.     

防震减灾空间信息资源改造方案设计

本文简要介绍“数字福建”项目中防震减灾空间信息资源改造的设计方案     

单体地质灾害应急预案编制与实施问题

为了提高防灾减灾的针对性和有效性,本文提出了单体地质灾害应急响应预案的编制方法和实施要求。文章内容包括基本概念、基本内容、启动要求、预警与应急等级划分和便于操作应用的表格图式等。文章可为提升城乡社区地质灾害防控能力参考应用。     

Organisations in Disaster

In the event of a disaster, communities become the targets of specialist organisations and a concentration of activities. The complex unstructured activities and routines of daily life are disrupted and even totally overwhelmed by a single catastrophic event that requires a redirection of priorities, resources and people to deal with all aspects of the disaster impact as rapidly as possible. The whole community must be mobilised to restore functions and meet needs, to return to the normality of the pre-disaster state. This latter purpose is least likely to be achieved, as the destroyed community can seldom rebuild to the same complex, but randomly haphazard state that existed before the disaster. The mobilisation of the whole community to the single purpose of recovery requires a high level of organisation. Response to a disaster demands that there be purposeful organisations ready to provide leadership and action. Emergency management is predicated for the existence of such purposeful organisations. However, while organisations are at the core of emergency management response and recovery, they are by no means simple or singular. Disaster generates a plethora of organisations, which interact with the community rather than simply organising disaster response. The community also organises itself, re-assigning priorities and using existing organisations and networks.     

Planning for Tsunami: Reducing Future Losses Through Mitigation

The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program is a multi-faceted approach that encompasses tsunami identification, alert and warning systems and a comprehensive approach to tsunami risk reduction. This paper describes efforts to promote land use planning and development practices that reduce tsunami risk by local elected government and administrative officials. Seven Principles of Tsunami Risk Reduction are presented that range from risk assessment to site planning criteria.Regional Administrator, California Governors Office of Emergency Services and Manager, California Integrated Seismic Network, Earthquake and Tsunami Program     

基于能量概念的泥石流减灾新思路

陆地上发生的很多变迁都是受能量流控制的,特别是在泥石流这种具有复杂性、突发性、群发性、继承性和局部性等特征的山地灾害过程中,能量趋于均衡化是它们发生和输移的根源和驱动力。本文从能量的角庞出发,通过阐述能量线性模型的原理,分析泥石流输移时的各种能量消耗,从宏观角度提出了减轻泥石流灾害的一种新的思路,即可以从控制能量或熵消耗的角度出发,通过减少固体物质来源量和增大摩擦两种途径来采取一系列减灾措施,为制定泥石流防治规划提供参考。     

Characteristics analysis for the flash flood-induced debris flows

Typhoon Haitang caused landfall on Taiwan during 15–21 July, 2005 and brought 2,279 mm of maximum cumulative rain with a maximum intensity of 176 mm/h. The torrential rain was mainly distributed from the central mountain range to southern Taiwan and triggered 222 slopeland-related hazards. Among the hazard events, there were 17 debris flows, 157 cases of traffic cut-off, three large-magnitude deep-seated landslides, and 10 villages isolated in the off-track mountainous areas. The debris flows initiated in southern Taiwan were associated with torrential rain, short channel length (<2 km), and small basin area (<3 km²), and were speculated to be induced by flash flood. These flash flood-induced debris flows have a higher rainfall intensity-duration threshold for initiation than in other areas. The deep-seated landslides, isolated villages due to traffic cut-off in off-track mountain areas, and recurrent hazards in areas affected by the M_L 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999 are characteristics of slopeland hazards in Taiwan in recent years. One of the most urgently needed mitigation strategies in response to slopeland hazards is the plan for enhancing self-rescue disaster resistance in off-track mountainous villages in Taiwan.     

A methodology for drought preparedness

Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate that affects virtually all countries to some degree. The number of drought-induced natural disasters has grown significantly since the 1960s, largely as a result of increasing vulnerability to extended periods of precipitation deficiency rather than because of an increase in the frequency of meteorological droughts. This increase in drought-induced natural disasters has resulted in a considerable growth of interest in drought mitigation and preparedness worldwide. The purpose of a national preparedness plan is to reduce societal vulnerability to drought through the adoption of preventive, anticipatory policies and programs. This paper describes a ten-step planning process that nations can follow to develop a drought preparedness plan. This process, originally developed in 1987, has been the basis of discussions at training seminars on drought preparedness for developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It has also been adopted, with appropriate modifications, by state or provincial governments and by municipalities. The process is intended to be flexible so that governments can add, delete, or modify the suggested steps, as necessary.Published as Paper No. 10946, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division. The work reported here was conducted under Nebraska Agricultural Research Division Project 27-007. This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ATM-8704050.     

地震灾害脆弱性分析--以河北省张北-尚义地震灾害为例

河北省位于环太平洋地震带,是我国地震灾害多发,灾害死伤人数最多,损失最重的省份。地震灾害的伤亡和损失不仅与地震强度有关,而且与人类和社会经济财产的脆弱性有关。通过对张北－尚义地震灾害脆弱性的分析,指出理解和减轻地震灾害的关键在于减轻镶嵌于日常生活中的地震灾害脆弱性。在目前人类尚不能准确预报、控制和改变地震过程的情况下,通过提高对地震灾害的认识,调整日常生活和生产中与震害有关的各项活动,将脆弱性降到     

福建龙岩紫金山金铜矿矿山开采对地下水的影响分析

矿山开采对地下水的影响主要是水位下降。以紫金山金铜矿为例,通过对矿山开采金铜矿以来多年间的地下水环境质量进行分析评价,查明地下水的变化趋势。采用承压转无压完整井裘布依公式计算等方法,得出了井下开采不同中段的涌水量及疏干影响半径的计算成果;结合水源水质分析.预测了矿山开采对于地下水水质影响的变化趋势。结果表明:矿区的开采活动对于地下水水位降幅影响较大,对地下水水质影响较小。     

An Analysis of the Recent Severe Storm Surge Disaster Events in China

The economic loss caused by the storm surgedisasters is much higher than that caused by anyother marine disaster in China, the loss from the severestorm surge disaster being the highest. Statistics showthat there were 62 typhoon landings over the east-southeastcoast of China since 1990, three of which,occurring in 1992, 1994 and 1997, respectively, caused themost severe damage. The direct economic lossesdue to these events are 9.3, 17.0 and 30 billion yuan(RMB, or about 1.7, 2.6 and 3.8 billion USD,respectively), which is much greater than the loss of 5.5billion yuan (RMB) on an average every year duringthe 1989–1991 period. This paper makes a comparativeanalysis of the damage caused by the three events andpresents an overview of progress of precautions againststorm surge disaster in China. The suggestedcounter measures to mitigate the loss from the severe stormsurge disasters in China is as follows: (1) Raisethe whole society awareness of precaution against severestorm surge disaster; (2) Work out a new plan forbuilding sea walls; (3) Improve and perfect the availablewarning and disaster relief command system; (4)Develop the insurance service in order to promptly mitigatethe loss caused by severe storm surge disaster event.     

甘肃舟曲特大泥石流灾害形成机制及减灾对策

2010年8月7日晚23：00左右,甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县罗家峪、三眼峪流域突然降强暴雨,在三眼峪支流和罗家峪上游形成洪流,降雨持续40min后,在两泥石流沟谷中形成特大泥石流灾害。由于其特有的峰尖谷深地形、坡体表面丰富的松散物质本质条件,在多雨季节降强暴雨诱发了本次泥石流的产生。本文从泥石流形成的潜在性、泥石流降雨诱发因素、城建开发不合理三方面分析了此次泥石流灾难的形成原因。作为泥石流频发区,可采取监测预报,加强管理以遏制人类活动,实施工程治理的综合方法减少和避免灾情的发生。     

应对全球变化的中国地质灾害综合减灾战略研究

为了探索极端气候事件引发重大地质灾害的综合减灾防灾战略,提高主动减灾防灾的科技能力与管理水平,积极应对全球变化条件下中国地质灾害防治面临的挑战,本文在"全球灾变事件与重大地质灾害减灾战略研究会"与会专家汇报和讨论的基础上,结合近年来国内重大地质灾害事件,从新构造与地震活动,气候变化,人口与城镇化进程三个方面开展分析,试图探讨我国2010年重大地质灾害多发,群发的原因,并对我国地质灾害今后面临的总体形势做出宏观研判。综合分析认为:①近年来全球构造运动和地震活动进入一个新的相对活跃期,我国处于欧亚地震带和环太平洋地震带的交汇区,是现今构造地震活动强烈响应区,尤其是印度板块的强烈活动,使青藏高原周缘地区的地震活动频繁,断裂活动增强,内外动力耦合作用下的地质灾害频发是总体趋势;②全球气候变化引起的极端气候异常条件使地质灾害的成灾模式趋于多样化和复杂化,由于中国大陆是全球最大大陆性气候和海洋性气候交汇地带,也是地貌高差气候变化最大的地区,特别是2010年长时间干旱,汛期集中的高强度、长持时的降雨、局部强暴雨导致大规模滑坡泥石流灾害,尤其是在青藏高原周缘等内动力作用强烈地区,导致地质灾害频发;③人口增长、城镇化进程及工程经济活动是地质灾害发生不可忽视的重要因素,城镇化建设和工程经济活动规模大,且逐步向生态地质环境相对脆弱的地区转移,城镇人口密度快速增加,特别是山区城镇自主防灾减灾意识薄弱,直接导致地质灾害伤亡和损失程度加重。为了应对全球变化条件下的中国地质灾害形势,提高我国地质灾害防灾科技能力与管理水平,从我国地质灾害防灾减灾的现状分析入手,充分借鉴国际自然灾害综合减灾与风险管理的成功经验与策略,从推进中国地质灾害风险管理的角度提出了7点综合减灾建议,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用,推动政府管理部门、专业技术人员参与地质灾害综合减灾的广泛交流与讨论,促进防灾减灾科技与策略在实践中应用,为应对全球变化的中国地质灾害综合减灾集思广益。     

Appraise the structural mitigation of landslide risk via numerical modelling: a case study from the northern Apennines (Italy)

The Ca’ Lita landslide is a large and deep-seated mass movement located in the northern Apennines, about 70 km west of Bologna (Northern Italy). It consists of a composite landslide that affects Cretaceous to Eocene flysch rock masses and chaotic complexes. Many of the sectors making up the landslide have resumed activity between 2002 and 2006, threatening some villages and an important road connecting several key industrial facilities located in the upper watershed. This paper presents the management of the emergency, dealing with the investigation campaigns (geological, geomorphological and LiDAR surveys, borehole drillings, seismic surveys), with the monitoring (in situ instrumentation) and with the design and construction of mitigation measures. The whole process, from landslide reactivation to date, has been modelled on a numerical basis with the finite difference code FLAC 2D, to assess the efficiency of the mitigation system and to propose further countermeasure works in different scenarios.