Hydrography and Circulation in the Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean during April-May 2011

The distribution of hydrography and circulation in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean(ETIO) during April-May 2011 were analyzed using cruise observations,satellite observations,and historic hydrographic data.It was observed that warm water(28℃) occupies the upper 50-m layer in the ETIO.Low-salinity surface water was observed at the mouth of the Bay of Bengal(BOB),which further extends to the Arabian Sea and off Sumatra via the Sri Lanka coast and the eastern bay mouth.Arabian Sea high-salinity water(ASHSW) is carried eastward along the equator to around 90°E by the equatorial undercurrent(EUC).It also runs south of Sri Lanka(north to 3°N) and in the western bay mouth(west to 87°E) but is much shallower than its counterpart at the equator.It is suggested to be the residual of the ASHSW,which intrudes into the BOB during the preceding southwest monsoon.Our results also show that,in the south of Sri Lanka,just below this subsurface high-salinity water,very-low-salinity water(about 34.8) occurs at depths of 100-200 m.Further analysis suggests that this low-salinity water comes from the BOB.     

An Incursion of Off-Equatorial Subsurface Cold Water and Its Role in Triggering the “Double Dip” La Nia Event of 2011

Based on Global Ocean Data Assimilation System(GODAS) and NCEP reanalysis data, atmospheric and oceanic processes possibly responsible for the onset of the 2011/12 La Nia event, which followed the 2010/11 La Nia even—referred to as a "double dip" La Nia—are investigated. The key mechanisms involved in activating the 2011/12 La Nia are illustrated by these datasets. Results show that neutral conditions were already evident in the equatorial eastern Pacific during the decaying phase of the 2010/11 La Nia. However, isothermal analyses show obviously cold water still persisting at the surface and at subsurface depths in off-equatorial regions throughout early 2011, being most pronounced in the tropical South Pacific. The negative SST anomalies in the tropical South Pacific acted to strengthen a southern wind across the equator. The subsurface cold water in the tropical South Pacific then spread northward and broke into the equatorial region at the thermocline depth. This incursion process of off-equatorial subsurface cold water successfully interrupted the eastern propagation of warm water along the equator, which had previously accumulated at subsurface depths in the warm pool during the 2010/11 La Nia event. Furthermore, the incursion process strengthened as a result of the off-equatorial effects, mostly in the tropical South Pacific. The negative SST anomalies then reappeared in the central basin in summer 2011, and acted to trigger local coupled air–sea interactions to produce atmospheric–oceanic anomalies that developed and evolved with the second cooling in the fall of 2011.     

2011年与2008年贵州低温雨雪冰冻天气锋区特征对比

用常规气象观测资料和NCEP2．5°×2．5°再分析资料,对贵州2011年年初和2008年年初2次严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间的天气形势、冷空气、水汽和大气层结等特征进行了分析比较。结果表明：静止锋是贵州低温雨雪冰冻天气的主要天气系统;2008年较2011年冷暖空气均较强,故锋区强、锋面坡度较小,这是2008年冰冻天气强于2011年的主要原因;冻雨的发生与层结的逆温有很大关系,逆温发展的阶段均能较好地对应每一次冰冻过程;逆温强度强且长时间存在是2008年冰冻天气持续时间长的原因。2次过程中低层锋区附近有明显的水汽辐合,形成雨雪天气;对2011年降雪和冻雨过程的对比分析表明降雪与冻雨最明显的特征是降雪时层结基本无逆温,逆温层的出现是降雪转换成冻雨的重要原因。     

近40年我国东部降水持续时间和雨带移动的年代际变化

利用我国地面观测站降水资料以及欧洲中期数值预报中心 (ECMWF) 的月平均再分析资料, 研究了在全球平均表面气温偏冷和偏暖阶段, 我国东部降水开始和结束时间以及雨带南北移动的变化, 并分析了与东部降水变化相关联的大气环流特征。结果表明:近40年, 20世纪60—70年代全球平均表面气温处于一个相对偏冷时期, 而80—90年代处于偏暖时期; 在这样的变暖背景下, 我国东部地区年总降水量呈现出“南涝北旱”异常特征, 与冷位相比较, 在暖位相阶段长江流域年总降水量明显增加, 而华北地区降水量减少, 其中长江流域降水的增加主要是由夏季降水增加引起的, 3月长江中下游降水增加也很重要, 北方的降水减少主要是由从盛夏到初秋的降水减少引起的。平均而言, 暖位相阶段我国南方强降水开始时间较早、结束较晚, 持续时间较长, 而北方强降水开始较晚, 持续时间较短。从春末到夏季, 冷位相时我国东部强降水带表现出从华南、经过长江流域向华北移动的特征, 而在暖位相时强降水主要集中在长江流域, 从华南向华北移动的特征不明显。雨带的这种异常变化与东亚大气环流有关, 在暖位相时夏季东亚大陆低压比冷位相时弱, 而鄂霍次克海高压偏强, 西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南, 使夏季东亚副热带地区的西南风减弱, 梅雨锋加强, 导致雨带滞留在长江流域, 使长江流域降水增加、北方降水减少。     

冬季气温急剧升、降日期与东北夏季低温的联系

利用通化市所属5个气象站1954—2006年日平均温度组成的区域平均时间序列资料、季平均温度资料,分析了短期气温的剧烈变化(本文称之为寒潮和气温骤升)与后期季温度异常的关系,结果发现,冬季短期气温的剧烈变化与后期春、夏季气温距平存在联系,表现在一些特定的寒潮(或气温骤升)爆发日期段总是与后期季的高或低温相对应。在一定的年代背景下,一些日期段还与极端季温度距平存在明显的联系。与后期气温异常联系明显的寒潮爆发、气温骤升日期段存在着周期性,与春季低温对应明显的寒潮爆发日期有5 d的时间间隔;与春季低温对应明显的气温骤升的日期存在着9~11 d的周期,且随着日期的变化,爆发日期之间的间隔有规律的延长和缩短。一些寒潮爆发和气温骤升日期与东北夏季低温冷害存在明显的联系。     

2018年8月22日宁夏北部局地浓雾天气形成机制分析

利用宁夏972个地面自动站的10 m风场、2 m温度及露点温度,银川、大武口、平罗、贺兰4个常规地面观测站的能见度、温度及相对湿度逐时观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）ERA-Interim逐6 h再分析资料（0.125°×0.125°）,对2018年8月22日宁夏北部局地突发浓雾天气过程的环流形势、逆温结构及其热力、动力条件和形成维持机制进行分析。结果表明：8月22日宁夏北部局地浓雾发生在地面冷高压、高空暖脊及近地面微风的静稳天气条件下;较为深厚的暖平流和近地面冷空气侵入所形成的稳定大气层结,是大雾形成的必要条件;弱上升运动使混合层扩展至840 hPa左右,是该地区雾的发展和维持的重要原因。在本次过程中,深厚的弱水汽辐合较水汽自身的饱和与否更为重要,是大武口站浓雾形成的关键性因素。浓雾呈现平流-辐射雾特征,地面热通量在过程前期促进浓雾的发生,后期对浓雾起到抑制作用。     

The Summer Arctic Boundary Layer during the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001)

Boundary-layer measurements made from the Swedish icebreaker Oden during the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are analysed. They refer mainly to ice drift in the central Arctic during the period 2–21 August 2001. On board Oden a remote sensing array with a wind profiler, cloud radar and a scanning microwave radiometer, and a regular weather station operated continuously; soundings were also released during research stations. Turbulence and profile measurements on an 18-m mast were deployed on the ice, along with two sodar systems, a microbarograph array and a tethered sounding system. Surface flux and meteorological stations were also deployed on nearby ice floes. There is a clear diurnal cycle in radiation and also in wind speed, cloud base and visibility. It is absent in temperature and humidity, probably due to the very strong control by melting/ freezing ice and snow. In the advection of warm air, latent heat of melting maintains the surface temperature at 0 °C, while with a negative energy balance the latent heat of freezing of the salty ocean water acts to maintain the surface temperature > −2 °C. The constant presence of water at the surface maintains a relative humidity close to 100%, and this is also often facilitated by an increasing specific humidity through the capping inversion, making entrainment a moisture source. This ensures cloudy conditions, with low cloud and fog prevailing most of the time. Intrusions of warm and moist air from beyond the ice edge are frequent, but the local Arctic boundary layer remains at a relatively constant temperature, and is shallow and well mixed with strong capping inversions. Power spectra of surface-layer wind speed sometimes show large variance at low frequency. A scanning radiometer provides a monitoring of the vertical thermal structure with a spatial and temporal resolution not seen before in the Arctic. There are often two inversions, an elevated main inversion and a weak surface inversion, and occasionally additional inversions occur. Enhanced entrainment across the main inversion appears to occur during frontal passages. Variance of the scanning radiometer temperatures occurs in large pulses rather than varying smoothly, and the height to the maximum variance appears to be a reasonable proxy for the boundary-layer depth.     

Processes Leading to Second-Year Cooling of the 2010–12 La Ni?a Event,Diagnosed Using GODAS

Isopycnal analyses were performed on the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System(GODAS) to determine the oceanic processes leading to so-called second-year cooling of the La Nina event. In 2010–12, a horseshoe-like pattern was seen,connecting negative temperature anomalies off and on the Equator, with a dominant influence from the South Pacific. During the 2010 La Nina event, warm waters piled up at subsurface depths in the western tropical Pacific. Beginning in early 2011,these warm subsurface anomalies propagated along the Equator toward the eastern basin, acting to reverse the sign of sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies(SSTAs) there and initiate a warm SSTA. However, throughout early 2011, pronounced negative anomalies persisted off the Equator in the subsurface depths of the South Pacific. As isopycnal surfaces outcropped in the central equatorial Pacific, negative anomalies from the subsurface spread upward along with mean circulation pathways, naturally initializing a cold SSTA. In the summer, a cold SSTA reappeared in the central basin, which subsequently strengthened due to the off-equatorial effects mostly in the South Pacific. These SSTAs acted to initiate local coupled air–sea interactions, generating atmospheric–oceanic anomalies that developed and evolved with the second-year cooling in the fall of 2011. However, the cooling tendency in mid-2012 did not develop into another La Nina event, since the cold anomalies in the South Pacific were not strong enough. An analysis of the 2007–09 La Nina event revealed similar processes to the2010–12 La Nina event.     

我国华南江南春季雷暴气候特征分析

基于我国华南江南地区274个基本地面气象观测站数据、全国闪电定位数据以及欧洲中心的全球大气再分析数据(ERA-Interim),对1981—2017年华南江南地区的春季雷暴日采用经验正交函数分解方法(EOF),并与气象要素场做回归分析。得出以下主要结论:(1)我国华南江南地区春季雷暴活动高发区主要在广西东部至广东西部;其高峰期在下午18:00和凌晨4:00左右,且大多数雷暴活动持续时间不超过3 h;山区雷暴活动主要在傍晚至夜间;平原雷暴活动主要在白天,高峰在17:00及06:00前后;(2)华南江南地区的雷暴活动存在着3~5年的短周期和16年左右的长周期变化;(3)雷暴日距平EOF分析的前3个主成分累计方差贡献达到72.3%。按其向量场的方差贡献分型,Ⅰ型表现为华南江南雷暴活跃特征呈现较统一的变化规律。深厚西南低涡槽前、上干下湿的水汽层结、上冷下暖的温度层结为华南江南地区发生大范围雷暴天气提供良好的动力、水汽和位势不稳定条件,是华南江南雷暴活跃异常的主要模态;Ⅱ型表现为从华南南部到江西与浙江南部有一条西南-东北向、下宽上窄的雷暴活跃正距平异常区,而两侧为负距平异常区。其环流特征表现为温度整层偏冷,水汽整层偏湿,而西南槽前动力抬升有利于水汽抬升凝结触发对流形成雷暴;Ⅲ型表现为华南和江南地区雷暴活跃特征呈南北反位相异常,其分界线在26 °N附近。其环流特征表现为较强的干冷空气南下与南方暖湿空气在南岭山区对峙形成异常的垂直环流圈。在其上升支,低层干冷空气被卷入中高层使得中高层暖湿空气凝结释放潜热形成对流,造成华南地区多雷暴发生,而江南地区处于垂直环流的下沉支,整层湿度偏干,造成江南地区雷暴相对偏少。      

江西省暖季重大短时强降水敏感性参数分析及概念模型

利用江西省2010-2016 年5-9 月1 597 个观测站逐小时降水资料,ERA Interim,Daily逐日4 次0.125°×0.125°再分析资料以及南昌和赣州探空资料,筛选出84 例重大短时强降水过程,并建立了5 种重大短时强降水概念模型:冷锋型、西南急流型、副高边缘型、暖切型和台风型,各型分别占比29％...     

山东省两次暴雪天气的对比分析

应用常规天气图资料、探空资料、加密自动站观测资料、地基GPS/MET遥感大气水汽观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒雷达观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1。×1。再分析资料,采用诊断分析和对比分析方法,对山东省2009年11月11 12日和2010年2月28日两次暴雪天气的水汽、热力、动力条件和中尺度特征进行对比分析。结果表明,(1)两次暴雪都是受高空槽影响产生的,700hPa附近有较强的偏南气流向暴雪区输送暖湿空气,整层大气高湿近于饱和,中低层有逆温,整层温度≤0 C;暴雪产生在700～500 hPa槽前西南气流前部、850 hPa东北风与东南风辐合的区域,近地面层都为东北风。(2)不同点是,前次暴雪过程中低层先有冷空气影响,然后中高层暖湿气流北上,中低层能量低,以稳定性降雪为主,持续时间长;后次暴雪过程中,先是中低层暖湿气流北上,而后强冷空气从低层锲入,低层形成低涡,地面形成气旋,中低层对流不稳定,对流发展,降雪强度大,持续时间短。(3)暴雪期间GPS/MET水汽监测的可降水量在20 mm左右,对降雪量有一定的指示性。加密自动站观测中温度0C线是雨、雪的分界线,有助于判别降水的形态。     

极端天气气候背景下两次降雪过程的对比分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°分析资料,从同期气候背景、影响系统特征、干侵入特征和影响等方面,对2008年1月28日20时-29日08时、2月1日20时-2日08时江西中、北部两次较强降雪过程进行了分析。结果发现,两次过程发生的气候背景主要与大气环流异常及拉尼娜事件有关。两次过程的系统配置具有相同的特点,中层700-500hPa西南气流强盛,低层850hPa到地面的冷空气垫深厚,700-850hPa存在逆温层。两次过程都具有干侵入特征,干侵入所引起的对流层中低层垂直方向上的降温,使中低层0℃以上暖层明显减弱,700hPa温度降为0℃以下,为混合云内雨转雪的发生提供了必要的温度条件。两次过程中,低层冷平流越强,雪区南界越偏南。江淮到黄淮的下沉气流为对流层高层干空气侵入提供了动力条件,高层干冷空气向南、向下侵入,导致对流层低层850hPa偏北气流加强和维持,加大了中低层垂直风切变,使上升运动加强,为水汽凝结、冰晶和雪晶比含水量的增加提供了必要条件,从而使降雪得到发展。两次过程中,上升运动越强,降雪强度越大。     

内蒙古河套地区两次暴雪过程对比分析

利用常规气象资料和自动站数据,对2007年2月6日一8日和2011年2月25日一27日发生在内蒙古河套地区的两次暴雪过程进行对比分析,结果表明,500hPa中亚和东亚分别有冷槽活动,中亚槽前有分裂冷槽东移推动两槽间暖脊发展东移至河套以东,河套西部处在西南气流控制下。当500hPa分裂东移的冷槽与700hPa高原低槽、西北涡或切变线和地面河套倒槽或河套气旋垂直叠置,高空槽后有冷空气下沉锲入到暖湿气层底层形成动力抬升时,触发暴雪产生。低层负散度、正涡度,深厚的负垂直速度,高、低空急流垂直耦合形成的抽吸作用,高、低层冷暖平流造成的热力不稳定,较长时间水汽和热量输送、积聚,使高能、高湿舌伸人河套形成的位势不稳定,河套外围三面环山形成的地形抬升作用叠置在抬升区上空,为触发暴雪产生提供了强劲动力。     

The observed generation and breaking of atmospheric internal gravity waves over the ocean

Observations are presented for internal gravity waves and their breaking at a height of 23.5 m over the ocean in surface-based inversions which are formed because of the advection of warm air over cold water. The spectral and cospectral analyses of velocity and temperature fluctuations were made to establish the characteristic features of the waves. Flow visualization photographs of smoke released during the breaking of a wave are also presented. Comparison between the turbulent energies present during and after breaking of a wave indicates enormous mixing and dispersion occurring during breaking.This research was performed under Contract No. EY-76-C-02-0016 with the United States Energy Research and Development Administration.     

2011年1月贵州冻雨天气成因分析

利用2011年1月NCEP1°×1°6 h再分析资料和贵州省气象局提供的84个地面气象站1970—2011年冬季（12月至次年2月）资料对贵州省2011年1月持续的低温冻雨天气进行了气候统计和诊断分析。此次冻雨天气范围广,强度大,34个站气温达到40年来历史同期最低值。此次过程中的亚欧大陆环流异常的主要表现是乌拉尔山阻塞高压阶段性活跃,在里海槽前西南气流的持续补充下两次崩溃三次重建,在脊前形成深厚低压中心,导致频繁有冷空气南下影响贵州地区。     

2006年春季河南一次强寒潮天气诊断分析

应用1°×1°NCAR／NCEP再分析格点资料,对2006年4月11-12日发生在河南省的一次强寒潮天气过程进行了热力因子和动力因子的诊断分析,结果发现：这次寒潮天气过程是西路和东路两股冷空气与暖平流共同作用促进蒙古气旋发展,并使低槽、冷锋东移南压造成的;不同的层结条件下垂直速度对河南前期增温、后期剧烈降温有利;非地转...     

东亚夏季风的强度与前期西太平洋暖池热含量异常的关系

本文利用日本气象厅提供的历史海温资料、Hadley海温资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(1951~2010年)等探讨了东亚夏季风的强度与前期暖池热含量异常的关系。结果表明,西太平洋暖池热含量可以作为东亚夏季风强度的前期预测因子,两者正相关关系显著。本文选取相关系数更大、持续性更好的前期冬季暖池关键区(-5.5°~5.5°N;157.5°~170.5°E)热含量来进行预报。将暖池热含量指数和东亚夏季风指数均回归到夏季大气环流场上,发现在暖水年次年夏季西太副高偏弱、位置偏北,菲律宾以东以北洋面为气旋性环流,对流上升运动增强,赤道西太平洋地区为显著的西风距平,日本岛以东洋面为反气旋环流,对流下沉运动增强,日本岛以南、黄海至我国中东部地区为显著的东风距平,且前期2月西风带位置偏北,引起夏季海陆热力差异较大,最终导致东亚夏季风强度异常偏高;冷水年则相反。综上所述,当前期冬季西太平洋暖池热含量异常偏高(低)时,会造成次年东亚夏季风强度偏强(弱)。      

南京冬季平流雾的生消机制及边界层结构观测分析

利用系留飞艇边界层要素探测系统等设备,对2006年12月24q7日发生在南京地区的雾日边界层结构进行了综合探测,深入研究了这次平流雾的生消机制及边界层结构。结果表明：此次雾属于比较典型的平流雾,生成和维持主要决定于暖湿气流和系统性下沉运动,消散主要是干冷空气南下造成的;雾项下降阶段出现了双层结构,中层逆温是逆温主层,属于下沉逆温及平流逆温,主逆温层强中心始终位于雾顶附近或处于雾顶之下;风速随高度呈现多峰分布,中层急流与强度较弱的中上层和上层急流合并后,又与下层急流出现了一强一弱的波动;在风速较小时,风场趋于均匀化;雾消散时,低层风场趋于线性化;雾主要的水汽来源是暖湿气流;比湿场与风场有较好的时空分布对应性,主逆温层强中心也是逆湿强中心,风场与温度场共同主导了比湿场的时空分布。     

春季南亚高压在中南半岛上空建立与500hPa副高断裂的关系

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料及NOAA的OLR资料,研究了春季南亚高压在中南半岛上空建立与500hPa副高在孟加拉湾上空断裂的关系。结果表明,南亚高压建立之前,对流从“海洋大陆”向北推进,首先在中南半岛建立;而孟加拉湾地区由于青藏高原感热作用在对流层中低层形成一个反Hadley环流型的局地经圈环流,15°N附近500—700hPa有下沉运动中心,它抑制了孟加拉湾对流的建立,也不利于500hPa副高带断裂。南亚高压在中南半岛建立之后,位于高压中心西南侧的孟加拉湾上空出现一个强的辐散中心,孟加拉湾地区15°N附近的下沉运动消失,对流发展起来,降水量增加并释放大量潜热,非绝热加热中心位于500hPa,此时副高脊线断裂。因此,高层南亚高压建立所产生的辐散运动很可能对孟加拉湾上空500hPa副高带断裂及对流建立起到了触发作用。     

On wind shear at fronts and inversions

Summary In the past, experimental investigations as well as theoretical considerations have shown that within fronts and inversions wind shear and vertical temperature gradient adjust in such a way that the Richardson number is at its critical value. Results from aircraft measurements now suggest that the shear within moving cold fronts, warm fronts and inversions shows different behaviour because of the different mechanisms controlling the Richardson numbers. This leads to higher Richardson numbers, and therefore to lower amounts of wind shear within moving cold fronts when compared to warm fronts and inversions.With 9 Figures