青海玉树台钻孔应变降雨干扰特征分析

以青海玉树钻孔应变资料为基础,对观测数据变化特征进行分析,认为降雨所造成钻孔水位的变化不是影响钻孔应变数据变化的主要因素,降雨造成周围环境地表水的变化影响了数据的趋势变化。总结归纳降雨对观测数据变化的影响,有效识别地震前兆异常和降雨干扰因素。     

铁门关钻孔应变记录地震及其固体潮畸变特征

分析铁门关钻孔应变记录地震的空间分布、震级和震深特征,选取32组较明显的固体潮畸变现象进行研究,结果表明:钻孔应变固体潮畸变主要表现为外部环境干扰、强远震前畸变和同震响应3种类型。     

铁门关钻孔应变记录地震及其固体潮畸变特征

分析铁门关钻孔应变记录地震的空间分布、震级和震深特征,选取32组较明显的固体潮畸变现象进行研究,结果表明：钻孔应变固体潮畸变主要表现为外部环境干扰、强远震前畸变和同震响应3种类型。     

陕西乾陵台洞体应变周年变化的动力诊断

乾陵台洞体应变自1981年观测以来, 其周年变化显著而规律, 但物理机制至今尚不清晰。 鉴于地表温度年变是引起地壳应变周年变化的一个重要影响因素, 本文采用含地形的热固耦合解析模型, 定量诊断了地表温度周年变化对洞体应变观测的影响。 结果表明, 地表温度周年变化5.4 K, 便可造成2.2×10^-7的洞体热应变, 且理论热应变的变化形态和幅值大致能与观测数据吻合。 据此推定, 该台洞体应变周年变化主要是地表温度年变化所产生的热应变信号。 本文结果对该台热应变的合理改正和观测策略的科学优化, 具有重要的参考价值。     

日月食现象对库尔勒体应变观测的影响

通过对库尔勒体应变观测的畸变现象分析,认为日、月食现象对体应变及辅助气压观测有显著影响,且产生的影响不同,正确认识日、月食现象对体应变观测的影响,对于识别地震前兆异常具有一定意义。     

临夏台钻孔系统性质的论证

对中国临夏台2013年至2014年两年的井水位和四分量钻孔应变资料进行了预处理以消除趋势与突跳.根据文献(Means,1982;Young and Budynas,2005),相互正交的两条测线的应变观测值之和等于面应变.文献(刘序俨等,1988)证明近地表的面应变的2/3等于体应变,因此,可由4分量钻孔应变观测值得到钻孔体应变,然后根据体应变与井水位观测资料,从时域和频域对该钻孔系统的性质进行了论证.结果表明,在时域,体应变与井水位高度负相关.钻孔系统的灵敏度为—0.1620mm/10-9.把两年中的某两个月份的两者时间坐标轴和纵轴比例尺放大,发现井水位曲线的峰/谷与体应变观测曲线的谷/峰一一对应,两者的相位滞后非常小.在频域内,本文采用Venedikov调和分析方法分别取得了井水位与体应变9个月的半日波与全日波数个波群的逐月潮汐因子与相位滞后,然后作简单计算,得到了钻孔系统对上述波群的灵敏度与相位滞后.结果表明9个月中大多数波群的灵敏度不但十分相近,且非常接近由时域得到的周年频率分量的灵敏度,但相位滞后误差较大,本文对此进行了分析,认为由反正切得到的相位滞后受计算误差影响较大,应以时域经审视所得的相位滞后接近于零为准.通过时域与频域的分析,表明井水位对体应变的响应基本是线性时不变的,论证了临夏台钻孔系统基本上满足了叠加性、齐次性与时不变性,基本上为一线性时不变系统.     

新疆钻孔体应变资料提取地球自由振荡研究

基于功率谱方法，利用新疆铁门关台、温泉台、乌什台3套钻孔体应变资料提取2011年3月11日日本9.0级地震激发的地球自由振荡信息，将观测值频率与PREM模型理论值进行对比分析。结果表明，实测值与理论值基本一致，验证了PREM模型的准确性，显示出利用体应变资料提取地球自由振荡信息的可行性。3个台提取结果显示出一些共性和差异，与震源条件及钻孔所处地质构造有关。     

六合台体应变降雨干扰影响特征

南京市六合地震台钻孔体应变在受到降雨干扰影响时的变化特征,有别于江苏区域内大部分体应变测井。结合六合台钻孔井的岩性构造和位置环境,分析了2003年1月至2012年8月不同的降雨形式和不同的降雨量对体应变观测的影响。结果表明,在同样量级的降雨情况下六合台体应变观测值或为压性变化或为张性变化,最复杂的是张、压性变化交替出现。同时还发现,在排除降雨干扰影响之后,六合台体应变观测对区域内中强地震有较显著的中短期异常监测效能。     

福州地震台TJ-2型钻孔体应变观测资料干扰分析

对福州地震台TJ-2型钻孔体应变观测资料进行整理,识别并统计引起数据曲线发生畸变的干扰因素,认为主要有气压、降雨、地下水、雷电、电源干扰等因素。分析各影响因素干扰特征,以便识别体应变观测资料干扰异常。     

湖州地震台钻孔体应变仪和伸缩仪记录资料对比

先对安装在湖州地震台"7号"人防山洞内的伸缩仪记录的线应变求得面应变,以及对安装在同一个山洞内的钻孔体应变仪进行气压消除后,对两者的同步观测数据进行对比和分析。以地球应变固体潮为参照,确定两种应变观测数据基本一致。证明这两种基线长度和安装方式不同的仪器,观测到的地层面应变在固体潮频段具有可比性。     

典型枯水年长江干流硅的分布、输送与滞留

于特枯水情年对三峡水库溶解硅和长江干流自涪陵至河口段悬浮颗粒物、溶解硅、生物硅和叶绿素a浓度等进行调查.研究表明,在平水期和汛期末,长江干流水体溶解硅和生物硅浓度和通量在其上游受大坝"滞留"效应的影响呈现沿程降低的趋势,中、下游受"两湖"和汉江等的补充作用有明显升高.在枯水年,长江干流水体生物硅浓度占活性硅(溶解硅和生物硅之和)浓度的2%~5%,显著低于平水年的比例(13%),同时也低于世界河流的平均水平(16%).三峡水库在4-12月份减少溶解硅向下游的输送通量,而在1-3月份增加溶解硅的输送通量;水库在枯水年滞留了大约3%~6%的溶解硅.三峡水库内低的初级生产水平和高的生物硅再生速率是其难以对溶解硅形成有效滞留的主要因素.大坝下游会因清水下泄产生潜在的滞留效应,不过还需要更多的数据去量化.     

DETERMINATION OF FAULT PLANE PARAMETERS IN THE LONGTAN RESERVOIR BY USING PRECISELY LOCATED SMALL EARTHQUAKE DATA AND REGIONAL STRESS FIELD

The Longtan reservoir is located in Tian'e County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southwestern China on the upper reaches of Hongshui River, the main stream of the Pearl River. The dam of the reservoir is 200m high, and the maximum water depth can be up to 194m as the water level reaches 400m. The reservoir storage capacity is 27.3 billion cubic meters, so it is a typical high-dam reservoir with large storage capacity. Terrain of the reservoir is high in the west and low in the east. The reservoir is located at the confluence of the Hongshui River, Buliu River, Nanpan River, Beipan River, Mengjiang River and Caodu River. The construction of Longtan hydropower station officially started in July 2001, and the reservoir impoundment was on September 30, 2006. The power station is equipped with 9 sets of 700 000kW water turbine generator units, with a total installed capacity of 6.3 million kW and an average annual generating capacity of 18.7 billion kW·h. So its storage and hydropower capacity rank third only to the world-famous Three Gorges hydropower project and the ultra-large hydropower project in Xiluodu of Jinsha River in China. Seismicity enhanced rapidly in the reservoir area after the impoundment. More the 5 000 earthquakes have been recorded so far, with the maximum magnitude of M_L4.8, which occurred on September 18, 2010. The earthquakes are mainly concentrated in the deep water area where fault zones run through. Assuming the seismogenic fault can be simulated by a plane and most small earthquakes occur nearby the fault plane, the information of seismogenic fault can be obtained by the hypocenter location parameters of small earthquakes.     

澜沧江梯级筑坝下水体氮磷分布特征及其形成机制

水库建设改变了河流水文情势及物质迁移转化过程,从而影响水环境质量。为探究梯级筑坝影响下河流氮、磷的空间分布特征及其形成机制,以澜沧江为研究对象,于2016年和2021年分别开展了沿程水环境监测,对比分析水体中氮、磷及其形态浓度在水库建成前后的变化及沿程分布特征,探究氮、磷变化及其沿程分布的主控因子和影响机制。结果表明：由于河流建库蓄水淹没的土地释放大量土壤有机氮,新建水库段(2021年)水体总氮(TN)浓度相比于建库前(2016年)显著上升;由于建库后水流流速减缓而促进颗粒态磷沉降,水体总磷(TP)浓度显著下降。此外,河流建库蓄水后原自然河道的水环境特征改变且利于沉积物磷的释放,筑坝后水体磷酸盐(PO₄^3--P)占生物可利用磷(Bio-P)的比例显著上升。受沿程土地利用的影响,从上游到下游水体TN浓度总体上逐渐升高,而水体TP浓度由于水库的截留效应逐渐降低。筑坝增加的水力停留时间为水库氮、磷转化提供了有利条件,主要表现为溶解性无机氮以硝态氮为主转变为以氨氮为主;同时,Bio-P中PO₄^3--P的占比...     

四川省铜街子电站水库诱发地震

本文详细介绍了铜街子电站水库诱发地震的活动特征，结合地质构造对诱发成因进行了初步探讨，并就该区地震的发展趋势作了估计。这是四川省首次获得该水库蓄水期库区的微震观测资料。     

Rough seas and time-lapse seismic

Time‐lapse seismic surveying has become an accepted tool for reservoir monitoring applications, thus placing a high premium on data repeatability. One factor affecting data repeatability is the influence of the rough sea‐surface on the ghost reflection and the resulting seismic wavelets of the sources and receivers. During data analysis, the sea‐surface is normally assumed to be stationary and, indeed, to be flat. The non‐flatness of the sea‐surface introduces amplitude and phase perturbations to the source and receiver responses and these can affect the time‐lapse image. We simulated the influence of rough sea‐surfaces on seismic data acquisition. For a typical seismic line with a 48‐fold stack, a 2‐m significant‐wave‐height sea introduces RMS errors of about 5–10% into the stacked data. This level of error is probably not important for structural imaging but could be significant for time‐lapse surveying when the expected difference anomaly is small. The errors are distributed differently for sources and receivers because of the different ways they are towed. Furthermore, the source wavelet is determined by the sea shape at the moment the shot is fired, whereas the receiver wavelet is time‐varying because the sea moves significantly during the seismic record.     

Hurricanes and tropical storms: A necessary evil to ensure water supply?

Several parts of the globe including Southeast North America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Australia, and China are often hit by hurricanes and tropical storms (HTSs), which can deliver a large amount of rainfall within a period of a few days. Although HTSs are mostly studied as disaster agents, considering that they occur during the period when water supply systems are generally depleted, it is important to ascertain their potential contributions toward sustaining water supply. Using the Lake Michie–Little River reservoir system that supplies water to the city of Durham (North Carolina) as a representative test case, we implemented an integrated watershed and reservoir management model, supported by publicly available observations, to evaluate the extent to which HTSs impact water storages. Results indicate that HTSs can have a significant impact on reservoir water storage, with their effects being felt for more than a year for some storms. The impact on reservoir water storage is identified to be primarily controlled by 3 factors, namely, streamflow response size from HTSs, storage in the reservoir right before the event, and streamflow succeeding the event response to HTS (henceforth referred as postevent streamflow). Although the impact of streamflow response size on water storage is generally proportional to its magnitude, initial water storage in the reservoir and postevent streamflow have a nonmonotonic influence on water storage. As all the 3 identified controls are a function of antecedent hydrologic conditions and meteorological forcings, these 2 factors indirectly influence the impact of HTS on water storage in a reservoir. The identification of controlling factors and assessment of their influence on reservoir response will further facilitate implementation of more accurate estimation and prediction frameworks for within‐year reservoir operations.     

Influences of retrogressive erosion of reservoir on sedimentation of its downstream river channel——A case study on Sanmenxia Reservoir and the Lower Yellow River

Retrogressive erosion, a widespread phenomenon of sediment transport in reservoirs, often impacts on both the reservoir capacity and the sedimentation in the downstream river channel. Based on field data from the Sanmenxia Reservoir and the Lower Yellow River over the past decades, three courses of ret-rogressive erosion with distinctive features were analyzed. The results indicate that retrogressive erosion, especially caused by rapid reduction in the water level till the reservoir is empty, often results in the serious siltation of the lower Yellow River and threatens the safety of the flood control in the Lower Yellow River. Unreasonable operation of the reservoir and incoming hyperconcentrated floods accom-panied by retrogressive erosion also aggravate the siltation of the main channel of the river. However, a reasonable operation mode of the reservoir so named"storing the clear (low sediment concentration) water in the non–flood season, and sluicing the muddy(high sediment concentration) water in the flood season" was found, which might mitigate the deposition in both the reservoir and the Lower Yellow River. This operation mode provides important experience for the design and operation of large reser-voirs in other large rivers carrying huge amounts of sediment.     

Fault－weakening effect of reservoir temperature of hot spring and its influence on seismic activities

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P-wave velocity structure beneath reservoirs and surrounding areas in the lower Jinsha River

The lower reaches of the Jinsha River are rich in hydropower resources because of the high mountains, deep valleys, and swift currents in this area. This region also features complex tectonic structures and frequent earthquakes. After the impoundment of the reservoirs, seismic activity increased significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to study the P-wave velocity structure and earthquake locations in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River and surrounds, thus providing seismological support for subsequent earthquake prevention and disaster reduction work in reservoir areas. In this study, we selected the data of 7,670 seismic events recorded by the seismic networks in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Chongqing and the temporary seismic arrays deployed nearby. We then applied the double-difference tomography method to this data, to obtain the P-wave velocity structure and earthquake locations in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River and surrounds. The results showed that the Jinsha River basin has a complex lateral P-wave velocity structure. Seismic events are mainly distributed in the transition zones between high- and low-velocity anomalies, and seismic events are particularly intense in the Xiluodu and Baihetan reservoir areas. Vertical cross-sections through the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas revealed an apparent high-velocity anomaly at approximately 6 km depth; this high-velocity anomaly plays a role in stress accumulation, with few earthquakes distributed inside the high-velocity body. After the impoundment of the Baihetan reservoir, the number of earthquakes in the reservoir area increased significantly. The seismic events in the reservoir area north of 27° N were related to the enhanced activity of nearby faults after impoundment; the earthquakes in the reservoir area south of 27° N were probably induced by additional loads (or regional stress changes), and the multiple microseismic events may have been caused by rock rupture near the main faults under high pore pressure.