沉积物中碳酸盐(方解石和白云石)测定方法的研究

研究河流和浅海陆架沉积物中的碳酸盐成因和生成环境,探讨河流和陆架沉积物中碳酸盐含量的影响因素和测定方法。结果表明,沉积物中碳酸盐含量明显受沉积物粒度组成和物源的影响。1mol/LHAc lmol/LNaAc(在沸水浴加热30min),0.3mol/LHAc(室温下5h)和1mol/LHCl(室温下2h)分别做碳酸盐相 离子交换相的浸取液,lmol/LNaAc(在沸水浴加热30min)做离子交换相的浸取液,然后用ICP-AES测得浸取液中Ca和Mg离子含量,差减法计算样品碳酸盐相中Ca,Mg离子和碳酸盐含量。其中前两者与第四种相结合的方法,都能得到河流沉积物碳酸盐相中的Ca离子含量。而第三种方法,即1mol/LHCl(室温下2h),破坏了沉积物中的粘土矿物,不能用来作为沉积物碳酸盐相 离子交换相中Ca和Mg离子的浸取液。与使用ICP-AES测定离子含量计算得出的碳酸盐含量的方法相比较,容量法是1种操作简单、花费低廉且有效的方法。     

茎柔鱼眼睛晶体微量元素地理差异及其与水温关系

本研究以2015年和2017年我国远洋鱿钓渔船在东南太平洋的厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和智利公海生产时采集的茎柔鱼眼睛晶体为研究材料,采用LA-ICPMS测定了眼睛晶体外缘的微量元素,比较微量元素地理区域间差异,分析微量元素浓度与茎柔鱼栖息水温的关系。结果显示,厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和智利公海的茎柔鱼眼睛晶体外缘Mg²⁵、Ni⁶⁰ 、Cu⁶³、Sr⁸⁸和Ba¹³⁷等元素在3个海区之间存在显著差异(p<0.05),Na²³、Al²⁷、Si²⁹、P³¹、Ca⁴³、Mn⁵⁵、Zn⁶⁶和Pb等元素在两两海区之间均不存在显著差异(p>0.05)。除了Sr⁸⁸、Ba¹³⁷、Fe⁵⁷和Ni⁶⁰与海表面温度呈显著的线性负相关,其他元素与海表面温度均无显著的相关关系。分析认为,Sr⁸⁸、Ba¹³⁷、Fe⁵⁷和Ni⁶⁰均可以看作茎柔鱼生活水温的指示元素,Ba¹³⁷元素还可以看作茎柔鱼生活水深以及上升流的指示元素。研究认为,眼睛晶体微量元素可用于头足类栖息环境的重建。     

Growth,feed conversion and faecal discharge of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) fed three commercial diets

Abstract

A study was undertaken to provide data on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and faecal discharge of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) fed three commercial diets used previously to culture this species in New Zealand. Fish were raised in tanks from 0.4 to 1.2 kg over the spring (water temperature 14–17°C) and summer (17–22°C) periods. There were considerable differences in volumetric and mass‐specific feed intake, and energy intake amongst diets. Daily crude protein intake was similar amongst diets, although it increased from the cold (4.05–4.50 g protein kg^?1 day^?1) to warm period (6.48–7.67 g protein kg^?1 day^?1). The biological and economical FCR varied with diet (BFCR 1.22–2.17, EFCR 1.30–2.62), as did the cost of feed per unit biomass produced (NZ$38–3.78 kg^?1). Growth rates were broadly similar amongst diets, and the warmer summer temperature period greatly improved both growth (increase from 0.51–0.64% to 1.18–1.23% mass gain day^?1) and BFCR (decrease from 1.37–2.17 to 1.22–1.46). The Salmofood ESF diet resulted in only half of the faecal setüeable solids and settleable total nitrogen (T N) and total phosphorus (T P) output compared with Skretting NME, which was in turn only half or less of that of Reliance SF     

Hurricanes Cause Population Expansion of the Branching Coral Acropora palmata (Scleractinia): Wound Healing and Growth Patterns of Asexual Recruits

Abstract. Three mechanisms aiding recovery and expansion of a population of Acropora palmata on a patch reef that was directly in the path of Hurricane Andrew were documented: rapid wound healing, high rates of asexual recruitment, and rapid growth rate of the new recruits. In addition, the growth pattern of new recruits was assessed in order to quantify the initial sequence of Structural changes during the transition from recruit to adult morphology. Wound healing was initially rapid (1.59 cm of linear growth per month). but slowed with time. Nine months after the storm, 72% of 218 hurricane-generated fragments of A. palmata had cemented to the bottom, becoming new asexual recruits. Within 18 months of the storm, the number of fragments in the same area had increased to 271, average fragment size was larger, and 94% had become recruits. Recruits showed complex patterns of branch formation, including rapid growth of solitary proto-branches, differential growth of proto-branches dependent on recruit orientation, and dominance within aggregates of proto-branches. We present a conceptual model that suggests A. palmata is adapted to disturbances of both low intensity and high frequency (conditions typical of reef flat zones) and episodic high intensity and low frequency events (hurricanes and tropical storms).     

Reproductive and growth strategies of Idotea balthica basteri (Pallas, 1772) population in the Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia,Southern Mediterranean)

We analysed several life history traits of the marine isopod Idotea balthica basteri (Pallas, 1772) from the Bizerte lagoon, Southern Mediterranean Sea. Growth was continuous throughout the life of the animal with a high growth rate in the first life phase, and the growth curve was described according to von Bertalanffy's model. The lowest growth rate (0.23 mm) was recorded in winter (December, January and February) and the maximum rate (2.31 mm) between April and June. The total number of hatched eggs or embryos was positively correlated with the body length of ovigerous females. This population of I. balthica basteri was iteroparous, showing distinct strategies of reproduction. Large ovigerous females with high fecundity were collected during the whole sampling period, while breeding in smaller females with low fecundity was restricted to the period from late spring to early autumn, Manca size increased significantly with increasing female body size and there was also a significant trade‐off between manca size and the number of eggs per brood. Reproductive allocation, ranging between 17.1 ± 1.2% in winter and 23.2 ± 1.8% in summer, was positively correlated with female weight. Accordingly, parental investment in producing a juvenile varied between 1.02% per manca in winter to 3.38% in spring. Evaluated traits show that late summer and autumn cohorts have a K‐strategy, whereas cohorts born in winter and spring, and which exhibit a shorter life time, exhibit faster development, earlier reproduction and a smaller parental investment tending towards an r‐selected strategy.     

In Situ Correction of Porosity and Velocity of Pelagic Carbonate Sediments in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (Sites 846 and 850, ODP Leg 138)

During Ocean Drilling Program Leg 138, eleven sites were drilled. The sediments recovered are mainly composed of carbonate-rich pelagic ooze including minor diatom and radiolarian ooze. Average carbonate contents of Sites 846 and 850 are about 59% and 75%, respectively. The porosity and velocity measured in laboratory were corrected to in situ condition using empirical equation (Hamilton, 1976) and delta velocity (log value-laboratory value). The corrected laboratory porosity matches well with logging data, but it is deviating in the intervals of low carbonate content. The correlation between log porosity and the corrected porosity shows a similar trend. Depth profiles between the corrected velocity and logging data do not agree in the intervals of low carbonate content, but the intervals characterized by high carbonate content are relatively matched. This suggests that Hamilton's equation is not appropriate for diatom-rich sediments. The correlation between log velocity and the corrected velocity is also a much better fit than that of laboratory velocity. In addition, the relationship between velocity and porosity is a better fit using corrected data than uncorrected data. Thus, mechanical rebound correction needs to interpret laboratory data to in situ condition. However, the magnitude of rebound by the removal of overburden pressure should be carefully considered because the rebound depends on sediment types.     

Assessment of Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Trace Elements in Coastal Sediments of the Saronikos Gulf,Greece (Eastern Mediterranean)

Surface sediments from the Saronikos Gulf were analyzed for their aliphatic hydrocarbon (AHC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of Fe, Cr, As, Sb, Co and Sc were also determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The survey was performed at the beginning of the operation of Athens’ sewage primary treatment unit and the results can be used to monitor the unit's long-term effects in the area. The composition of aliphatic hydrocarbons indicated a chronic oil-pollution in the Saronikos Gulf sediments. The industrially impacted Elefsis Bay sediments suffered from heavy petroleum pollution, while the sediments near the sewage outfall had a moderate degree of pollution. Mixed source patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with dominant pyrolytic inputs have been identified in the sediments. Total concentrations of Fe, As and Sb along with their Sc normalized values presented elevated values in Elefsis Bay sediments. Chromium was found enriched in the sediments near the Athens sewage outfall. Factor analysis results showed that a part of As and Sb in Elefsis Bay sediments could be associated with organic or sulphidic phases. In addition, the lithogenic fraction of the sediments and the Fe oxides/hydroxides were important trace element carriers. Chromium and PAH inputs from the sewage outfall were also detected. Comparison of PAH and trace element concentrations with internationally-used sediment quality guidelines (SQG) revealed that Elefsis Bay sediments had the greatest potential of causing adverse effects in benthic organisms.     

长牡蛎壳黑选育系F7代的生长规律和模型

为研究长牡蛎壳黑选育系F7的生长规律,分别采用了线性回归方程和Von Bertalanffy、Gompertz和Logistic 3种非线性模型对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)壳黑选育系F7幼虫期和养成期的生长参数进行生长模型构建,并对长牡蛎壳黑选育系F7养成期的壳高、壳长、壳宽分别与总重进行曲线拟合,以研究长牡蛎壳黑选育系F7的生长规律。研究表明,幼虫期壳高、壳长对日龄的回归方程分别为y=39.723 8+11.697 2x,R^2=0.991;y=31.346 2+9.802 8x,R^2=0.986。壳高与壳长成线性相关,回归方程为y=4.867 0+1.175 0x,R^2=0.989。养成期长牡蛎壳黑选育系F7的总重增长与Von Bertalanffy生长模型最符,R^2=0.955;长牡蛎壳黑选育系F7的总重与壳高、总重与壳长、总重与壳宽分别遵循复合曲线y=0.706×1.055~x,R^2=0.991、y=1.336×1.075~x,R^2=0.983、y=1.287×1.154~x,R^2=0.944。     

Aspects of the biology and fisheries of an economically important sparid Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch 1791) in the Namibe province,Angola

The sparid Dentex macrophthalmus is a widespread, important fishery species along most of the West African coast from southern Namibia to the Mediterranean. In southern Angola it is an important artisanal species targeted predominantly by handline fishers. A biological and fisheries study was conducted on this species in southern Angola between June 2008 and July 2009. It was the dominant species in the artisanal fishery, accounting for 99% of the sparids captured and 67% (by mass) of the total catch. The life history of D. macrophthalmus was characterised by slow growth (females: L_t = 309[1 ? e^{?0.06(t + 5.43)}], males: L_t = 248[1 ? e^{?0.16(t ? 1.77)}]), advanced age at maturity (females: 7.4 years, males: 6.0 years) and high longevity (females: 36 years, males: 38 years). The sex ratio was 1:1 male:female. The length- and age-frequency distributions and macroscopic observations suggested that the species is a late gonochorist. Males and females reached 50% maturity at 151 and 166 mm fork length respectively. Although individuals with ripe gonads were found during most of the year, the peak spawning period appeared to be in December and January. Despite a life history that renders D. macrophthal-mus vulnerable to overexploitation, only 38% of artisanal fishers noticed a decline in the catches of this species. Potential reasons for this include: technology creep; limited pressure on the juvenile portion of the stock as a result of late recruitment (above the length of 50% maturity); the ‘basin affect’, whereby depleted areas are reseeded by areas (e.g. deeper water) inaccessible to the linefishery; and a deep-water reserve of large individuals. It is recommended that precautionary management strategies be implemented until the age estimates are revised by the countries in which this species forms significant fisheries.     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参对高温和低盐协同胁迫的生理响应:生长和诱导型热休克蛋白基因表达

全球气候变化背景下的极端高温和强降雨频发天气导致的养殖池塘持续性的高温和低盐环境给刺参池塘养殖带来了严峻的挑战。为了研究刺参对高温和低盐环境的生理响应,本实验分析了高温和低盐协同胁迫对刺参幼参生长及诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达的影响。实验设置4个温度梯度（16℃、20℃、24℃和28℃）和3个盐度梯度（22、27和32）,共12个不同的胁迫组。经过40 d的长期胁迫,研究发现,随着温度的升高和盐度的降低,幼参的体重增加量减少,并在高温、低盐组出现体重负增长。长期胁迫提高了刺参幼参的诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量,从而在一定程度上增强了对极端天气的抵抗能力。同时,高温下盐度22处理组刺参幼参诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因的表达量较盐度27条件下低。双因子方差分析结果显示,高温和低盐对幼参特定生长率和诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量的交互作用均不显著,并且盐度对诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量没有显著的影响。因此,相较低盐,高温对刺参幼参的影响更大,可作为刺参育种的选择压力。在高温期应该采取有效措施降低海水温度,并防止极端天气造成的养殖水体温度分层。该研究丰富了刺参生理生态学理论,可为刺参良种选育工作提供思路,并为指导极端天气下刺参生产实践活动提供一定的理论依据。     

Petrographic and geochemical characterization of seep carbonate from Bush Hill (GC 185) gas vent and hydrate site of the Gulf of Mexico

Authigenic carbonates are common at cold seep sites as a result of microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Seep carbonate samples were collected from the surface of the Bush Hill (Green Canyon Block 185, Gulf of Mexico), a mound containing gas hydrate. The carbonates consisted of oily, porous limestone slabs and blocks containing bioclasts and matrix. Analysis by X-ray diffraction shows that aragonite is the dominant mineral (89–99 wt% with an average of 94 wt%) in the matrix of seep carbonate. This cement occurs in microcrystalline, microspar, and sparite forms. The moderate ¹³C depletion of the seep carbonate (the most depleted one has δ¹³C value of −29.4‰, and 26 of 38 subsamples have δ¹³C values >−20.0‰) indicates that the non-methane hydrocarbons was incorporated during seep carbonate precipitation. Relative enrichment of ¹⁸O may be related to localized destabilization of gas hydrate or derived from ¹⁸O-enriched pore water originated from smectite–illite transition in the deep sediments. The total content of rare earth elements (REE) of the 5% HNO₃-treated solution of the carbonates is from 0.40 ppm to 30.9 ppm. The shale-normalized REE patterns show varied Ce anomalies from significantly negative, slightly negative, and no to positive Ce anomalies. Variable content of trace elements, total REE, and Ce anomalies in different samples and even in the different carbonate mineral forms (microcrystalline, microspar and sparite) of the same sample suggest that the formation condition of the Bush Hill seep carbonate is variable and complex, which is possibly controlled by the rate of fluid flux.     

壳寡糖对大菱鲆生长和免疫功能的影响

以基础饲料中添加500mg/kg壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)喂养初始体质量为(12.2±0.01)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)8周,研究COS对大菱鲆生长、血清免疫相关酶活性和抵抗迟缓爱德华氏菌感染能力的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加壳寡糖后,大菱鲆成活率得到提高,特定生长率和增重率分别提高了15.79%和25.26%。相比对照组,饲料中添加壳寡糖饲养的大菱鲆血液中性粒细胞的吞噬指数提高了4.51%,酸性磷酸酶活性提高了32.89%,同时,大菱鲆抵抗迟缓爱德华氏菌感染的免疫保护力显著增强(P<0.05)。研究表明,在饲料中添加壳寡糖能够提高大菱鲆的生长、非特异性免疫功能和免疫保护力。     

Growth dynamics and bioactivity variation of the Mediterranean demosponges Agelas oroides (Agelasida, Agelasidae) and Petrosia ficiformis (Haplosclerida, Petrosiidae)

Growth dynamics and bioactivity variation of the Mediterranean demosponges Agelas oroides and Petrosia ficiformis were investigated over 15 months at Paraggi and Colombara within the Marine Reserve of Portofino Promontory (Mediterranean Sea, Ligurian Sea, Italy). For both species, growth rates varied between individuals and were unaffected by initial sponge size. The two species showed a different trend in growth pattern: A. oroides did not vary significantly between seasons, sites and depths; in contrast, some individuals of P. ficiformis showed a seasonal pattern, shrinking during winter as water temperature decreased and growing during summer when water temperature increased. Differences in growth between the two species may result from different reproductive cycles, food availability, species-specific thermophily and patterns of spatial competition. Moreover, spatial competition probably induced sponges to produce bioactive secondary molecules. Spatial and temporal variation of bioactivity of both species was examined for the first time by studying its effect on human neuroblastoma cells. The bioactivity of A. oroides extracts differed significantly between seasons, sites and depths, whereas the cytotoxicity of P. ficiformis differed significantly between seasons and depths (differences for sites were not determined). These results suggest the possible influence of environmental factors on bioactive metabolite biosynthesis.     

饵料对中间球海胆生长发育的影响初探

实验结果表明 :单独投喂牟氏角毛藻或与三角褐指藻、绿色巴夫藻混投 ,中间球海胆幼虫成活率最高 ,其生长速度也最快 ,中间球海胆稚幼海胆培育的最好饵料是前期投喂的石莼等薄嫩的海藻 ,后期投喂海带其生长速度最快     

不同组分底质改良剂对刺参生长和底质环境的影响

以过硫酸氢钾、沸石粉和膨润土为主要成分,分别添加0%(对照)、0.5%、1%、2%、4%和8%的过碳酰胺配成6种底质改良剂,分别标记为A、B、C、D、E和F,本实验研究了以上6种不同组分的底质改良剂对刺参生长和底质环境的影响。实验过程中,分别于第0、7、14、28、42和56天测定底泥氧化还原电位和营养盐变化,实验结束后测定刺参特定生长率。结果表明:E组底泥氧化还原电位最高,但与F组间无显著差异(P>0.05);底泥中NO_3--N含量同样在E组达到最大值,且与F组间差异不显著(P>0.05);底泥NH₄₊-N、NO_2--N、和TN含量均在D组达到最小值,但与E组和F组间无显著差异(P>0.05);D组刺参特定生长率最高,但与E组和F组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,底质改良剂中添加过碳酰胺能够显著改善底质环境,以特定生长率为评价指标,当添加量为4.8%时最利于刺参的生长。     

凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系的抗病与生长特性

从引进的无特定病原（SPF）凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeusvannamei）亲虾生产的子代中挑选出生长快、体格健壮等性状良好的个体作为亲本建立16个第一代选育家系,并经223d饲养和感染实验从中挑选出抗病力强、生长快的家系建立21个第二代家系．抗WSSV实验的结果表明：第一代选育各家系经感染wssv（投喂）后的成活率在0～61．5％之间,平均成活率为30．0％±16．5％;第二代选育家系成活率在14．5％～70．0％之间,平均成活率为37．3％±15．2％,比第一代提高24．3％．21个第二代选育家系经28d的生长实验显示：21个选育家系体长特定生长率在0．00l5～0．0142之间,体重特定生长率在0．0053～0．0279之间;两代选育家系抗病与生长的结果表明：抗病较强的家系生长快,抗病差的家系生长慢,但抗病最强或生长最快的家系,其对应的生长或抗病性能则不理想．     

Life Cycle,Growth and Secondary Production in a Brackish-Water Population of the Polychaete Notomastus latericeus (Capitellidae) in the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract. Three years of observations on a population of Notomastus latericeus Sars from Acquatina lagoon (Lecce, Italy) are reported. The population dynamics, life cycle, and reproduction were investigated in order to explain periodic density variations of this species. Some physical parameters of the water column were measured and sediment analyses were performed to characterize the environment. Secondary production was also estimated as part of a functional study of the benthic system in the Acquatina lagoon. The species is opportunistic; its density is apparently correlated to variation in salinity, but its presence in the lagoon is dependent on recruitment success and competition with other polychaete species.