城市大气边界层的数值研究

本文利用能量闭合的二维非线性、非定常模式,结合地面热量平衡方程,研究了城市热岛和城市热岛环流以及其它相关的城市边界层参量的发展演变规律;同时探讨了在城市污染面源的情况下,污染物的扩散、输送问题.模拟结果得到了天津市城市热岛观测资料的证实.     

夜间城市大气边界层和气溶胶的相互作用

本文利用能量闭合的二维非线性、非定常模式，结合地面热量平衡方程，研究了夜间城市边界层和气溶胶的相互作用问题。结果表明:气溶胶在夜间对大气低层起保温作用，对大气上层起冷却作用；使大气低层稳定度减小，上层稳定度增加；此外，气溶胶还能够削弱贴地逆温强度。在正常城市气溶胶污染情况下，气溶胶对城市热岛强度影响不大，但可使城市热岛环流稍有增加。夜间城市边界层对气溶胶的反馈作用使大气下层气溶胶浓度减小，上层气溶胶浓度增加。上述部分结论得到了在天津取得的城市热岛观测资料的直接验证。     

Pine forest microclimate simulation using different diffusivities

Proper understanding of, e.g., evaporation from a forest requires an understanding of its microclimate. A well established, steady-state model was used to simulate microclimate and evaporation of a sparse pine forest in central Sweden. Model input included profiles of turbulent diffusivity, boundary-layer resistance, stomatal resistance, wind speed, net and global radiation and needle area density. Momentum balance, energy balance and exponentially decreasing diffusivities were used to study the sensitivity of the evaporation rates and of the temperature and humidity profiles. Model output proved to be unreliable when measured temperature and humidity at the bottom of the stand were used instead of a measured ground heat flux as the lower boundary condition. Energy balance diffusivity was usually larger than momentum balance diffusivity at the canopy top but decreased rapidly to a minimum at approximately the height where the momentum balance diffusivity had its maximum. Energy balance diffusivity commonly showed a secondary maximum below the height of the maximum needle area density. Profiles of Richardson number showed that thermal effects became important just below the canopy top. Bluff-body effects distinguished the energy balance from the momentum balance diffusivity and both were subject to shelter effects. Total evaporation was not very sensitive to the choice of diffusivity when soil heat flux was given as the lower boundary condition.     

空气热储存和垂直平流对干旱均匀裸土地表能量平衡的影响

利用"内蒙古微气象观测蒸发试验"的数据,估算了我国西北干旱区典型均匀裸土下垫面条件下的空气热储存和垂直平流输送,并分析了空气热储存项和垂直平流输送项对干旱区地表能量不闭合的影响。研究发现:由于干旱区温度梯度大,热力抬升作用较强,即使在均匀下垫面条件下也存在可观的垂直平流输送。在地表能量平衡方程中引入空气热储存项和垂直平流输送项之后,二者对能量不闭合的平均补偿分别达到1.0 W/m2和7.1 W/m2,闭合度分别提高2%和14%,地表能量不平衡残差平均值由26.4 W/m2减小到18.2 W/m2,地表能量闭合度由82%提升到98%,干旱区地表能量平衡有明显改善。     

Measurements of the height of the convective surface boundary layer over an arid coast on the Red Sea

The height of the convective boundary layer over an arid coast on the Red Sea was measured by high-resolution radiosondes. These measurements can be used to compute sensible heat flux by the method devised by Danard (1981). The average heat flux computed is in good agreement with results obtained independently by both the energy balance method and the free-convection equation.     

土壤湿度初值对边界层物理量预报影响的分析

使用全球中期数值预报模式T213L31,对不同的土壤湿度初值对边界层物理量预报的影响进行敏感试验分析。试验表明土壤湿度初值的准确性非常重要,其变化导致模式计算的感热通量、潜热通量、地表温度和2m温度发生较大变化。而当使用与观测值相近的土壤湿度初值时得到的边界层物理量(如2m温度)更加准确。通过使用固定值与6h预报的背景场加权平均作为土壤湿度的初值,改进原有采用固定值的方法,经过检验模式系统,2m温度的预报误差明显减小。     

Study on Physical Mechanism of Influence on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Depth in the Arid Regions of Northwest China

Using the sounding data of wind, temperature, and humidity in the boundary layer and micrometeorological data on the earth's surface observed in the same period in Dunhuang arid region of Northwest China,this paper researches characteristics of potential temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, confirms the structure and depth of thermodynamic boundary layer in Dunhuang region, and analyzses the relationship of depth of thermodynamic boundary layer with surface radiation, buoyancy flux as well as wind speed and wind direction shear in the boundary layer. The results show that the maximum depth of diurnal convective boundary layer is basically above 2000 m during the observational period, many times even in excess of 3000 m and sometimes up to 4000 m; the depth of nocturnal stable boundary layer basically maintains within a range of 1000-1500 m. As a whole, the depth of atmospheric boundary layer is obviously bigger than those results observed in other regions before. By analyzing, a preliminary judgement is that the depth of atmospheric thermodynamic boundary layer in Dunhuang region may relate to local especial radiation characteristics, surface properties (soil moisture content and heat capacity) as well as wind velocity shear of boundary layer, and these properties have formed strong buoyancy flux and dynamic forcing in a local region which are fundamental causes for producing a super deep atmospheric boundary layer.     

基于概念模型的麦田土壤水分动态模拟研究

农田土壤水分模拟是农业用水管理的重要依据。以根区土体水量平衡方程为依据,考虑根区下界面水分通量,构建了农田土壤水分变化模拟模型,该模型由作物蒸散量模型、根区下界面水分通量模型以及水量平衡方程等组成。采用山西水利职业技术学院试验基地2007年和2008年2个年度冬小麦试验资料,确定了模型参数。结果表明,土壤储水量模拟计算值与实测值有较好的一致性,其相关系数达到0.9555;F检验结果达到极显著水平,所建立的麦田土壤水分动态模型可用于作物蒸散量、根区下界面水分通量和田间土壤水分的模拟计算;计算精度平均达到3%～11%。表明该模型可较好地描述农田士壤水分转化过程。     

人为热对城市边界层结构影响研究

为研究不同人为热源引入方案对城市边界层结构模拟性能的影响，以杭州地区为例，在区域边界层模式（RBLM）中引入一种新人为热源处理方案，即对城市中的人为热排放分层考虑，将低层的人为热源加入地表能量平衡方程，将高层人为热源分布与建筑物高度和密度联系起来，加入热量方程中，同时考虑了人为热源强度的日变化。数值试验结果表明，这是一种比较合理的处理方案。人为热源引入方案对城市边界层结构的影响表现在:气温、湍流动能增加，并通过湍流交换输送到较高层大气；大气不稳定度增加，混合层高度最高抬升了400 m；城市地区上升速度增加，热岛环流加强；白天人为热源一般为太阳辐射的10%～20%，对地气交换的影响较小。夜间没有了太阳辐射能量，对地气交换的影响比日间更明显；冬季低层湍流活动加强，湍能约增加40%，大气层结稳定度降低。     

Simulation of surface energy fluxes using high-resolution non-hydrostatic simulations and comparisons with measurements for the LITFASS-2003 experiment

Land-surface heterogeneity effects on the subgrid scale of regional climate and numerical weather prediction models are of vital interest for the energy and mass exchange between the surface and the atmospheric boundary layer. High-resolution numerical model simulations can be used to quantify these effects, and are a tool used to obtain area-averaged surface fluxes over heterogeneous land surfaces. We present high-resolution model simulations for the LITFASS area near Berlin during the LITFASS-2003 experiment, which were carried out using the non-hydrostatic model FOOT3DK of the University of Köln with horizontal resolutions of 1 km and 250 m. The LITFASS-2003 experimental dataset is used for comparison. The screen level quantities show good quality for the simulated pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed and direction. Averaged over the four week experimental period, simulated surface energy fluxes at land stations show a small bias for the turbulent heat fluxes and an underestimation of the net radiation caused by excessive cloudiness in the simulations. For eight selected days with low cloud amounts, the net radiation bias is close to zero, but the sensible heat flux shows a strong positive bias. Large differences are found for latent heat fluxes over a lake, which are partly due to local effects on the measurements, but an additional problem seems to be the overestimation of the turbulent exchange under stable conditions in the daytime internal boundary layer over the lake. In the area average over the LITFASS area of 20 ×  20 km², again a strong positive bias of 70 W m^?2 for the sensible heat is present. For the low soil moisture conditions during June 2003, the simulation of the turbulent heat fluxes is sensitive to variations in the soil type and its hydrological properties. Under these conditions, the supply of ground water to the lowest soil layer should be accounted for. Different area-averaging methods are tested. The experimental set-up of the LITFASS-2003 experiment is found to be well suited for the computation of area-averaged turbulent heat fluxes.     

2001～2010年中国区域土地利用/覆盖变化对 陆面过程影响的模拟研究

基于2001年和2010年中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS（MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）土地覆盖数据,利用公共陆面模式（Community Land Model, CLM）模拟真实的土地利用/覆盖变化（Land Use/Cover Change, LUCC）对地表能量平衡和水分循环过程的影响。研究表明:1）在2001～2010年,中国LUCC最明显的区域位于干旱半干旱区过渡带、半干旱半湿润区过渡带和南方地区;中国区域荒漠减少0.92%,草地减少0.01%,农田增加0.77%,森林增加2.86%,植被覆盖度整体增加。2）在2001年和2010年两种土地利用/覆盖背景下,LUCC使大部分地区感热通量增加,植被蒸腾、蒸发潜热通量增加,土壤表面蒸发潜热通量减小。3）LUCC使大部分地区地表径流减小;中国西北东部、华北和东北地区土壤湿度减小,其他地区土壤湿度增加,仅干旱半干旱过渡带上的土壤湿度发生了显著变化。4）当典型过渡带区域由荒漠变为草地后,感热通量增加1.11 W m?2,潜热通量增加0.14 W m?2;冠层蒸腾和蒸发分别增加0.039 mm d?1、0.009 mm d?1。土壤湿度平均减小0.01 m3 m?3,且随深度增加变干更明显,这是由于根系吸收了较多深层土壤水分,以满足植被显著增加的蒸腾而产生的结果。当草地变为灌木时,其能量通量和水分循环的变化与上述结果类似。     

鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层小气候及地表能量平衡特征季节变化分析

利用在甘肃酒泉金塔地区进行的 “绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究” 野外试验中的鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层2年的微气象观测资料, 分析了鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层小气候和能量平衡特征的季节变化规律。结果表明: 鼎新戈壁地区四季的平均风速在2～6 m/s之间, 没有明显的地方性风, 局地环流和局地相互作用可忽略; 冬季8 m向上比湿梯度垂直减小, 其他季节接近等比湿分布。7月, 典型晴天天气下, 能量平衡各量表现出标准的日循环形态, 白天感热通量峰值达到574 W/m2, 地热流量峰值为101 W/m2, 潜热很小, 在夜间和正午时刻存在负水汽输送现象; 然而降水天气下, 地气之间能量传输却以潜热蒸发为主, 感热很小, 地热流量为负值; 无论晴天和阴天, 地表和浅层 (5 cm和10 cm) 土壤温度都表现为准正弦曲线变化; 与敦煌戈壁相同, 土壤温度的活动层基本在10 cm范围以内, 40 cm以下地温已不存在日变化特征; 降水天气下, 地表和浅层土壤温度有随时间减小的趋势。能量平衡各分量均具有明显的季节变化规律, 感热通量季节平均的峰值在250～400 W/m2之间, 在夏季最大, 冬季最小; 潜热通量季节平均的最大值只有15 W/m2; 地气之间能量传输全年都以感热输送为主; 云和降水使夏季能量平衡各分量与晴天相比减少25％左右, 这种影响程度比极端干旱的敦煌荒漠戈壁地区稍大, 而小于半干旱的陇中黄土高原地区。另外, 在这一地区干旱情况很严重, 夏季的Bowen比极值达到62.4, 季节平均值也高达16.5。     

Simulation of daily energy budget and mean soil temperatures at an arid site

Summary Soil temperature is often inadequately based upon relatively few measurements at widely dispersed locations. Within arid regions, such as the desert southwestern United States, soils, microclimates, and thus soil temperature may be markedly heterogeneous. Because extensive measurement of soil temperature is often not feasible, models are needed that simulate soil temperature based on readily available soil survey and above-ground weather information. This paper describes a simple energy-budget based model for simulating daily mean temperatures within a bare arid land soil. The model requires basic information on soil physical properties, and daily weather data including air temperature, windspeed, rainfall, and solar radiation to calculate daily surface energy budget components and surface temperature. One of two alternative numerical methods is then used to calculated subsurface temperatures. Tests of the model using 1987 daily temperature data from an arid site at Yuma, Arizona resulted in root mean square deviations within 1.4°C between daily modeled and measured temperatures at both 0.05 and 0.10 m depths. Sensitivity analysis showed modeled temperatures at 0.05 m depth to be most sensitive to parameters affecting the surface energy balance such as air temperature and solar radiation. Modeled temperatures at 1.0m depth were relatively more sensitive to initial temperature conditions and to parameters affecting distribution of energy within the profile such as thermal conductivity.With 3 Figures     

Simulation of the Bare Soil Surface Energy Balance at the Tongyu Reference Site in Semiarid Area of North China

The performance of a 1-D soil model in a semiarid area of North China was investigated using observational data from a cropland station at the Tongyu reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) during the non-growing period, when the ground surface was covered with bare soil. Comparisons between simulated and observed soil surface energy balance components as well as soil temperatures and water contents were conducted to validate the soil model. Results show that the soil model could produce good simulations of soil surface temperature, net radiation flux and sensible heat flux against observed values with the RMSE of 1.54oC, 7.71 W m-2 and 27.79 W m-2, respectively. The simulated volumetric soil water content is close to the observed values at various depths with the maximal difference between them being 0.03. Simulated latent heat and ground heat fluxes have relatively lower errors in relative to net radiation and sensible heat flux. In conclusion, the soil model has good capacity to simulate the bare soil surface energy balance at the Tongyu cropland station and needs to be further tested in longer period and at more sites in semiarid areas.     

丘陵山区地面热平衡场数值模拟的初步探讨

本文根据丘陵山区地形参数(平均坡度、坡向及地形遮蔽角)的数值模拟结果,以及在完成山区地面辐射场计算的基础上,从地表能量平衡方程出发,初步建立起零维地表能量平衡模式,并利用考察资料和附近气象站资料,对大别山南段赵公岭山区3.0×3.5km~2范围内100m网格点进行计算,首次绘制出热平衡各分量在该山区的分布图。结果表明,山区地面热平衡场与地形要素配合较好,显示出地形条件的决定性作用。     

不均匀地表产生的中尺度通量的数值试验

采用北京大学三维的复杂地形中尺度模式,结合陆面过程模式(SiB),模拟了草原和沙漠并存的下垫面的边界层大气运动.利用SiB模式计算了地表辐射、感热、潜热通量,并且预报地表温度.中尺度模式则模拟了沙漠地区受热抬升,形成的辐合运动,垂直速度的分布,不同高度上水平流场的变化以及中尺度动量和热量通量,把中尺度通量跟湍流通量进行了比较,以确定这种中尺度运动在GCM模式的参数化过程中的重要性.试验表明中尺度通量尤其是热量通量要比湍流通量大很多.     

Numerical simulation of the anthropogenic heat effect on urban boundary layer structure

In this paper, several methods of incorporating anthropogenic heat release into the boundary layer are compared. The best scheme was one that included anthropogenic heat release in both the surface energy balance equation and the thermodynamic equations. In addition, it included diurnal variations and a distribution of heat based on building concentrations. We further investigated the influence of anthropogenic heat release on urban boundary layer structure and the urban heat island, and found that the contribution of anthropogenic heat release to the urban heat island is greatest in the evening and at night, and least at noon. The daily average contribution ratio of anthropogenic heat to urban heat island intensity in the winter is 54.5%, compared with just 43.6% in the summer. Anthropogenic heat strengthens the vertical movement of urban surface air flow, changing the urban heat island circulation. It also makes the urban boundary layer more turbulent and unstable, especially in the morning and evening. The degree of influence of anthropogenic heat release on local boundary layer structure depends on its importance to the surface energy budget.     

A model of the ground surface temperature for micrometeorological analysis

Micrometeorological models at various scales require ground surface temperature, which may not always be measured in sufficient spatial or temporal detail. There is thus a need for a model that can calculate the surface temperature using only widely available weather data, thermal properties of the ground, and surface properties. The vegetated/permeable surface energy balance (VP-SEB) model introduced here requires no a priori knowledge of soil temperature or moisture at any depth. It combines a two-layer characterization of the soil column following the heat conservation law with a sinusoidal function to estimate deep soil temperature, and a simplified procedure for calculating moisture content. A physically based solution is used for each of the energy balance components allowing VP-SEB to be highly portable. VP-SEB was tested using field data measuring bare loess desert soil in dry weather and following rain events. Modeled hourly surface temperature correlated well with the measured data (r ² = 0.95 for a whole year), with a root-mean-square error of 2.77 K. The model was used to generate input for a pedestrian thermal comfort study using the Index of Thermal Stress (ITS). The simulation shows that the thermal stress on a pedestrian standing in the sun on a fully paved surface, which may be over 500 W on a warm summer day, may be as much as 100 W lower on a grass surface exposed to the same meteorological conditions.     

一个长期降水预报的热力学模式

本文首先从大气水分平衡方程和地气系统热平衡方程出发,导出了描写降水和地温、气温相互联系的方程,然后根据土壤热传导方程,得到地温的预报方程,由此建立了一个长期降水预报模式。另外还对方程中与气候平均状态有关的参数的量级,根据实际资料进行了估算,对模式进行了合理的简化,为长期降水数值预报提出了一个实际可行的途径。