STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNATURES OF DIFFERENT CONDUCTOR GROUPS IN TROPICAL TERRAIN OF KARNATAKA,INDIA*

AEM (airborne electromagnetic) anomalies caused by massive sulphide conductors and superficial conductors can be recognized with a statistical method, as shown by an analysis of Input AEM data from Karnataka State. The weathering in the survey area is of tropical type. Parameters, such as various amplitude ratios and time parameters (inverse of decay rate) for exponential and power-law decay were analyzed for sulphide bodies, conducting soil, superficial conductors, and cultural conductors. Time parameters τ₁ (exponential decay) is defined as ratio of time differences between the third and fourth channel to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. Time parameter K₁ (power-law decay) is defined as ratio of the difference of the logarithmic values of the delay times of the third and fourth channels to the logarithmic value of the relative amplitude of the two channels. The two parameters have been useful in recognizing sulphide conductors. Also the first channel Input amplitude and logarithmic plot of the transients appear to be helpful in conductor identification. Channel ratios seem to be the least effective parameters of conductor identification. In the area studied both power-law and the conventional exponential decay were found equally suitable for approximating Input AEM transients.     

INTERPRETATION OF LANDSAT MSS DATA IN AN IRON-ORE-BEARING ZONE IN GOA,INDIA*

In South and Central Goa iron ore occurs in two parallel belts with the general NW-SE Dharawar trend. The ore occurrence, however, is not continuous. There are barren zones as well as zones of very high concentration in some of which there are mining activities. Landsat MSS data have been interpreted over a zone covering both mineral belts in order to delineate the ore occurrences. As a guide line a known ore-bearing area has been considered along with the unknown zones. On the basis of two-dimensional plotting of gray level values it has been found that the MSS bands 4 and 7 are most suitable for the studies over iron-rich areas in Goa. Two techniques are described here for the processing of the MSS data; the separation of residual from the regional and MSS band-ratioing. It is observed that (i) the gray level residual maps of MSS bands 4 and 7 are of use in demarcating the iron-ore-bearing zones, and (ii) an existing mine, an abandoned mine, and a proved iron ore zone could be delineated by MSS band-ratioing. On the basis of the latter technique, a few areas with ore occurrence potential have been indicated.     

AN EXTENSION OF THE BORN INVERSION METHOD TO A DEPTH DEPENDENT REFERENCE PROFILE*

An extension of the multidimensional Born inversion technique for acoustic waves is described. In earlier work, a perturbation in reference sound velocity was determined by assuming that the reference velocity was constant. In this extension, we allow the reference velocity to be a function of the depth variable z. The output of this method is a high-frequency bandlimited reflectivity function of the subsurface. The reflectivity function is an array of bandlimited singular functions scaled by the normal reflection strength. Each singular function is a Dirac delta function of a scalar argument which measures distance normal to a reflecting interface. Thus, the reflectivity function is an indicator map of subsurface reflectors equivalent to the map produced by migration. In addition to the assumption of small perturbation, the method requires that the reflection data reside in the high frequency regime in a well-defined sense. The method is based on the derivation of an integral equation for the perturbation in sound velocity from a known reference velocity. When the reference velocity is constant, the integral equation admits an analytic solution as a multifold integral of the reflection data. Further high frequency asymptotic analysis simplifies this integral considerably and leads to an extremely efficient numerical algorithm for computing the reflectivity function. The development of a computer code to implement this constant-reference-velocity solution is published elsewhere. For a reference velocity c(z) we can no longer invert the integral equation exactly. However, we can write down an asymptotic high-frequency approximation for the kernal of the integral equation and an asymptotic solution for the perturbation. The computer implementation of this result is designed along the same lines as the code for constant background velocity. In tests the total processing time for this algorithm with depth-dependent background velocity is usually considerably less than that required by a standard Kirchhoff migration algorithm. The method is implemented as a migration technique and compared with alternative migration algorithms on the flanks of the salt dome.     

AN ULTRASONIC PROFILING INVESTIGATION ON SOME FRESH AND WEATHERED GRANITES OF HYDERABAD,INDIA*

The ultrasonic profiling method of measuring the compressional and shear wave velocities in cylindrical rock samples is extended to measurements in some weathered and fresh granite blocks collected from the Hyderabad (India) region. This possibility of the method provides a means of investigating the elastic properties of the less compact rocks, of which the near-surface formations are particularly important. In this article the important parts of the ultrasonic profiling instrument developed are described and the relevant aspects of the seismic wave fields and identification of the individual waves in the wavetrain responses to longitudinal excitation are considered. Compressional, shear and surface (Rayleigh) wave velocities in some fresh and weathered granites are detailed. The compressional velocities range from 4.8 km/s to 5.5 km/s in fresh granites and lie between 1.1 km/s and 2.5 km/s in weathered granites. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios computed from the measured velocities are also presented. An empirical relation of the form log E= 4.27 + 2.11 log V_p between Young's modulus E and compressional velocities V_p in the fresh granites studied is deduced. The versatility of the approach is thus demonstrated.     

ESTIMATION OF SPECTRUM AND CROSS-SPECTRUM OF AEROMAGNETIC FIELD USING FAST DIGITAL FOURIER TRANSFORM (FDFT) TECHNIQUES*

An efficient method of computing spectrum and cross-spectrum of large scale aero-magnetic field (or of any other two-dimensional field) has been developed and programmed for a digital computer. The method uses fast Fourier transform techniques. Briefly, the method is as follows: a digitized aeromagnetic map is divided into a number of rectangular blocks. Fourier transforms of these blocks are computed using a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform method. Finally, the amplitude of the Fourier transforms is averaged to give the desired spectrum. Computation of cross-spectrum follows the same lines. In fact, the same programme may be used to a compute the spectrum as well as cross-spectrum. The method has a number of computational advantages, in particular it reduces greatly computational time and storage requirements. The programme has been tested on synthetic data as well as on real aeromagnetic data. It took less than 30 seconds on an IBM 360/50 computer to compute the spectrum of an aeromagnetic map covering an area of approximately 4500 square miles.     

USE OF THE RESISTIVITY METHOD IN GEOLOGICAL MAPPING—CASE HISTORIES FROM RANIGANJ COALFIELD,INDIA*

The effectiveness of the electrical resistivity method has been studied using various configurations with different spacings over the Southern Boundary Fault in the northwestern part, and across a dolerite dyke named “Salma dyke” in the central part, of the Raniganj Coalfield, India. It has been observed that the delineation of the fault and the dyke was made possible under differential tropical weathering conditions. Geoelectric sections across the fault and the dyke have been prepared on the basis of Schlumberger sounding results. In profiling, Wenner, two-electrode, half-Schlumberger and part of Al-Chalabi's configurations were applied over the Southern Boundary Fault. Across the dyke, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Wenner, Schlumberger, half-Schlumberger and two-electrode configurations were employed. Azi-muthal two-electrode sounding was also studied over the fault. The interpretation of the results of apparent resistivity profiles across the Southern Boundary Fault suggests that the Wenner and two-electrode configurations possess certain diagnostic features which help in mapping a single lithological contact, provided sufficient resistivity contrast exists. Although Schlumberger configuration seems to be quite suitable, other configurations may also be usefully employed over the dyke.     

AN INVESTIGATION INTO CAUSES OF RUNOFF FROM A CATCHMENT OF PUMICE LITHOLOGY,IN NEW ZEALAND

ABSTRACT

Increased surface water runoff from about 3000 km² of land converted to pasture from native forest and scrub, mostly in the last 20 years, in the central North Island of New Zealand has caused gully erosion. The causes of increased runoff were investigated by using 20 runoff plots and collecting data over a two-year period on climatic, soil, vegetation and runoff variables for 44 storms. Statistical analysis has shown that: runoff from pasture is greater than that from scrub or ungrazed grass; most of the intense runoff can be explained by intense rainfalls occuring on previously dry areas; 63 per cent of the runoff can be explained statistically in terms of three variables. Land use practices should be designed to reduce soil moisture depletion and to inhibit peak storm runoff, especially during intense summer rainstorms.     

AN ANALYSIS OF STACKING,RMS, AVERAGE,AND INTERVAL VELOCITIES OVER A HORIZONTALLY LAYERED GROUND *

A correct derivation of rms, average and interval velocities from one another and from common depth point stacking velocities requires a clear understanding of the relationships between these velocities. We relate the average velocity to the rms velocity through a “heterogeneity factor” which is a quantity that gives a measure of the degree of velocity heterogeneity in the ground. The interval velocity is a quantity which varies according to the method of its derivation. The difference between rms and stacking velocities depends on the heterogeneity factor and on the length of the spread. Unless allowed for, this difference can reverse the advantages of long spreads and cause large errors in interval velocity determinations. It may be removed through a number of techniques. The accuracy of stacking velocities in the presence of random “noise” is independent of the heterogeneity factor. Relevant expressions can be broken down into simple formulae which give the accuracy quickly and with good precision.     

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF A FAULT ZONE–CASE HISTORY FROM ILE-IFE,SOUTHWEST NIGERIA*

A fault zone, inferred as a major linear structure from aerial photographs of the University of Ife Campus, has been investigated. Results of a multi-method geophysical survey indicate that the zone is characterized by relatively low resistivity and high magnetic effect. They are characteristic of a sheared and perhaps saturated fault zone with magnetic mineral infillings along its plane. The near symmetry of the magnetic anomalies over the fault zone may not be indicative of a step faulting. The geoelectric sections show no indication of any significant displacement. The above supports results of a previous study that the fault is a strike-slip fault.     

辽西晚侏罗世孔子鸟(Coufuciusoruis)的性二态

在辽西上侏罗统义县组下部陆相湖泊沉积火山凝灰质泥页岩中保存的圣贤孔子鸟(Confuciusornis sanctus)带羽毛的骨架化石,展现了鸟类演化早期阶段的性别差异(即,性二态)特点.研究结果显示,这种生存于约140Ma前如鸡大小的古鸟类已与现代许多鸟类一样,雌雄个体差异不仅明显反映在羽衣和骨相上,而且还可能表现在行为上.     

秦岭丹凤群蛇绿岩古地磁学再研究

本文是对秦岭丹凤县桃花铺郭家沟剖面和商县三十里铺剖面丹凤群蛇绿岩标本的古地磁学研究结果.逐步热退磁和剩磁方向主分量分析表明,60％以上的标本含有可明显区分的3个剩磁组分.另外的约30％-40％的标本,尽管它们具有很高的天然剩磁强度,在150-200℃时,其剩磁强度即衰减50％以上,且显示出不稳定的方向.两种不同的磁性表现与不同的岩石组成和结构有关,特别是与岩石的结晶程度有关.经对3个剩磁组分成因的分析及与变质变形关系的研究,表明高温剩磁组分是原生.由高温剩磁组分得到丹凤群古地磁极位置为43.0°N,274.5°E,古纬度值为12.0°S.比较丹凤群的古地磁极位置和华北扬子块体古地磁极移曲线,发现它们之间存在显著差异,这表明丹凤群在古生代不从属于华北或扬子块体,而是一个独立的地体,很可能是秦岭古洋壳的残片,从而给丹凤群蛇绿岩赋予新的大地构造含义.     

1973年6月3日新疆精河6.0级地震前自然电位异常

1973年6月3日新疆精河县内发生的M_s=6.0级地震是北疆地区七十年代以来发生的最大一次地震。震中位置:(φ_N44°32',λ_E83°24';震源深度约30公里;发震构造为准噶尔南沿大断裂。这次地震有感范围颇大,东至乌鲁木齐,西至伊宁、霍城,都感到明显震动。     

THE CROSS-HOLE MAGNETOMETRIC RESISTIVITY (MMR) RESPONSE OF A DISC CONDUCTOR*

The cross-hole variant of the magnetometric resistivity (MMR) method requires two bore holes in the vicinity of a conductive target. In the first, two fixed current electrodes are located, one above the other. They are linked to a low frequency current source by cables, the whole system forming a vertical current bipole. In the second, a sensitive coil measures the axial magnetic field as a function of depth. For a uniform earth, if both holes are vertical, the measured component vanishes by symmetry. However, the presence of a local conductor channels the current and causes an anomalous magnetic component which is interpreted to indicate the position, shape and relative conductance of the target. Mineral deposits are often lamellar in form. The conductive disc is the simplest bounded lamella for which MMR responses may be computed. It is excited by a single current source on its axis. The second source and the surface of the earth are assumed to be far away, a valid assumption for down-hole measurements. The numerical method introduces a new integral equation describing the interaction of current dipoles located in the plane of the disc. The equation is solved analytically for a disc of infinite radius, a layer, and the result is compared with a corresponding known boundary value solution. The computed radial current in the disc and the magnetic field generated by it are described in terms of a current channelling number. The magnitude of the computed field is of the order of one nanoTesla for a typical mining problem.     

AN APPROACH TOWARDS DETERMINISTIC LANDSLIDE HAZARD ANALYSIS IN GIS. A CASE STUDY FROM MANIZALES (COLOMBIA)

A one-dimensional deterministic slope stability model (infinite slope model) was used to calculate average safety factors and failure probabilities for the city of Manizales, in central Colombia. An engineering geological data base has been created on the basis of a series of parameter maps (geology, geomorphology, Digital terrain models and slope classes), using logic reasoning in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A two-dimensional hydrological model was applied to estimate groundwater levels in relation to rainfall events. A simple method for the calculation of horizontal seismic acceleration was used for different earthquake events. To calculate average safety factors a number of scenarios were developed, by combining the effects of groundwater and seismic acceleration with different return periods. A simple method for error propagation was used to calculate the variance of the safety factor, and the probability that it will be less than 1, for each pixel, within a time period of 20 years. The highest probability value of the various scenarios was selected for each pixel, and a final hazard map for translational landslides was constructed. The results presented here are a first approach towards a deterministic landslide hazard analysis using GIS. It has a number of drawbacks, which should be solved in future work.     

1992年8月19日苏萨梅尔7.5级地震前地震窗口网的异常及其预报

１９９２年８月１９日，与中国新疆毗邻的吉尔吉斯斯坦境内的苏萨梅尔地区发生了７．５级强烈地震。震前，中方笔者曾根据新疆部分地震窗口网的异常作出一定程度的短期预报。本文全面分析了窗口网的时空异常特征，并简述了预报过程及其效果，最后对某些问题进行了讨论。     

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS OF REFLECTION EVENTS (DEPTH,DIP, VELOCITY) AND RELATIVE STATIC CORRECTIONS*

It is pointed out that after identifying reflection events from the same horizon on two records obtained on the same spread from two different shotpoints, one can simultaneously estimate parameters of reflection events and relative static corrections. The parameters of reflection events are treated as quantities to compute whereas relative static corrections are treated as quantities to minimize by the least squares method. Static corrections obtained from different horizons for the same point on the spread are averaged. The case of more than one pair of records for the same spread (or part of the spread), vital for multiple coverage, is also discussed.     

A NEW PARAMETER FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF INDUCED POLARIZATION FIELD PROSPECTING (time-domain) *

In a previous paper it has been shown that we can relate the transient IP electric field E_p , existing in a rock after a step wave of polarizing current, with the steady-state current density J_ss during the current step wave as follows: E_p =ρ' J_ss . This relation may be interpreted as a generalized Ohm's law, valid in linear cases, in which ρ’(fictitious resistivity) is defined as the product of the true resistivity ρ with the chargeability m. Supposing E _p=— grad U_p and applying the divergence condition div J_ss = o, one can, for a layered earth, obtain a general expression for the depolarization potential U_p as a solution of Laplace's equation ?²U_p= o. Since the mathematical procedure for the solution of this last equation is identical to that used in resistivity problems, we propose now the introduction of an apparent fictitious resistivity ρ'_a (defined as the product of the apparent resistivity ρ_a with the apparent chargeability m_a) as a new parameter for the interpretations of IP soundings carried out over layered structures with a common electrode array. The most general expression of ρ'_a as a function of the electrode distance turns out to be mathematically identical to the general expression of ρ'_a. Therefore it is possible to interpret a ρ'_a field curve using the same standard graphs for resistivity prospecting with the usual method of complete curve matching. In this manner a great deal of work is saved since there is no need to construct proper m_a graphs for the interpretation of IP soundings, as it has been done up to now. Finally some field examples are reported.     

有关内蒙古地质构造的一线之见——江苏响水至内蒙古满都拉地学断面北段研究报道之一

本文概述了江苏响水至内蒙古满都拉地学断面北段——包头至满都拉的地质观察结果。内容包括从太古宙乌拉山群到第四系、基底构造到新构造特征的七个方面。重点论述了渣尔泰群和白云鄂博群的构造性质,它们约在14亿年前才褶皱回返,代表了华北地台基底固结最迟的地段。造成这一事件的构造运动,拟称为色尔腾运动。此外,还讨论了华北地台北侧陆缘区加里东期和华力西期的构造     

1900-1948年中国Mem>6.5地震的均一震级目录

由于不同时期各观测系统所用震级标度、仪器性能和测量方法的不同,各种中国地震目录中所列震级值常不一致。本文在收集和整理1900——1948年间,中国地震的仪器观测资料的基础上,采用统一的震级标度修定震级,以期给出该时期的均一震级目录。为此,采用古登堡-里克特1945年面波震级公式和1956年体波震级公式,作为基本震级标度,并将1962年的莫斯科-布拉格公式用于较短周期面波的面波震级测定,以作补充。统计表明,在这段时期内,两者之间是比较一致的。 根据这种标度,重新核算了《全球地震活动性及有关现象》一书的手稿资料,并用所有能收集到的台站振幅、周期资料计算了震级;建立了徐家汇台的量规函数和应用观测到P波的最大距离估计震级的计算公式;统计出各种震级目录中的震级值对古登堡-里克特震级标度的归算关系。从而得到了1900——1948年间中国地震的修订震级。文中列出6.5级以上的中国地震目录。 修订后的震级与国内外已有目录的统计对比结果表明,修订后的震级与阿部的全球大震目录中我国地震的震级相近,而与1983年编《中国地震目录》(未计入直接引用徐明同震级的部分)所列震级平均偏差虽小,但离散较大。 本文根据修订后的震级目录,探讨了《全球地震活动性及有关现象》一书中震级的含意,结果与盖勒-金森的结