隧道工程勘察阶段涌水预测的问题探讨

隧道涌水量预测对隧道的设计和施工至关重要,相关勘察规范要求在一定阶段预测隧道涌水量。目前有多种方法用于预测隧道涌水量,但每种方法都有其适用范围。通过对这些方法进行分析,结合对实际隧道工程涌水量的预测,对于裂隙岩体中的隧道,要准确预测隧道涌水量,需要解决两个问题:地下水位和渗透系数。以钻孔水位为基础,利用物探技术,建立等效的虚拟基岩裂隙水连续水位线。渗透系数一般由钻孔水文地质试验测得,在涌水预测时,应根据优势结构面产状进行修正。     

Numerical simulation of round robin numerical test on tunnels using a simplified kinematic hardening model

The paper summarizes the numerical simulation of the round robin numerical test on tunnels performed in Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The main issues of the numerical simulation are presented along with representative comparisons of the computed response with the recorded data. For the simulation, the finite element method is implemented, using ABAQUS. The analyses are performed on prototype-scale models under plane strain conditions. While the tunnel behavior is assumed to be elastic, the soil nonlinear behavior during shaking is modeled using a simplified kinematic hardening model combined with a von Mises failure criterion and an associated plastic flow rule. The model parameters are adequately calibrated using available laboratory test results for the specific fraction of sand. The soil–tunnel interface is also accounted and simulated adequately. The effect of the interface friction on the tunnel response is investigated for one test case, as this parameter seems to affect significantly the tunnel lining axial forces. Finally, the internal forces of the tunnel lining are also evaluated with available closed-form solutions, usually used in the preliminary stages of design and compared with the experimental data and the numerical predictions. The numerical analyses can generally reproduce reasonably well the recorded response. Any differences between the experimental data and the numerical results are mainly attributed to the simplification of the used model and to differences between the assumed and the actual mechanical properties of the soil and the tunnel during the test.     

Method of processing data to test for underground water inflow in layered strata using simulation and analytical solutions

This article is concerned with processing of data in testing for groundwater inflow at the Imeretinsky lowland, the area where construction of the Olympic infrastructure for Sochi-2014 is planned. Under the complex hydrogeological conditions of this territory caused by the layered (anisotropic) structure of the stratum and a free-flow filtration regime, interpretation of pumping tests from imperfect wells gives rise to some difficulties related to the ambiguousness of identification of an analytical model. For interpretation, an entire spectrum of methods, including hydrodynamic modeling and analytical calculation, were used.     

特殊构造条件下煤炭综放开采顶板涌水机理及防治

煤炭资源开采中采场顶板水水害是威胁工作面安全生产的灾害之一。以兖州矿区东滩煤矿综放开采14310工作面在回采过程中的涌水情况为例,在分析地质和水文地质条件基础上,从构造控水机理出发,分析了工作面特殊构造条件下顶板砂岩含水层的赋存规律和涌水规律,实施了14310工作面安全回采的探、放水工程、泄水巷工程和完善排水系统等相关水害综合防治方法,最终实现了工作面的安全回采。     

改进的灰色系统理论预测矿井涌水量

基于我国东部许多大水矿区煤炭资源日渐枯竭,衰老矿井涌水量变化巨大的现状,以灰色系统理论为基础,提出了一种新的矿井涌水量预测组合模型——GM (1,1)–Markov–新陈代谢组合模型以及用于预测结果综合评价的指数Z。模型验证结果表明,该组合模型的预测结果优于其他模型,减小了序列数据波动性大、新旧信息更替差异所造成的误差,能够较好地解决时间跨度下采空区残留涌水、意外突水等不确定因素对衰老矿井涌水量预测精度和可靠性的影响。将该组合模型及其他模型应用于开滦集团荆各庄衰老矿井涌水量的预测,结果显示：GM (1,1)–Markov–新陈代谢组合模型的综合评价指数最高,达到0.475;荆各庄矿2011—2015年的矿井涌水量将分别为13.055 m³/min、12.730 m³/min、12.579 m³/min、12.493 m³/min和12.503 m³/min。     

花岗岩形成的热动力学过程数值模拟研究进展

形成过程的不可观察性是花岗岩成因长期争论的重要原因。数值模拟技术与超级计算机的结合,为花岗岩形成热动力学过程的数字重建提供了可能性。本文首先回顾了花岗岩形成过程数值模拟所需的物理化学参数的获取研究,其中一个重要进展是将上陆壳作为一个整体,重新厘定了岩石"平均强度"突降或流变学转换,即MCT、FMT、SLT对应的熔体比,为研究深熔岩浆的形成过程提供了重要的实验约束。在此基础上,介绍了基于岩浆侵入模型的物理和数值模拟研究进展。在岩浆侵入模型中,岩体与"源区"是分离的。各岩体与其相应"源区"之间地质条件的差别,使得现有的针对特定岩浆定位模式建立的数字模型,难以具有普适性。文章的最后部分展示了作者利用天河2号超级计算平台,在Chen and Grapes(2007)提出的"原地重熔"地质模型的基础上,对壳内大规模熔融和热对流的2-D数值模拟结果,初步重现了花岗岩和混合岩形成的热动力学过程。模拟结果揭示,热对流是壳内熔融能够形成大规模花岗岩浆的根本原因;岩浆"顶蚀"作用导致MI(SLT)界面向上移动和岩浆层增厚;壳内岩浆层发展的必要条件不是高的地壳温度,而是岩浆系统有持续的热供给,使系统能在较长时间内保持对流状态。     

偏压小间距公路隧道施工的三维数值模拟

以云南平年隧道为工程背景,采用MARC三维非线性有限元法程序,对新奥法修建的偏压、错台、浅埋小间距隧道模拟了先行隧道不同超前距离情况下的动态施工过程。掌子面距离的变化对洞室的横向位移的影响大于竖向位移,且对于左洞更为显著;随着左右洞掌子面距离的增大,洞周位移、中间岩柱位移均减小,但部分范围内地表沉降值有所增大,局部区域受力、变形恶化。     

水库滑坡涌浪传播有限元数值模拟

库岸滑坡涌浪危害巨大,正确预测库区可能的滑坡涌浪非常重要,是工程可行性论证的重要内容之一。将浅水控制方程应用于滑坡涌浪数值模拟,控制方程采用简便且具有较高精度的两步Taylor-Galerkin方法进行求解。通过算例对数值模型的应用进行验证,结果表明,涌浪产生后将以入水点为源点迅速向四周推进并不断衰减,且随传播距离的增加浪高降幅逐渐减小。计算的涌浪高度及水位变化规律与实测资料吻合得很好,并将滑坡涌浪的沿程传播过程可视化。研究结果表明,文中方法模拟滑坡涌浪传播是有效可行的,可用于滑坡涌浪灾害的预测和防治。     

导水裂缝带部分波及顶板含水层条件下涌水量预测

针对煤层顶板导水裂缝带部分波及含水层时涌水量预测不准确问题,通过对煤层回采后顶板水文地质条件变化、顶板含水层地下水渗流场变化进行分析,建立工作面水文地质概念模型,得出了基于达西定律和承压水Dupuit理论的顶部进水型涌水量预测模型。通过对数学模型的分析论证,并将此涌水量数学模型应用于实际生产,得出涌水量预测模型概化合理,符合煤层开采实际情况下水文地质条件,对于顶板导水裂缝带部分波及含水层情况下工作面涌水量预测有借鉴意义。     

Influence of rock mass properties on tunnel inflow using hydromechanical numerical study

One of the primary geotechnical problems encountered during tunnel construction involves the inflow of groundwater into the tunnel. Heavy inflows make tunnel construction difficult and result in higher costs and delays in construction period. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the volume and rate of water inflow that is likely to appear in the tunnel. In this research, water inflow to the tunnel was calculated using numerical hydromechanical analysis. Effect of rock mass properties including fracture characteristics (normal and shear stiffness, hydraulic aperture, dilation angle, and fracture nonlinear behavior) on inflow was studied using a two-dimensional distinct element method. Results show that fracture properties play important role in inflow to the tunnel and must be considered in prediction of inflow to the tunnel. Based on numerical analysis results, inflow of groundwater into the tunnel increases with the increasing of normal and shear stiffness, dilation angle, and hydraulic aperture of rock mass fractures. The measured inflow with considering nonlinear fracture behavior was more than the calculated inflow with linear constitutive behavior.     

拟建武汉地铁盾构法施工的有限元数值模拟

以拟建中武汉地铁线路的5个重点地质剖面为例，用平面弹塑性有限元方法对该地铁隧道用盾构法施工中周围土体动态进行了数值模型，分析了土体中的生区，位移，应力分布及地表下沉情况，并提出了相应的认识和建议。     

An analytical method for predicting the groundwater inflow to tunnels in a fractured aquifer

Hydrogeology Journal - Based on the fracture network model and the cubic law of a single fracture with laminar flow, a method suitable for calculating hydraulic-head distribution and flow behaviors...     

基于裂隙渗流效应的水封油库涌水量预测分析

准确预测洞室涌水量和库区渗流场的空间分布特征是确保地下水封油库施工期安全性和运行期经济性的基础性工作之一。为真实地反映地下水封油库围岩随机分布裂隙的渗流效应对涌水量预测和渗流场空间分布特性的影响,提出了一种基于嵌入裂隙单元模型（EFE模型）的裂隙岩体渗流分析方法,并采用该方法对湛江水封油库的三维渗流场进行了计算分析,通过对比工程实测资料,验证了所提出方法的可靠性,进而预测了实例工程在运行期的涌水量。计算结果表明,EFE模型能够较好地模拟裂隙对洞室岩体局部渗流场的影响,反映库区渗流场及洞室涌水量空间分布不均匀的特性。研究成果可为水封洞库渗控措施的精准设计以及运行期污水处理设施配套设计工作提供参考。     

Unsupported advance length in tunnels constructed using New Austrian Tunnelling Method and ground surface settlement

Tunnels constructed using New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) are always based on certain round (unsupported) advance lengths, after which, the temporary lining is placed. The settlement of the ground surface resulting from such construction is of high significance in design and practice. The existing data in this respect, however, is scarce. It is the aim of this paper to propose a semi‐analytical procedure based on three‐dimensional finite element analyses to predict the maximum surface settlement of the ground in NATM tunnels under different combinations of tunnel diameter, overburden depth, round length and soil and lining properties. The comparison of the results with three case histories of real tunnels reveals reasonable accuracy of the present solution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于不同开采方式的煤矿涌水量预测及其环境影响分析

煤矿开采不当会对水资源与水环境造成破坏,尤其在生态环境相对脆弱地区更是如此。针对目前矿井涌水量预测大多以单一工作面或煤矿为评价单元,对沟域内煤矿群同时长期开采的地下水环境影响重视不够。选择头道河则沟域为研究区,以地下水勘查、井田勘探资料为依据,构建了头道河则完整沟域的地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,根据地下水、地表水监测数据和煤矿群开采涌水量的长观资料进行模型的识别与验证,以9#煤矿为典型矿区,分析综采和条带充填2种不同开采方式下矿井涌水量及其对水环境的影响。研究结果表明：（1）综采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.70×104 m3/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.20×104 m3/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.21~17.92 m;条带充填开采状态下,矿井涌水量增加0.11×104 m3/d,导致地下水溢出量减少0.04×104 m3/d,引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.01~0.44 m。（2）煤矿按综采方式开采,导水裂隙带高度大,将大面积导通第四系潜水含水层,矿井涌水对水环境影响较大;若按条带充填方式开采,导水裂隙带高度大幅变小,不会导通第四系潜水含水层,矿井涌水对水环境影响较小。煤矿企业在煤层上覆岩层厚度较薄的地段采煤时,宜采取条带充填开采的方式。研究结果可为研究区或类似煤田开采方案制定、科学处理好煤炭资源开采与生态环境保护关系等提供依据或参考。     

三峡大坝施工期水环境三维数值预测方法

对三峡大坝一期围堰及二期围堰施工期不同的水流、污染物输运特性进行了分析,建立了三峡大坝坝下水域三维水量、水质模型。模拟结果表明,除在排污口形成的混合区内存在轻微污染外,由于大坝下泄流量较大,稀释能力较强,整体水质状况主要取决于上游来水水质,变化不大。     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation for mechanized tunnelling in soft ground: the influence of the joint pattern

The main purpose of this study was to provide a three-dimensional numerical model, which would allow the tunnel lining behaviour and the displacement field surrounding the tunnel to be evaluated. Most of the processes that occur during mechanized excavation have been simulated in this model. The influence of the lining joint pattern, including segmental lining joints and their connections, has in particular been taken into consideration. The impact of the processes during mechanized excavation, such as the grouting pressure and the jacking forces in the structural forces induced in the tunnel lining, has been presented. These values depend on the tunnel advancement. However, a negligible influence of the joint pattern on the ground displacement field surrounding the tunnel has been observed. Generally, a variation in the structural forces in successive rings along the tunnel axis has been found in a staggered segmental lining, indicating the necessity of simulating the joints in the tunnel lining and using a full three-dimensional numerical model to obtain an accurate estimation. In addition, the considerable influence of the coupling effect between successive rings on the lining behaviour has been highlighted.     

Face stability of shallow circular tunnels driven under the water table: a numerical analysis

The stability analysis of a tunnel excavated in a water-saturated frictional soil is investigated in the light of a failure design approach. The soil strength properties being classically formulated in terms of effective stresses, it is first shown how the effect of seepage flow generated by the excavation process, may be accounted for in such an analysis by means of driving body forces derived from the gradient of an excess pore pressures distribution. The latter is obtained as the solution of a hydraulic boundary value problem, in which both water table evolution and soil deformability can be neglected. A variational formulation of this hydraulic problem in terms of filtration velocities is then presented, leading through appropriate numerical treatment, to a search for the minimum without constraints of a quadratic functional (hybrid formulation), which is formulated by a finite element method. Some numerical examples are given, which provide ample evidence of the crucial role played by seepage forces in the tunnel face stability, since the factor of stability may be divided by as much as three. The influence of such parameters as the tunnel relative depth or soil anisotropic permeability is finally discussed, thus offering a first illustration of the various capabilities of this numerical tool. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of water inflow into underground excavations in fractured rocks using a 3D discrete fracture network (DFN) model

Groundwater flow is a major issue in underground opening in fractured rocks. Because of finding the fracture connectivity, contribution of each fracture in flow, and fracture connectivity to excavation boundary, the prediction of water flow to underground excavations is difficult. Simulation of fracture characteristics and spatial distribution is necessary to obtain realistic estimation of inflow quantity to tunnel and underground excavations. In this research, a computer code for three-dimensional discrete fracture network modeling of water inflow into underground excavations was developed. In this code, the fractures are simulated as ellipsoid while geometrical properties of the fractures are reproduced using a stochastic method. Properties such as the size, orientation, and density of the fractures are modeled by their respective probability distributions, which are obtained from field measurements. According to the fracture condition, the flow paths in rock mass are determined. The flow paths are considered as channels with rectangular sections in which channel width and fracture aperture determine geometry of channel section. Inflow into excavation is predicted ignoring matrix permeability and considering the hydrogeological conditions. To verify presented model, simulation results were compared to a part of the Cheshmeh-Roozieh water transfer tunnel in Iran. The results obtained from this research are in good agreement with the field data. Thus, the average of the predicted inflow has just an approximation error equal to 17.8%, and its standard deviation is 8.6 l/s, which is equal to 21% of the observed value that demonstrates low dispersion of the predicted values.