水泥土桩加固海洋土的渐进变形破坏试验与数值分析

应用一个高度非线性的三维各向异性粘弹塑性(EVP)模型及有限元法,对一水泥土桩(CDM)加固海洋土的复合地基进行数值模拟。海洋软粘土的渐进变形采用粘弹塑性模型来模拟,水泥土桩破坏前后的应力-应变关系采用一个双曲线模型来模拟,提出了一个简单且非常实用的数值分析方法来解决水泥土桩碎裂软化的数值模拟问题。将数值模拟结果与实测数据进行了比较,二者吻合较好。     

基坑支护的混凝土芯搅拌桩有限元分析

介绍了一种新型的基坑支护形式,即混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩,它是一种融合了复合地基和桩基础优点的地基处理方法,是一种结合围护挡土结构和防渗止水帷幕功能于一体的支扩结构.笔者还采用有限元方法分析了基坑支护中的混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩的位移大小分布和方向分布、应力大小分布和方向分布、塑性区的分布和临空面的水平位移.分析结果表明,采用门型结构的混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩进行支护,既安全可靠,又经济可行.     

考虑桩土非等应变的路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基沉降计算方法

为全面考虑路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基的桩土非等应变特性,将路堤、桩体、桩间土及下卧土层整体考虑,在总结前人试验结果基础上提出简化的桩土应力比和桩土差异沉降两阶段模型,改进了现有的桩顶平面处的桩土应力比计算方法。根据实际的应力状态计算桩侧摩阻力,计算桩土荷载分担,进而得到桩体和桩间土沉降。通过各子系统界面处的位移和应力边界条件考虑其相互作用,得到了路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基总沉降计算模型。对比淮盐高速公路试验段搅拌桩复合地基的实测沉降、文中模型以及传统复合模量法计算结果,验证了该模型的正确性,结果表明模型计算沉降与实测数据吻合,较常规的复合模量法计算结果更接近实测值。     

钉形水泥土双向搅拌桩加固软土地基的效果分析

针对水泥土搅拌桩应用中存在的问题,介绍了最新研制的钉形水泥土双向搅拌桩及其施工工艺。施工质量检验表明,钉形水泥土双向搅拌桩桩体质量好于常规水泥土搅拌桩,钉形水泥土双向搅拌桩单桩及复合地基承载力分别较常规水泥土搅拌桩的单桩及复合地基承载力有较大提高。通过对试验段的观测成果分析,论证了钉形水泥土双向搅拌桩加固软土地基优越的工程特性。     

深长变径搅拌桩荷载传递规律的试验研究

采用一种新型的地基处理方式--变径水泥土搅拌桩,处理了浙江省湖州地区深达20多米的深厚软土地基,通过对载荷试验和桩身应力实测资料的分析,研究了深长变径搅拌桩的承载特性和荷载传递机制。研究表明,受到桩身强度的限制,荷载沿桩身传递限定在一定范围内;由于桩径的变化,桩身应力在变截面处出现了应力集中现象;桩身轴力沿深度逐渐衰减,且在变径位置以上桩体衰减速率较下部快;最大侧摩阻力发生在桩顶附近,在变径处附近由于扩大头端承作用而锐减,但变径位置以下一定深度范围内的桩侧摩阻力得到提高;扩大头端承力随桩顶荷载的增加而逐渐变大,但占总荷载的比例不大,桩侧摩阻力仍提供了大部分的承载力,因此变径水泥土搅拌桩属于有支点端承力的摩擦桩。结合3种不同单桩破坏模式,提出了深长变径搅拌桩的单桩极限承载力计算公式,经过试算发现与现场试验结果相差在10%以内,计算结果可靠,可推广应用于实际工程中。     

双向水泥土搅拌桩加固软土地基试验研究

针对国内水泥土搅拌桩应用中存在的技术问题,介绍了自行研制的双向水泥土搅拌桩及其施工工艺;通过工程实例和试验数据分析,对双向水泥土搅拌桩与常规水泥土搅拌桩在现场施工工艺、标准贯入试验、桩身芯样无侧限抗压强度和电阻率试验以及经济、社会效益等方面进行了对比分析。研究表明,双向水泥土搅拌桩具有优越的工程特性及较大的社会经济效益。     

水泥土搅拌桩法在连云港海相软土地基中的应用

水泥土搅拌桩加固软土地基,其固化剂品种、掺量及施工工艺等都是影响桩身质量的重要因素。这里介绍了连云港海相软土地基水泥土搅拌桩法（湿法）加固的现场研究情况。试验结果表明,连云港海相软土地基宜选用矿渣水泥作固化剂,且掺入量不应小于21 %;采用变掺入量工艺（上多下少）有利于提高桩身上部的质量,改善桩的工作性能。研究结果对于类似工程软土地基的水泥土搅拌桩处理具有指导意义。     

深层搅拌法在真空预压后地基工程上的应用

为使经真空预压首期加固后的地基承载力从80 kPa提高到230kPa,设计采用深层搅拌法-水泥搅拌桩二次加固软弱地基.经现场成桩工艺试验和检测表明,桩身水泥土强度在90 d龄期时＞1.80 MPa,单桩承载力标准值＞150kN;以φ600桩径、桩长13.5 m、置换率为0.308和φ500桩径、桩长13.5m、置换率为0.267两种方案布置的复合地基承载力标准值均超过了设计要求.     

Numerical analysis of an embankment built on soft soil reinforced with deep mixing columns: Parametric study

The behaviour of an embankment built on normally consolidated soft soil reinforced with deep mixing columns is studied using a coupled soil–water formulation. The numerical predictions are analysed in terms of settlements, increments in vertical effective stresses and excess pore pressures. Firstly, the effectiveness of the use of deep mixing columns is studied. Afterwards, a parametric analysis is performed to study the influence on the soil-columns system of the replacement ratio (columns’ spacing), the deformability of the embankment and columns, and the coefficient of vertical permeability of the columns.     

电阻率测试技术在水泥土深层搅拌法工程中的应用研究

通过水泥土电阻率试验研究分析,可知水泥土电阻率与无侧限抗压强度、水泥掺入比、龄期成正相关,即随着无侧限抗压强度、水泥掺入比、龄期的增大而增大;水泥土电阻率与含水量负相关,即随着含水量增大而降低;影响水泥土电阻率的主要因素依次为含盐量、水泥掺入比、天然含水量、粉煤灰含量、石灰含量。进行了水泥土电阻率和喷粉搅拌桩桩身抗压强度、芯样力学性状和标贯击数的对比研究以及野外电测井、电测深剖面勘探,探索了电阻率测试技术在水泥土深层搅拌法工程中的应用。     

重力式水泥搅拌桩挡墙在深基坑支护工程中的应用研究

本文从水泥搅拌桩与软土之间的物理化学反应过程以及水泥搅拌桩的力学特性两方面,分析了重力式水泥搅拌桩支护技术的作用机理,归纳分析了重力式水泥搅拌桩挡土墙的设计方法和施工技术特点。结合工程实例,对重力式水泥搅拌桩挡土墙的土压力计算、墙体稳定性验算等方面进行了探讨,对比分析了公式计算与电算结果,同时体会到深基坑支护工程除了优化设计外,采用信息化施工,对工程进行监测,及时反馈信息指导施工是工程成功的关键之一。实例表明无支撑重力式水泥搅拌桩挡墙作为7m以内基坑的围护结构具有显著的优越性,值得推广运用。     

Trials for the construction of a cement solidified retaining structure in a domestic landfill site using deep soil mixing

This paper describes the trials undertaken within a domestic landfill site to assess the feasibility of constructing a cement solidified retaining structure using deep soil mixing. The trials consisted of individual columns extending to the full depth of the landfill, each using different concrete mixes and mixing auger configurations to assess the most successful combinations to achieve full depth, followed by the construction of two trial blocks incorporating several different concrete mixes. The trial blocks were constructed to evaluate the most effective concrete and auger combinations required to construct the retaining structure which if built would be approximately 150 m in length, 15 m deep and 10 m wide.

Grout cube strength has been measured during column installation and post construction the columns were exhumed and core samples taken for laboratory analysis of compressive strength, permeability, freeze/thaw and long-term immersion tests.

The trials have met with only moderate success and indicate that a combination of depth and a difficult substrate as is likely to be encountered in older landfills will severely hinder the process of column installation. No amount of previous characterisation can determine the conditions likely to be encountered at a particular location in such a heterogeneous material.

It is suggested that the calculation of likely success rate for column installation and construction of a large retaining structure can be based on the failure rate of cable percussion boreholes during site investigation. If the failure is greater than 15% the technique is unlikely to be viable.     

Effectiveness of deep cement mixing walls with top-down construction for deep excavations in soft clay: case study and 3D simulation

This paper presents the observed and simulated effectiveness of deep cement mixing walls created using top-down (DCM-TD) construction techniques for a deep excavation in soft Bangkok clay. The wall system consisted of four rows of 0.7-m-diameter DCM columns, and the bracing system consisted of two 0.25-m-thick basement slabs and seven temporary struts. The effectiveness of the wall system compared to that of other wall systems was evaluated using the measured results of previous case studies. A 3D numerical analysis was performed to calculate forces in the basement slabs and bending moments in the DCM wall. Finally, series of parametric analyses of both DCM-TD and deep cement mixing walls created using bottom-up (DCM-BU) construction techniques were carried out, and their results were compared to highlight the effectiveness of DCM-TD and its applicability to excavations at greater depths. The field and numerical results show that DCM-TD is more effective than DCM-BU in terms of the limitations of lateral wall movement, the bending moment in a DCM wall and the thickness of a DCM wall for various depths because of a larger system stiffness. Therefore, DCM-TD is very effective and suitable for use in potential future deep excavations in urban areas.

     

南阳膨胀土渠道滑坡破坏特征与演化机制研究

为了解河南南阳地区膨胀土渠道边坡滑坡机制,基于南水北调中线工程南阳段19个滑坡的现场调研统计结果,选取南阳段TS105+400处右岸滑坡为典型实例,开挖探槽揭露滑坡内部结构,对该区膨胀土渠道滑坡的破坏特征及演化机制进行了研究。结果显示,该区滑坡多发生在 地层;边坡的稳定性受中上部土体中的垂直节理及坡脚充填强膨胀土的缓倾长大裂隙共同控制,滑动面由后缘陡倾裂隙及前缘缓倾长大裂隙组成。开挖卸荷导致垂直节理张开,垂直节理向下可延伸3 m以上,破坏边坡土体整体性,且充当水分出入边坡的主要通道;坡面以下深度4～8 m存在一个高湿度带,带内土体强度小,发育滑动面。气候造成的胀缩循环、开挖卸荷导致边坡垂直节理张开并向深部发展,对边坡土体的强度衰减作用明显,当垂直裂隙与前缘缓倾裂隙贯通后,发生强（久）降雨,裂隙充水软化,即诱发边坡失稳。     

Numerical analysis of lateral movements and strut forces in deep cement mixing walls with top-down construction in soft clay

This article presents the observed and simulated lateral movements and strut forces induced in deep cement mixing walls under deep excavation using top-down construction techniques in soft Bangkok clay. The walls are supported laterally by permanent concrete slabs and temporary struts. A three-dimensional numerical model is first calibrated with observed data from a case study. Then, a parametric study is performed to compare this construction method with the bottom-up method and investigate the influence of the DCM wall thickness on lateral movements and strut forces of the wall.     

Quantifying the failure probability of a canal levee

Polders in the Netherlands are protected from flooding by flood defence systems along main water bodies such as rivers, lakes or the sea. Inside polders, canal levees provide protection from smaller water bodies. Canal levees are mainly earthen levees along drainage canals that drain excess water from polders to the main water bodies. The water levels in these canals are regulated. During the last decades, probabilistic approaches have been developed to quantify the probability of failure of flood defences along the main water bodies. This paper proposes several extensions to this method to quantify the probability of failure of canal levees. These extensions include a method to account for (i) water-level regulation in canals, (ii) the effect of maintenance dredging on the geohydrological response of the canal levee and (iii) survival of loads in the past. The results of a case study demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of quantifying the probability of failure of canal levees and is useful for exploring the relative benefit of risk mitigating measures for canal levees.     

Numerical analysis of a finite slope improved with stone columns under the effect of earthquake force

Natural Hazards - Slope stability is one of the most important issues of geotechnical engineering. Significant slope failures (landslides), which result from earthquakes, can cause considerable...     

深层搅拌桩复合地基沉降计算探讨

在分析深层搅拌桩复合地基变形机理基础上,根据单元体计算模型确定出深层搅拌桩复合地基沉降计算模式,并考虑桩侧摩阻力分布形式及有效桩长的影响,利用弹性理论建立出深层搅拌桩复合地基加固区压缩量计算方法,同时采用Mindlin与Boussinesq解建立出深层搅拌桩复合地基下卧层沉降量计算方法,在探讨桩土分担荷载与深度系数确定方法基础上建立出深层搅拌桩复合地基沉降计算方法。工程实例计算表明,分层总和法计算结果偏大,本文理论计算值介于现有有限元法计算值与实测值之间,较已有理论方法计算值小,但比有限元法简单,比已有理论方法更具合理性。     

A slope failure caused by drainage cutoff through the advancement of seasonal frost, Hudson Bay Lowland

A failure occurred between December 14 and 17, 2008 in the upper part of a 45-m high, northwest facing bank of the Nelson River in northern Manitoba (56.687°N, 93.777°W). The slope failure occurred at a spring site in a bay associated with a buried valley. The sediment input to the river from this event is roughly 20,000 to 25,000 m³. The source zone is made up of 25  m of water-bearing sand and gravel confined between ice-rich silty clay at the top of the bank and laminated to rhythmically bedded silt and clay at the base of the section. The collapse was confined to the material above the basal silts and clays and was associated with a perched groundwater flow system. A strong argument for drainage cutoff by the advancement of seasonal frost has been demonstrated through the correlation of the bank collapse with the timing of a significant cold snap recorded at two nearby weather stations. The failure illustrates the importance of stratigraphy in controlling bank erosion in this area. Previously, fluvial erosion was seen as an important control on mass wasting in Horseshoe Bay. However, surface information suggests that no toe erosion except to remove the slide deposit has occurred at this site since 2004.