Influence of diversion channel section type on landslide dam draining effect

The present study focuses on the emergency response measures for landslide dams. This work presents a series of centrifuge model tests conducted on the draining processes of barrier dams that are based on the grain composition of the Tangjiashan landslide dam. The effects of diversion channels with trapezoid, triangular, and compound sections on the discharge, process, and size of the residual dam are discussed. The characteristics of the flow erosion during the process of discharge in the different channels are analyzed based on hydrodynamics. The results suggest that a diversion channel with a compound section has a higher initial discharge efficiency and lower peak flow, and the flow process curve corresponds to a “chunky-type.” The draining from this type of a diversion channel could clearly reduce the flood pressure of the river downstream and make the entire process smoother. Thus, the excavation of a diversion channel with a compound section is an efficient and safe method for landslide dam emergency mitigation.     

侵蚀作用诱发黄土滑坡的机制研究

侵蚀作用诱发的黄土滑坡是黄土高原区域内一种主要的滑坡类型,对其破坏机制开展深入研究具有重要实际意义。以陕西省耀州区的庵里滑坡为例,对该类黄土滑坡的发生机制进行分析和探讨,建立了滑坡发生前侵蚀作用的不同阶段边坡的有限元模型,计算了相应的应力场和位移场,在此基础上求得各模型沿最终滑面上的正应力、剪应力和抗剪强度分布,采用极限平衡法计算边坡整体稳定系数。结果表明,随着侵蚀作用的不断加深,沿滑动面上的剪应力增大,抗剪强度减小,整体稳定性降低至最终破坏。试验结果表明,小的应变在饱和黄土中会产生显著的超孔隙水压力,因此,基岩面上饱和滑带中的超孔隙水压力加剧了该类滑坡的发生。比较滑面上的剪应力和抗剪强度发现,自前滑坡破坏从坡脚开始,向后逐步扩展,表明该类滑坡具有牵引式破坏特点。     

Numerical simulation of landslide dam breaching due to overtopping

The breach of landslide dam often causes significant disaster in the inundated area; the prediction of breach hydrograph is in high demand for the dam breach risk evaluation. In this study, according to the model tests and Tangjiashan landslide dam breach case, the surface erosion accompanied by intermittent mass failure is known as the key breaching mechanism for landslide dam due to overtopping failure. The downstream slope angle would gradually decrease during the dam-breaching process, whereas a planar wedge failure occurs when the breach slopes at the dam crest and downstream breach channel fail. Based on the breach mechanism, a numerical model for landslide dam breach due to overtopping is developed to simulate the coupling process of water and soil. The model focuses on the breach morphology evolution during the breaching for the sake of the improvement of breach hydrograph prediction. Furthermore, the model can handle one- and two-sided breach, as well as incomplete and base erosion at the vertical direction. The case study of Tangjiashan landslide dam-breaching feedback analysis testifies the rationality of the present model with the relative errors less than 10% for peak discharge, final breach widths, and time to peak. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the final breach depth and soil erodibility affect the breach flow prediction of the landslide dam significantly, whereas the one- or two-sided breach mode is less sensitive.     

砾石土心墙堆石坝施工期孔隙水压力分析

土石坝在施工过程中会在大坝心墙中产生超静孔隙水压力。对于高土石坝,施工期心墙防渗体内产生的超静孔隙水压力难以有效消散,因此坝体内部可能会出现较高的孔隙水压力。结合监测资料分析了填筑料的含水量和施工进度对心墙内孔隙水压力的影响。坝体内的高孔隙水压力对大坝的稳定性和安全性会产生重要影响。因此,加强施工期孔隙水压力的监测与分析工作,对于指导施工与设计,保证大坝的安全具有重要意义。     

超孔隙水压诱发特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡破坏研究

特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡广泛发育于三峡库区重庆段万州城区及云阳地区。基于万州城区太白岩古滑坡以及云阳地区老药铺滑坡两个典型特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡,分析了其结构特征及破坏特点;建立了强降雨作用下特大型近水平崩坡积层滑坡破坏的力学模型,解译了此类滑坡的破坏过程,并提出了滑带（面）超孔隙水压力是此类滑坡破坏的诱因。基于孔隙水压力与土体所处的应力状态的内在关系,推导了滑面处每个土条的孔隙水压力及水压力公式,并得出了考虑超孔隙水压力的滑坡稳定系数表达式。云阳地区老药铺滑坡算例表明,若将老药铺滑坡按zk5分为两个滑坡,两个滑坡的中心段是孔隙水压力值较高的区域;本文的孔隙水压力计算值略大于钻孔量测值,计算误差为5.8%～10%,原因在于滑面超孔隙水压力的消散;暴雨工况（含超孔隙水压力）下老药铺滑坡稳定系数为0.862,滑坡处于非稳定状态,并已发生破坏,验证了超孔隙水压力对滑坡体破坏的诱发作用;建议滑坡治理工程中应在按zk5分成的两个滑坡中间段打设排水孔,消除或降低滑面处的超孔隙水压力值,并结合滑坡周围及坡面的截排水工程以及封填裂隙治理老药铺滑坡。     

水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场及河岸崩塌问题研究

针对河岸崩塌问题分析和研究,在考虑江河水位升降引起坡外水压力变化及坡内非稳定渗流基础上,同时考虑水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退,提出了水流冲刷过程中的边坡临界滑动场和适用于天然江河崩岸的数值模拟,并对水流冲刷过程中的崩岸问题进行了分析。通过对两类不同土质岸坡的崩岸数值模拟,分析了水流冲刷引起的河床冲深及河岸后退过程中坡体的稳定性变化,探讨了不同土质岸坡的崩岸类型及崩塌模式。结果表明,坡度较陡的黏性岸坡崩塌时趋近于平面破坏且通过坡脚;坡度较缓的粉土岸坡崩塌时沿曲面破坏,且在水位骤降过程中易发生局部崩塌。     

松散土坡结构特征与滑坡堰塞体堆积特征之间的关系试验研究

通过模型实验,探讨了松散土坡3种不同结构特征条件下(均匀坡体(坡体物料均匀混合)、平行坡体(土层成层且层面与滑面平行)和斜交坡体(土层成层且层面与滑面斜交))形成滑坡堰塞体的动力过程和堆积特征,通过分区域取样及三维扫描技术研究了堰塞体的物质分布规律与形态特征。研究结果表明：堰塞体堆积特征与坡体特征存在紧密联系,堰塞体纵向(沿主沟道方向)和横向(沿滑坡运动方向)上的物质分布与坡体纵向和横向的物质分布特征基本对应;在垂向(表层到底部)上,由于不同坡体条件下滑坡的动力过程和机理不同,从而导致堰塞体堆积特征存在一定区别。均匀坡体和平行坡体呈整体启动模式,运动过程中物料间存在垂向渗透和交换作用,导致堰塞体物质在垂向上呈明显的上粗下细反粒序分布特征,堰塞体横剖面多呈平坦型和倾斜型。斜交坡体呈分层启动模式,运动堆积过程中保持原有层序,粗、细颗粒先后启动条件下颗粒间存在推挤、爬升和水平渗透作用,使得堰塞体更加密实且垂向上也呈现反粒序分布特征,横剖面多呈起伏型。本研究为滑坡堰塞体稳定性快速评估和复原滑坡初始状态提供依据。     

深厚砂质覆盖层土坝的弹塑性地震反应分析

由于可液化砂质土应力-应变特性模拟的复杂性及数值计算的不稳定性,深厚砂质覆盖层土坝的弹塑性地震反应分析是土坝抗震研究中的一个尚未完全解决的课题。采用u-p完全耦合的饱和多孔介质有限元分析方法和砂土多重机构弹塑性模型,对遭受M6.7级地震的国外某深厚砂质覆盖层土坝进行弹塑性地震反应分析,研究了坝体和地基的动力反应特性及其超静孔隙水压力产生、扩散和消散的变化规律。结果表明：计算得到的坝体加速度和永久变形与实测值存在一定的差异,但基本上反映了坝体加速度与永久变形的实际分布情况,从而说明采用的本构模型和计算方法具有一定的精度;由于坝体和坝基的超静孔隙水压力较小,且坝体永久变形不大,可以不对坝体和坝基进行加固处理;坝趾附近浅层地基的超静孔隙水压力较大,有可能发生液化,因此,须采取相应的抗液化加固措施。     

基于离心机模型试验的甘肃江顶崖古滑坡复活机理研究

位于白龙江断裂带的甘肃舟曲江顶崖古滑坡规模巨大,受断裂活动、降雨入渗与河流侵蚀和人类工程活动等因素影响,多次发生复活-堵塞白龙江灾害事件,造成极大危害。为研究江顶崖古滑坡的复活机理,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,重点开展了滑体在含水率为10%、15%和20%条件下的离心机模型试验。研究表明:在滑体含水率为10%情况下,试验结束后仅在坡体中后部产生少量裂缝,但滑坡体整体还处于稳定状态; 而在滑体含水率为15%和20%情况下,滑坡均发生了破坏,在滑体含水率分别为15%、20%情况下坡体失稳所需离心加速度分别为100g和50g。试验测试分析表明,江顶崖古滑坡为推移式滑坡,其变形先从坡体中后部开始,坡体中后部产生裂缝,随后裂缝逐渐向前缘扩展,最终裂缝贯通造成滑坡滑动破坏。滑坡体的变形过程主要分为3个阶段: ①变形启动阶段(裂缝开始形成阶段); ②变形加速阶段(裂缝加速发展阶段); ③失稳阶段。通过离心模拟试验,结合野外调查分析,认为江顶崖古滑坡复活的因素主要受降雨和孔隙水压力的影响,是受前缘河流侵蚀牵引、降雨入渗造成滑坡中后部推移的耦合滑动。     

冰雪型地质灾害链高位萌生、动力溃散及物相转化过程剖析北大核心CSCD

受全球气候变暖对高海拔山地区气温放大效应影响,冰雪型地质灾害趋于增多,且普遍呈现链式发育特征,具有灾害类型动态转化、影响范围大、破坏程度高等特点,严重威胁区域内重大工程建设安全。基于实地考察与文献调研方式,将高寒山地区常见冰雪型地质灾害凝练为:冰岩崩、雪岩崩、冰雪型碎屑流、冰碛物堆积滑坡、冰湖溃决、冰川型泥石流6类,并分别剖析各自典型的发育特征;而后,对冰雪型地质灾害3种典型链式组合关系予以剖析,发现:冰雪型地质灾害链普遍存在“高位萌生→动力溃散→物相转化”动态演化过程;据此,对冰雪型地质灾害高位萌生、动力溃散及物相转化三阶段特征及内在机制进行分析,明确了冰雪型地质灾害的“高位萌生→位能转化→侵蚀铲刮→滑移堆积”累积链生放大机理。最后,对冰雪型地质灾害链各演化阶段进行评价模型梳理,认为:新型破碎-扩散模型、Flores接触力模型可用于评价冰雪型地质灾害高位萌生向动力溃散过程;犁切模型可较好描述其侵蚀铲刮与体积放大过程;颗粒流模型、空气润滑模型、超孔隙水压力模型可用于揭示后续的高速滑移堆积特征;而Voellmy流变模型、Bingham流体渗流模型可较好解释其灾害链条的物相转化特征。研究对于科学评价冰雪型地质灾害链动态演化过程具有基础参考价值。     

基于动三轴试验的层间错动带动孔压特性及能量分析

2008年汶川地震触发的大光包滑坡滑带形成背景是渗水层间错动带,该带强度变化是决定滑坡启动的主要因素,动孔压发展是土体材料强度劣化的根本原因,故基于系列室内动三轴试验研究该带材料孔压特性。结果表明,动载下层间错动带材料孔压快速增长,循环剪应力比越大,孔压增长越快,不同荷载条件下应变达到5%时动孔压比等于1,材料液化,根据动孔压比与振次比曲线的拟合关系提出幂函数应力模型。从能量角度描述层间错动带材料孔压增长特性,揭示出循环剪应力比对累积能量耗损与动孔压比曲线影响较小而围压对其影响较大,并进一步提出孔压增长的能量模型。     

Numerical Simulation of Rainfall-induced Xianchi Reservoir Landslide in Yunyang, Chongqing, China

A calamitous landslide happened at 22:00 on September 1, 2014 in the Yunyang area of Chongqing City, southwest China, enforcing the evacuation of 508 people and damaging 23 buildings. The landslide volume comprised 1.44 million m3 of material in the source area and 0.4 million m3 of shoveled material. The debris flow runout extended 400 m vertically and 1600 m horizontally. The Xianchi reservoir landslide event has been investigated as follows: (1) samples collected from the main body of landslide were carried out using GCTS ring shear apparatus; (2) the parameters of shear and pore water pressure have been measured; and (3) the post-failure characteristics of landslide have been analyzed using the numerical simulation method. The excess pore-water pressure and erosion in the motion path are considered to be the key reasons for the long-runout motion and the scale-up of landslides, such as that at Xianchi, were caused by the heavy rainfall. The aim of this paper is to acquired numerical parameters and the basic resistance model, which is beneficial to improve simulation accuracy for hazard assessment for similar to potentially dangerous hillslopes in China and elsewhere.     

基于累积动应力水平的间歇加载下超孔压预测

设计一系列不同动应力幅值、间歇时长、振动时长的波形,对杭州地铁沿线淤泥质软黏土进行不排水单向循环加载试验,精确观测孔压累积过程。引入累积偏应力水平描述应力状态,分析对比各试验方案下归一化孔压随其变化的发展规律;分析动应力比、间歇时长、振动次数对超孔压累积的影响,发现动应力水平和振次的影响最为关键;从孔压增长机制的角度分析了间歇对于超孔压累积的影响;利用双曲函数拟合关系曲线,建立预测模型;通过分步拟合各振次关系曲线函数,发现振次不同时该模型的常数取值略有不同,分析常数随振动次数变化的规律,提出常数获取方法;最后利用该模型和既有模型预测新试样的超孔压发展,发现该模型表现良好。     

堰塞坝溃坝模型实验研究综述

堰塞坝是天然形成的坝体,结构比较松散、稳定性差、渗透作用强,发生溃决危险性大、概率高、突发性强,而且破坏可能性高及产生的洪水威胁人们的生命和财产安全,因此需要系统、全面的研究。作者从单坝溃坝、级联溃坝及堰塞坝处置的溃坝试验进行详细的回顾,总结及分析了国内外学者在堰塞坝溃坝模型实验取得的成果及局限性,进一步分析了单坝溃决的颗粒级配、密实度、含水率、沟床坡度等因素,最后讨论了溃坝因素与溃决模式、溃决特征、溃决流量、溃口演化的关系。基于模型实验相似理论及模型比尺、实验测试手段、堰塞坝处置三个方面,提出了今后的研究重点。     

Causes of catastrophic failure of Tam Pokhari moraine dam in the Mt. Everest region

The moraine dam of the Tam Pokhari glacial lake breached on 3 September 1998 and caused a catastrophic flood in the downstream areas. To learn from the event, a field survey was conducted. The survey team found that a landslide, which is considered to be responsible for the outburst flood, occurred in the northeast-facing slope of the moraine dam. The dam internal structure played a crucial role in forming a landslide that triggered the excess overflow and finally the breach of the dam. The internal structure of the dam was made of alternating layers of finer and coarser sediments inclining at 30° downstream and layers are truncated in the upslope direction by a huge pile of unconsolidated and structureless moraine materials. Since the upstream slope angle of the dam i.e., 40° is larger than the angle of repose i.e. 35° of sediments, the increased pore water pressure in the dam triggered a landslide. The rainfall and seismological activities of that particular day, which hit the record high, were crucial in triggering the failure. It is estimated that the dam’s north and northeast-facing slopes completely slid involving about 30,000 m³ of sediment mass of unconsolidated moraine materials above the shear plane. A slope stability analysis was also performed. The calculated safety factor was 0.85, and the calculated slip circle agreed with the shear plane marked in the dam. About 18 million cubic metres of water was swiftly released due to the sudden breach of the moraine dam.     

对水致黄土斜坡破坏模式及稳定性分析原则的思考

水对斜坡作用包括地表水流动作用和地表水入渗作用,地表水流动作用,如水库、河流的岸坡破坏,由水动力侵蚀所引起。目前黄土中地表水入渗影响下的斜坡稳定性分析存在一些概念含糊的问题,如忽略了入渗过程的应力路径,只考虑其破坏时的应力状态,这会导致对其破机理和稳定性计算参数取值的误判,文章只针对该类问题进行辨析讨论。黄土中地表水的入渗一般有降雨和灌溉两种,伴随降雨入渗多引起斜坡浅层破坏;灌溉导致地下水位上升则引起深层滑移。地表水入渗对斜坡总应力改变不大,水致斜坡破坏主要是孔隙水压力上升,土体有效应力降低所致。非饱和黄土中的初始孔隙水压力为负值,降雨入渗后的浅层黄土仍处于非饱和状态,孔压最大升到0;灌溉会引起地下水位抬升,潜水位下为正的孔隙水压力。明确了孔压变化过程,就可以用有效强度评价边坡稳定性。同时,目前一些观点认为关于流动性黄土滑坡是静态引起,这颠倒了因果关系,是滑移引起了液化,而不是液化导致的滑移。     

The March 25 and 29, 2016 landslide-induced debris flow at Clapar,Banjarnegara, Central Java

The Clapar landslide induced debris flow consisted of the Clapar landslide occurred on 24 March 2017 and the Clapar debris flow occurred on 29 March 2017. The first investigation of the Clapar landslide induced debris flow was carried out two months after the disaster. It was followed by UAV mapping, extensive interviews, newspaper compilation, visual observation and field measurements, and video analysis in order to understand chronology and triggering mechanism of the landslide induced debris flow in Clapar. The 24 March 2016 landslide occurred after 5 hours of consecutive rainfall (11,2 mm) and was affected by combination of fishponds leak and infiltration of antecedent rain. After five days of the Clapar landslide, landslide partially mobilized to form debris flow where the head scarp of debris flow was located at the foot of the 24 March 2016 landslide. The Clapar debris flow occurred when there was no rainfall. It was not generated by rainstorm or the surface erosion of the river bed, but rather by water infiltration through the crack formed on the toe of the 24 March 2016 landslide. Supply of water to the marine clay deposit might have increased pore water pressure and mobilized the soil layer above. The amount of water accumulated in the temporary pond at the main body of the 24 March 2016 landslide might have also triggered the Clapar debris flow. The area of Clapar landslide still shows the possibility of further retrogression of the landslide body which may induce another debris flow. Understanding precursory factors triggering landslides and debris flows in Banjarnegara based on data from monitoring systems and laboratory experiments is essential to minimize the risk of future landslide.     

余震作用下堰塞坝体破坏及溃决过程大型振动台试验研究

山区特大地震往往导致大量堰塞湖,例如2008年汶川地震形成了至少257个堰塞湖,并且主震后发生了大量余震,这些余震可能会影响堰塞坝体的安全状态。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究了余震及库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的破坏及溃决机理和过程。共进行了两组不同材料的振动台模型试验,分别模拟含黏粒较多且颗粒较小（坝体Ⅰ）和基本不含黏粒且颗粒较大（坝体Ⅱ）的两种坝体。在不同水位条件下进行振动台试验。研究成果表明:（1）地震和库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的主要溃决方式是漫顶溢流,主要溃决过程为地震力使松散的堰塞坝体发生沉陷,库水渗入使沉陷加剧,最终水位上升漫过坝顶发生溢流冲蚀破坏。（2）地震一般不会直接引起堰塞坝体的破坏。地震力对坝体稳定性的主要影响是使坝体发生沉陷变形。在地震和库水耦合作用下,坝体沉陷比单一因素作用下更为剧烈,因此地震作用会使漫顶溢流提前发生。（3）地震和库水耦合作用下坝体Ⅰ沉陷量大于坝体Ⅱ,说明现实中由大粒径岩土体组成的堰塞坝体具有更好的稳定性。     

基于流固耦合的强震大型滑坡水力激发效应研究

2008年汶川Ms8.0级强震触发了体积近12×108 m3的大光包滑坡。该滑坡发生于古生代碳酸盐岩地层,滑带地质背景为斜坡内部深埋400 m、最大厚度达5 m的先期层间构造错动带。最新调查表明,该错动带是斜坡内部地下水通道,错动带岩体处于饱和状态。为揭示强震过程与地下水相关的大光包滑坡启动机制,提出了一种具有软弱层带的硬质碳酸盐岩边坡简化模型,将层间构造错动带概化为碳酸盐岩硬层内部软弱层带,采用FLAC3D程序中的流固耦合算法模拟了模型的响应特性。研究结果表明:强震过程中软弱层带上下碳酸盐岩硬层的变形响应时间、波型、大小出现明显差异,上硬层相对于下硬层产生了张离、压缩和剪切3种非协调变形模式,由此对软弱层带产生了振动冲压-张拉和振动剪切动力学行为,饱水软弱层带形成了具有瞬间放大和累积增涨特征的超孔隙水压力。这里将上下硬层差异性变形称为非协调变形,认为非协调变形是软弱层带应力放大成因,推测软弱层带应力瞬间放大以及放大应力长持时作用下的岩体致损是超孔隙水压力激发和累积的成因;强震过程软弱层带超孔隙水压力导致其内有效应力快速降低,使得斜坡前部锁固段应力快速集中,而后被突然剪断,滑坡骤然启动,揭示了强震过程中超孔隙水压力是大光包滑坡启动的主要原因。     

堰塞坝漫顶溃决过程溃口纵向下切与溯源

为进一步了解堰塞坝溃坝过程,开展了9组水槽模型试验,对溃口纵向下切和溯源发展过程进行了系统分析,并讨论了上溯源点移动速度与溃口水深之间的关系。研究发现：非黏性堰塞坝溃坝过程中,冲刷面与底床的夹角时刻发生变化,上、下溯源点位置不固定但也不能完全发展到坝踵;上、下坡面坡度增大到最大值1：1.5时,下溯源点到下游坝趾的最大距离与坝体沿水流方向长度的比值（x_p^*/x_d^*,反映下溯源点最终相对位置）对应降低到最小值0.24和0.18;坝体相对尺寸从1减小到1/2时,x_p^*/x_d^*值从0.38增大到0.47。上溯源点的无量纲移动速度是不断变化的,在无量纲时刻为0.13时,其x,y分量分别达到峰值0.94和0.32;上溯源点处溃口水深出现时刻相对移动速度峰值点出现时刻有延迟,大概延迟0.04个无量纲时间。