藏北高原主要断裂带电性结构特征

对600线的部分测点及2100线的全部测点构成的五道梁—绿草山大地电磁深探测剖面进行了二维非线性共轭梯度反演,得到青藏高原中北部二维电性结构模型.根据该电性结构模型,结合研究区域重、磁及区域地质资料推断了青藏高原中北部主要断裂的位置、产状和切割深度等信息.研究结果表明,青藏高原中北部发育有F1—F16一系列深断裂.其中,F1(苟鲁山克错—囊谦断裂带)和F9(乌兰乌拉湖—玉树断裂带)共同构成金沙江缝合带的北界,是松潘—甘孜—可可西里地块与羌塘—唐古拉地块的分界线;F4、F10—F12共同构成昆仑断裂带,F4(阿尼玛卿断裂带)是南部松潘—甘孜—可可西里地体和北部北昆仑-柴达木地体的分界线;F6、F13—F16为柴北缘断裂带,由南倾的岩石圈深断裂F6和一系列产状相背、北倾的逆冲断裂F13—F16所构成;F7和F8可能反映岩石圈内产状平缓、隐伏的滑脱构造形迹.     

藏北高原地壳及上地幔导电性结构——超宽频带大地电磁测深研究结果

为了研究西藏中、北部壳、幔导电性结构,讨论高原中、北部岩石圈热状态,1998年和1999年（INDEPTH（Ⅲ） MT）在西藏中、北部完成了德庆—龙尾错（500线）和那曲—格尔木（600线）超宽频带大地电磁深探测剖面的研究.研究结果表明,西藏中、北部以昆仑山断裂为界,其南北壳、幔电性结构有很大差异.昆仑山断裂以北地壳和上地幔为高阻区.而昆仑山以南,地壳和上地幔的导电性有明显的分层结构：地壳上部以不连续的高阻体为主,夹有局部低阻异常体,沿南北方向上地壳的电性结构复杂,具有不连续、分块的特点;但中、下地壳为大范围的高导异常区,区内发育有大规模、不相连续、产状各异的高导体,其电阻率均小于4Ωm;在班公—怒江和金沙江缝合带之下,壳内高导体都具有向上地幔延伸的趋势,存在连通壳、幔的低阻通道.根据西藏高原中、北部壳、幔电性结构的研究推断：如同藏南一样,这里也普遍存在部分熔融体和热流体,它们的成因主要与班公—怒江和金沙江缝合带的壳-幔热交换、热活动有关,这是两期形成的壳-幔热交换通道.其中,班公—怒江缝合带的壳-幔热交换通道形成时间比金沙江缝合带早.因此,研究区壳、幔的热活动是从南边和西边开始,向北、向东扩展,导致现今西藏中、北部地壳和上地幔的热流分布由西向东、由南向北增大.     

根据2001年Mw 78可可西里强震InSAR同震测量结果反演东昆仑断裂两侧地壳弹性介质差异

利用2001年 Mw 78 可可西里强震InSAR同震测量结果，反演了青藏高原北部东昆仑断裂两侧地壳弹性介质差异.InSAR测量结果显示断层南侧的同震位移比北侧的大20％～30%.根据人工地震反射剖面建立岩石圈模型，以断层两侧杨氏模量差异和震源破裂深度为反演变量，通过有限元方法模拟实测得到的同震位移剖面.反演得到最佳断层破裂深度为20～22km，断层南侧杨氏模量相对北侧比值为81%～92%.结果表明，断层两侧弹性介质性质存在明显差异，由于构造运动作用，断层南部地壳不及北部地壳坚硬.前人利用地震层析成像和大地电磁测深等手段推断青藏高原内昆仑山断裂以南可可西里－羌塘地块地壳内广泛发育低速高导层，我们通过形变场力学分析得到与此相一致的结果.     

昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉地区的地壳上地幔电性结构特征

本文简介从新疆叶城至西藏狮泉河的大地电磁测深剖面．它北起塔里木盆地，横跨昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉地区到冈底斯西段，全长８００余公里．探测结果表明，不同测点的地壳内部有的有两个低阻层，有的则只有一个低阻层，壳内第１低阻层的埋藏深度约１０－３５ｋｍ，第２低阻层的埋藏深度约３０－６５ｋｍ。在南昆仑缝合带以南，壳内低阻层的埋藏深度有从南向北不断加深的趋势；而在其以北的壳内低阻层的埋藏深度则与此相反．上地幔第１低阻层的埋藏深度约在１００－１５０ｋｍ之间，第２低阻层的埋藏深度约在３５０－５５０ｋｍ之间．     

Numerical Simulation on Coseismic Effect of the November 14,2001 Great Kunlun Earthquake,Northern Tibet,China

The November 14, 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun Mountains earthquake in northern Tibet is the largest earthquake occurring on the Chinese mainland since 1950. We apply a three-dimensional （3-D） finite element numerical procedure to model the coseismic displacement and stress fields of the earthquake based on field investigations. We then further investigate the stress interaction between the Ms8.1 earthquake and the intensive aftershocks. Our primary calculation shows that the coseismic displacement field is centralized around the east Kunlun fault zone. And the attenuation of coseismic displacements on the south side of Kunlun fault zone is larger than that on the north side. The calculated coseismic stress field also indicates that the calculated maximal shear stress field is centralized around the east Kunlun fault zone; the directions of the coseismic major principal stress are opposite to that of the background crustal stress field of the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau. It indicates that the earthquake relaxes the crustal stress state in the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau. Finally, we study the stress interaction between Ms8.1 earthquake and its intensive aftershocks. The calculated Coulomb stress changes of the Ms8.1 great earthquake are in favor of triggering 4 aftershocks.     

青藏高原东北缘岩石圈厚度与上地幔各向异性

利用青海地震台网和甘肃地震台网2007-2009年记录的远震波形资料,提取S波接收函数和SKS分裂参数,得到了青藏高原东北缘的三维岩石圈厚度分布和上地幔各向异性特征.S波接收函数结果表明:昆仑-阿尼玛卿缝合带以南的松潘-甘孜地块东北缘和西秦岭造山带下方岩石圈较薄,厚度为125~135 km;昆仑-阿尼玛卿缝合带以北具有较厚的岩石圈,在昆仑和祁连地块下方岩石圈厚达145~175 km,并向柴达木盆地(175~190 km)和克拉通(鄂尔多斯南部约为170 km、阿拉善南缘约为200 km)下方增厚.上地幔各向异性结果显示:东北缘地区的SKS快波偏振方向为NW-SE向,与前人得到的昆仑断裂带南侧的快波方向存在较大差异,南侧自高原内部呈顺时针旋转,表明昆仑断裂带可能为上地幔变形的转换带.SKS快、慢波延迟时间为0.8~1.9 s,且在昆仑-阿尼玛卿缝合带以北,延迟时间与岩石圈厚度呈正相关关系,推断该区各向异性主要来源于地幔盖层的初期伸展变形.     

昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉地区的地壳上地幔电性结构特征

本文简介从新疆叶城至西藏狮泉河的大地电磁测深剖面．它北起塔里木盆地,横跨昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉地区到冈底斯西段,全长８００余公里．探测结果表明,不同测点的地壳内部有的有两个低阻层,有的则只有一个低阻层,壳内第１低阻层的埋藏深度约１０－３５ｋｍ,第２低阻层的埋藏深度约３０－６５ｋｍ。在南昆仑缝合带以南,壳内低阻层的埋藏深度有从南向北不断加深的趋势;而在其以北的壳内低阻层的埋藏深度则与此相反．上地幔第１低阻层的埋藏深度约在１００－１５０ｋｍ之间,第２低阻层的埋藏深度约在３５０－５５０ｋｍ之间．     

青藏高原东北缘合作—大井剖面地壳电性结构研究

青藏高原东北缘合作—大井剖面的大地电磁探测结果表明,该区域的电性结构呈明显的纵向分层、横向分块的特点,中下地壳普遍存在高导层.青藏高原东北缘西秦岭北缘断裂带、北祁连南缘断裂带、北祁连北缘断裂带(海原断裂带)及龙首山南缘断裂带等区域性断裂带在电性结构模型中均表现为电性梯度带或低阻异常带.电性结构的横向分区与构造上的地块划分有明显的一致性,各个地块的电性结构存在明显差异.西秦岭北缘断裂带作是一个大型的板块边界,但板块结合带附近没有明显逆冲或俯冲痕迹,可能主要以左旋走滑为主.北祁连地块向北仰冲与阿拉善地块向南俯冲边界可能不是海原断裂带,而是龙首山南缘断裂带.西秦岭造山带内的壳内高导层与青藏高原内部存在的高导层具有可对比性,可能是由于部分熔融与含盐水流体共同作用的结果.中祁连地块内的高导层可能是含盐水流体引起的.而北祁连与河西走廊过渡带内的高导层则可能是板块俯冲或仰冲的构造运动痕迹,也可能是由含盐水流体引起的.     

NEW DISCOVERY OF RESHUI-TAOSTUO RIVER FAULT IN DULAN,QINGHAI PROVINCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The 40km-long, NEE trending Reshui-Taostuo River Fault was found in the southern Dulan-Chaka highland by recent field investigation, which is a strike-slip fault with some normal component. DEM data was generated by small unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)on key geomorphic units with resolution<0.05m. Based on the interpretation and field investigation, we get two conclusions:1)It is the first time to define the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault, and the fault is 40km long with a 6km-long surface rupture; 2)There are left-handed dislocations in the gullies and terraces cut by the fault. On the high-resolution DEM image obtained by UAV, the offsets are(9.3±0.5) m, (17.9±1.5) m, and(36.8±2) m, measured by topographic profile recovery of gullies. The recovery measurements of two terraces present that the horizontal offset of T₁/T₀ is(18.2±1.5) m and the T₂/T₁ is (35.8±2) m, which is consistent with the offsets from gullies. According to the historical earthquake records, a M5 3/4 earthquake on April 10, 1938 and a M_S5.0 earthquake on March 21, 1952 occurred at the eastern end of the surface rupture, which may be related to the activity of the fault. By checking the county records of Dulan and other relevant data, we find that there are no literature records about the two earthquakes, which is possibly due to the far distance to the epicenter at that time, the scarcity of population in Dulan, or that the earthquake occurred too long ago that led to losing its records. The southernmost ends of the Eastern Kunlun Fault and the Elashan Fault converge to form a wedge-shaped extruded fault block toward the northwest. The Dulan Basin, located at the end of the wedge-shaped fault block, is affected by regional NE and SW principal compressive stress and the shear stress of the two boundary faults. The Dulan Basin experienced a complex deformation process of compression accompanying with extension. In the process of extrusion, the specific form of extension is the strike-slip faults at each side of the wedge, and there is indeed a north-east and south-west compression between the two controlling wedge-shaped fault block boundary faults, the Eastern Kunlun and Elashan Faults. The inferred mechanism of triangular wedge extrusion deformation in this area is quite different from the pure rigid extrusion model. Therefore, Dulan Basin is a wedge-shaped block sandwiched between the two large-scale strike-slip faults. Due to the compression of the northeast and southwest directions of the region, the peripheral faults of the Dulan Basin form a series of southeast converging plume thrust faults on the northeast edge of the basin near the Elashan Fault, which are parallel to the Elashan Fault in morphology and may converge with the Elashan Fault in subsurface. The southern marginal fault of the Dulan Basin(Reshui-Taostuo River Fault)near the Eastern Kunlun fault zone is jointly affected by the left-lateral strike-slip Eastern Kunlun Fault and the right-lateral strike-slip Elashan Fault, presenting a left-lateral strike-slip characteristic. Meanwhile, the wedge-shaped fault block extrudes to the northwest, causing local extension at the southeast end, and the fault shows the extensional deformation. These faults absorb or transform the shear stress in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Therefore, our discovery of the Dulan Reshui-Taostuo River Fault provides important constraints for better understanding of the internal deformation mode and mechanism of the fault block in the northeastern Tibetan plateau. The strike of Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is different from the southern marginal fault of the Qaidam Basin. The Qaidam south marginal burial fault is the boundary fault between the Qaidam Basin and the East Kunlun structural belt, with a total length of ~500km. The geophysical data show that Qaidam south marginal burial fault forms at the boundary between the positive gravity anomaly of the southern East Kunlun structural belt and the negative gravity anomaly gradient zone of the northern Qaidam Basin, showing as a thrust fault towards the basin. The western segment of the fault was active at late Pleistocene, and the eastern segment near Dulan County was active at early-middle Pleistocene. The Reshui-Taostuo River Fault is characterized by sinistral strike-slip with a normal component. The field evidence indicates that the latest active period of this fault was Holocene, with a total length of only 40km. Neither remote sensing image interpretation nor field investigation indicate the fault extends further westward and intersects with the Qaidam south marginal burial fault. Moreover, it shows that its strike is relatively consistent with the East Kunlun fault zone in spatial distribution and has a certain angle with the burial fault in the southern margin of Qaidam Basin. Therefore, there is no structural connection between the Reshui-Taostuo River Fault and the Qaidam south marginal burial fault.     

东昆仑断裂带东端的构造转换与2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震孕震机制

2017年四川九寨沟M_S7.0地震是继2008年汶川M_S8.0地震和2013年芦山M_S7.0地震之后,青藏高原东缘在不到十年的时间内发生的第三个震级M_S7.0以上的强震.这次地震发生在东昆仑断裂带东端,作为青藏高原东北缘的一条大型左旋走滑断裂带,东昆仑断裂带与东端其它构造之间的转换关系仍不清楚,因区内地质构造和地形复杂,东昆仑断裂带东端的主要构造仍缺少深入的研究.本文在总结区域地震构造活动特征、历史地震和现代地震基础上,通过东昆仑断裂带东端已有的和最近开展的活动构造定量研究结果,并结合现今GPS变形场资料和2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震灾害特征分析,发现东昆仑断裂带最东段塔藏断裂上的左旋走滑除了一小部分继续向东传播转移到文县断裂带上外,大部分转化为其南侧的龙日坝断裂带北段、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂上的近东西向地壳缩短,这可能是岷山隆起的构造机制,而2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震正是左旋走滑的东昆仑断裂带在东端继续向东扩展的结果.

     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ABOUT SLIP RATE OF MIDDLE SEGMENT OF THE NORTHERN QILIAN THRUST FAULT ZONE SINCE LATE QUATERNARY

The Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault belongs to the forward thrust fault of the middle segment of northern Qilian Shan overthrust fault zone, and it is also the boundary between the Qilian Shan and Jiudong Basin. Accurately-constrained fault slip rate is crucial for understanding the present-day tectonic deformation mechanism and regional seismic hazard in Tibet plateau. In this paper, we focus on the Shiyangjuan site in the western section of the fault and the Fenglehe site in the middle part of the fault. Combining geomorphic mapping, topographic surveys of the deformed terrace surfaces, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating methods, we obtained the average vertical slip rate and shortening rate of the fault, which are ~1.1mm/a and 0.9~1.3mm/a, respectively. In addition, decadal GPS velocity profile across the Qilian Shan and Jiudong Basin shows a basin shortening rate of~1.4mm/a, which is consistent with geological shortening rates. Blind fault or other structural deformation in the Jiudong Basin may accommodate part of crustal shortening. Overall crustal shortening rate of the Jiudong Basin accounts for about 1/5 of shortening rate of the Qilian Shan. The seismic activity of the forward thrust zone of Tibetan plateau propagating northeastward is still high.     

华北克拉通北缘—西伯利亚板块南缘的地壳速度结构特征

华北克拉通北缘—西伯利亚板块南缘（张家口—中蒙边界）的深地震测深剖面长600 km,跨越华北板块、内蒙造山带和西伯利亚板块.沿测线采用8个1.5t的爆炸震源激发地震波,使用300套数字地震仪接收,取得了高质量的地震资料.通过资料分析和处理,识别出沉积层及结晶基底的折射波（Pg）、上地壳底面的反射波（P2）、中地壳内的反射波（P3）、中地壳底面的反射波（P4）、下地壳内的反射波（P5,仅在镶黄旗—苏尼特右旗下方出现）和莫霍面的反射波（Pm）等6个震相.采用地震动力学射线方法（seis88）得到的地壳速度结构表明：（1）在华北板块与内蒙造山带之间,内蒙造山带与西伯利亚板块之间,上地壳中存在明显的高速度局部变化,在地表发育大量的古生代花岗岩体、超基性岩体.（2）在中下地壳华北板块南缘的地震波速度大,为6.3~6.7 km/s,西伯利亚板块北缘的速度小,为6.1~6.7 km/s,且界面比较平缓.原因是在内蒙造山带内地壳的缩短和隆升造山引起了中下地壳界面的剧烈起伏,不同海陆块的拼合和物质交换导致了不同区域速度的不均匀性.（3）莫霍面在赤峰断裂带（F2）以南和索伦敖包—阿鲁科尔沁旗断裂带（F4）以北较为平缓,平均深度为40~42 km.在F2—F4之间呈双莫霍面,莫霍面1明显上隆,深度为33.5 km,层速度为6.6~6.7 km/s.莫霍面2明显下凹,在西拉木伦河断裂带（F3）下方,最深达到47 km,速度达到最大为6.8~6.9 km/s,这可能是由壳幔物质混合引起的.依据莫霍面的特点,本文认为双莫霍面以南为华北板块北缘,以北为西伯利亚板块南缘,拼合位置在赤峰断裂带（F2）与索伦敖包—阿鲁科尔沁旗断裂带（F4）之间的区域.     

甘肃东南地区构造活动与2013年岷县—漳县MS6.6级地震孕震机制

位于南北地震带中北段的甘东南地区,其构造变形和构造活动特征与青藏高原向北东方向的扩展密切相关,该地区复杂的构造几何形态主要受控于东昆仑断裂和西秦岭北缘断裂,区域新构造运动主要动力来源于青藏高原向北东的扩展.近年来,甘东南地区中强地震频发,本文主要通过对该地区构造活动特征、历史地震等资料的综合分析讨论,结合地球物理、地震学和野外调查等资料,认为青藏高原东北部东昆仑断裂的向北挤压和向东的运动是该地区构造应力集中的主要原因,也是该地区中强地震的主要孕震环境和机制,而西秦岭北缘断裂的走滑及向南北两侧逆冲“花状构造”是临潭—宕昌断裂带上中强地震频繁发生的一个重要动力因素.2013年7月22日发生在甘肃岷县—漳县的M_S6.6级地震正好位于临潭—宕昌断裂带中东段上,是该断裂分段不均匀活动的结果.     

ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTION OF THE RIYUESHAN FAULT SINCE LATE PLEISTOCENE USING STRUCTURAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

The northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau is an active block controlled by the eastern Kunlun fault zone, the Qilian Shan-Haiyuan fault zone, and the Altyn Tagh fault zone. It is the frontier and the sensitive area of neotectonic activity since the Cenozoic. There are widespread folds, thrust faults and stike-slip faults in the northeastern Tibetan plateau produced by the intensive tectonic deformation, indicating that this area is suffering the crustal shortening, left-lateral shear and vertical uplift. The Riyueshan Fault is one of the major faults in the dextral strike-slip faults systems, which lies between the two major large-scale left-lateral strike-slip faults, the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault and the eastern Kunlun Fault. In the process of growing and expanding of the entire Tibetan plateau, the dextral strike-slip faults play an important role in regulating the deformation and transformation between the secondary blocks. In the early Quaternary, because of the northeastward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan plateau, tectonic deformations such as NE-direction extrusion shortening, clockwise rotation, and SEE-direction extrusion occurred in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, which lead to the left-lateral slip movement of the NWW-trending major regional boundary faults. As the result, the NNW-trending faults which lie between these NWW direction faults are developed. The main geomorphic units developed within the research area are controlled by the Riyueshan Fault, formed due to the northeastward motion of the Tibet block. These geomorphic units could be classified as:Qinghai Lake Basin, Haiyan Basin, Datonghe Basin, Dezhou Basin, and the mountains developed between the basins such as the Datongshan and the Riyueshan. Paleo basins, alluvial fans, multiple levels of terraces are developed at mountain fronts. The climate variation caused the formation of the geomorphic units during the expansion period of the lakes within the northeastern Tibetan plateau. There are two levels of alluvial fans and three levels of fluvial terrace developed in the study area, the sediments of the alluvial fans and fluvial terraces formed by different sources are developed in the same period. The Riyueshan Fault connects with the NNW-trending left-lateral strike-slip north marginal Tuoleshan fault in the north, and obliquely connects with the Lajishan thrust fault in the south. The fault extends for about 180km from north to south, passing through Datonghe, Reshui coal mine, Chaka River, Tuole, Ketu and Xicha, and connecting with the Lajishan thrusts near the Kesuer Basin. The Riyueshan Fault consists of five discontinuous right-step en-echelon sub-fault segments, with a spacing of 2~3km, and pull-apart basins are formed in the stepovers. The Riyueshan Fault is a secondary fault located in the Qaidam-Qilian active block which is controlled by the major boundary faults, such as the East Kunlun Fault and the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault. Its activity characteristics provide information of the outward expansion of the northeastern margin of Tibet. Tectonic landforms are developed along the Riyueshan Fault. Focusing on the distinct geomorphic deformation since late Pleistocene, the paper obtains the vertical displacement along the fault strike by RTK measurement method. Based on the fault growth-linkage theory, the evolution of the Riyueshan Fault and the related kinetic background are discussed. The following three conclusions are obtained:1)According to the characteristics of development of the three-stage 200km-long steep fault scarp developed in the landforms of the late Pleistocene alluvial fans and terraces, the Riyueshan Fault is divided into five segments, with the most important segment located in the third stepover(CD-3); 2)The three-stage displacement distribution pattern of the Riyueshan Fault reveals that the fault was formed by the growths and connections of multiple secondary faults and is in the second stage of fault growth and connection. With CD-3 as the boundary, the faults on the NW side continue to grow and connect; the fault activity time on the SE side is shorter, and the activity intensity is weaker; 3)The extreme value of the fault displacement distribution curve indicates the location of strain concentration and stress accumulation. With the stepover CD-3 as the boundary, the stress and strain on NW side are mainly concentrated in the middle and fault stepovers. The long-term accumulation range of stress on the SE side is relatively dispersed. The stress state may be related to the counterclockwise rotation inside the block under the compression of regional tectonic stress.     

藏南错那-沃卡裂谷的第四纪正断层作用及其特征

地表调查发现,位于西藏南部的错那-沃卡裂谷带包含了3个相对独立的地堑-半地堑——沃卡、邛多江和错那-拿日雍错地堑(从北到南),并构成了该区重要的近SN向控震构造带。该裂谷带整体的展布方式及其中各地堑主边界断裂带的正断层活动指示了100°±2°的区域伸展方向。各边界断裂带的活动强度分析表明,断裂的平均垂直活动速率介于0·3~1·9mm/a。其中,末次盛冰以来合理的活动速率估算值为1·2~1·5mm/a,而末次间冰期以来的活动速率只有(0·6±0·3)mm/a,暗示该裂谷带的断裂活动行为可能类似于地震的丛集活动,存在间歇期与活跃期交替出现的特点。综合分析认为,中-下地壳物质的近EW向伸展或流动所导致的上地壳均匀拉张模式可能是该裂谷带的主要成因     

2001年8.1级昆仑山大震破裂过程及对2008年汶川8.0级大震孕育发生影响的研究

本文用三维流变非连续变形(块体边界)与有限元(块体内)相结合(DDA+FEM)的方法,在青藏高原及其东侧四川盆地,鄂尔多斯块体地区三维构造块体相互制约的大环境中,考虑了龙门山断裂带东西两侧地势、地壳厚度和分层的明显变化,及断裂带东侧四川盆地及鄂尔多斯块体坚硬地壳阻挡的影响,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制约束,计算得到研究区的速度场和应力场与该地区GPS测量结果和震源机制分布结果基本相似.在此基础上,数值模拟2001年昆仑山大震的破裂过程;研究大震引起各构造块体边界断层应力状态变化特征,特别是对2008年汶川大震发震断层的影响.结果表明:(1)数值模拟昆仑山大震发震断层发生左旋走滑错动,最大水平错距约4.5 m,最大应力降约18 MPa.计算获得大震释放的主压应力场图像,最大剪应力变化等值线图,大震发震断层垂直面上位错等值线图及大震引起垂直位移变化三维图分别与大震的震源机制,地表破裂带同震位移分布,GPS同震位移图及地震波反演和GPS反演的结果总体上均比较相近.(2)计算获得的最大剪应力变化等值线图分布具有不对称特点,大震发震断层南侧变化梯度明显大于北侧.(3)模拟计算得到大震引起汶川大震发震断层库仑破裂应力增加约0.016 MPa(上地壳层).昆仑山大震破裂过程是在东昆仑断裂带其发震断层上发生的左旋走滑错动,引起东昆仑断裂带南侧巴彦喀拉块体进一步东扩和一定规模的变形,并受到该块体东侧四川盆地较硬地壳的阻挡,使得块体东边界断层中低倾角的汶川大震发震断层库仑破裂应力增大,应变能积累增强.可以认为这一破裂过程对汶川大震发震断层发生逆冲型失稳起了促进作用.     

MECHANISM OF THE 2015 PISHAN,XINJIANG, MS6.5 MAINSHOCK AND RELOCATION OF ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES

Using the digital broadband seismic data recorded by Xinjiang network stations, we obtained focal mechanism of the July 3 Pishan, Xinjiang, M_S6.5 earthquake with generalized Cut and Paste(gCAP)inversion method. The strike, dip and rake of first nodal plane are 97°, 27°, 51°, and the second nodal plane are 318°, 70°, 107°. The centroid depth and moment magnitude are calculated to be 12km and 6.4. Combining with the distribution of aftershocks, we conclude that the first nodal plane is the seismogenic fault, and the main shock presents a thrust earthquake at low angle. We relocated 1014 earthquakes using the double-difference algorithm, and finally obtained 937 relocated events. Our results show that the earthquake sequences clearly demonstrate a unilateral extension about 50km nearly in NWW direction, and are mainly located above 25km depth, especially the small earthquakes are predominately located at the shallow parts. Furthermore, the focal depth profile shows a southwestward dipping fault plane at the main shock position, suggesting listric thrust faulting, which is consistent with the dip of the mainshock rupture plane. The spatial distribution of aftershocks represents that the Tarim block was thrust under the West Kunlun orogenic belt. In addition, the dip angle of the fault plane gradually increases along the NWW direction, possibly suggesting a gradual increase of strike-slip component during the NWW rupturing process. From above, we conclude that the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake is the result of Tibet plateau pushing onto the Tarim block from south to north, which further confirms that the continuous collision of India plate and Eurasia plate has strong influence on the seismic activity in and around the Tibet plateau.     

根据GPS和InSAR数据反演2001年昆仑山口西地震同震破裂分布

2001年昆仑山口西地震经历了一个相当复杂的破裂过程,迄今为止用不同资料、不同方法和模型得到的同震破裂发布具有很大差异.我们采用地震前后GPS和InSAR观测数据得到的同震位移反演该地震的同震破裂分布,检验各种可能的模型参数,得到在数据与平滑优化约束下尽可能详尽的结果.建模过程经历三个步骤：（1）采用直立断层模型反演,根据解的分辨率和拟合差的折中曲线得到最优平滑约束;（2）改变断层倾角,找到使得观测数据和正演计算拟合最好的断层倾角;（3）根据前面两步得到的最优平滑约束和断层倾角求得地震同震破裂分布.比起前人的研究结果,我们得到的地表走滑分量随断层分布与地质考察数据符合得更好.我们还发现形变沿断层两盘并不对称,断层南盘的位移比北盘大10%~20%.这种位移场的不对称性可以由倾角约为80°~81°的南倾断层所解释.我们首次用大地测量数据揭示了太阳湖断层东端和东昆仑主断层西端~50 km的左阶断层上吸收了0.1~0.2 m的正断层分量,昆仑山口断层段吸收了~0.8 m的逆冲分量.地震释放的总地震矩为9.3×1020 N·m, 对应于 Mw8.0的地震.     

阿尔金走滑断裂带昌马段的电性结构样式及构造意义

阿尔金断裂带东段走滑速率沿断裂走向方向存在明显的流失现象,有关阿尔金断裂带的影响范围及走滑速率变化的机制需要有更多的深部结构证据来提供支撑.本文以阿尔金断裂带昌马段为窗口,获取了4条横穿阿尔金断裂带及相邻地区的大地电磁测深剖面.二维电性剖面显示在阿尔金断裂带北侧中上地壳以连续的高阻体为主,而南侧祁连山内部的深部电性结构在横向上有较为复杂的变化.这一点与区域构造背景相对应,即北侧的塔里木盆地东缘依然具有较好的整体性,南侧的祁连山是青藏高原北缘生长的最前端,变形强烈.在断裂带的结构特征上,阿尔金断裂带沿走向方向的切割深度在昌马盆地西侧发生了显著的降低,与阿尔金断裂带相对应的电性边界在这里向南偏移了约15 km,对应F18断裂,并与昌马盆地相接.祁连山北部的断裂带,包括昌马断裂、旱峡—大黄沟断裂总体呈现出低角度南倾的样式,切过高阻异常体的顶部.虽然昌马盆地可以起到连接断裂带的阶区的作用,将部分阿尔金断裂的走滑分量转移到盆地南侧的昌马断裂上,但是昌马断裂的走滑速率从西向东是增加的,东侧的走滑速率甚至大于阿尔金断裂沿走向方向的流失分量.我们认为在青藏高原北部主要断裂带的活动还是受印度—欧亚板块碰撞引起的远程挤压效应的影响,包括阿尔金断裂以及祁连山内部系列断层都处于斜向挤压应力环境.在这种基本构造模式下,阿尔金断裂、断裂F18、昌马盆地、昌马断裂构成了一个局部的走滑速率分解-转换-吸收体系,对局部应力状态产生影响.     

阿尔金走滑断裂带昌马段的电性结构样式及构造意义

阿尔金断裂带东段走滑速率沿断裂走向方向存在明显的流失现象,有关阿尔金断裂带的影响范围及走滑速率变化的机制需要有更多的深部结构证据来提供支撑.本文以阿尔金断裂带昌马段为窗口,获取了4条横穿阿尔金断裂带及相邻地区的大地电磁测深剖面.二维电性剖面显示在阿尔金断裂带北侧中上地壳以连续的高阻体为主,而南侧祁连山内部的深部电性结构在横向上有较为复杂的变化.这一点与区域构造背景相对应,即北侧的塔里木盆地东缘依然具有较好的整体性,南侧的祁连山是青藏高原北缘生长的最前端,变形强烈.在断裂带的结构特征上,阿尔金断裂带沿走向方向的切割深度在昌马盆地西侧发生了显著的降低,与阿尔金断裂带相对应的电性边界在这里向南偏移了约15 km,对应F18断裂,并与昌马盆地相接.祁连山北部的断裂带,包括昌马断裂、旱峡—大黄沟断裂总体呈现出低角度南倾的样式,切过高阻异常体的顶部.虽然昌马盆地可以起到连接断裂带的阶区的作用,将部分阿尔金断裂的走滑分量转移到盆地南侧的昌马断裂上,但是昌马断裂的走滑速率从西向东是增加的,东侧的走滑速率甚至大于阿尔金断裂沿走向方向的流失分量.我们认为在青藏高原北部主要断裂带的活动还是受印度—欧亚板块碰撞引起的远程挤压效应的影响,包括阿尔金断裂以及祁连山内部系列断层都处于斜向挤压应力环境.在这种基本构造模式下,阿尔金断裂、断裂F18、昌马盆地、昌马断裂构成了一个局部的走滑速率分解-转换-吸收体系,对局部应力状态产生影响.