基于改进包络回溯算法的点注记自动配置

地图注记的合理配置很大程度影响着地图的易读性,而注记配置效率的高低直接影响地图的成图效率。深入分析了当前点注记自动配置的多种算法,对传统包络回溯算法进行了改进,提出了顾及要素重要性分级的改进包络回溯算法来实现点注记自动配置。经实验验证,改进后算法提高了注记自动配置效率,满足合理配置的要求。     

小规模地理场景中点要素三维注记优化配置算法

地理场景中点要素三维注记配置规则多为"遮挡则不显示"和"遮挡直接显示",该类规则的缺陷是注记信息丢失或存在大量遮挡,普适性不强,尤其不适用于小规模地理场景点要素三维注记配置。本文首先归纳了三维注记绘制的内容、位置及方法,并针对小规模地理场景点要素三维注记配置问题,以"信息不丢失、注记尽可能少的遮挡"为配置目标,配置规则为"遮挡后优化并显示"。算法以透视变换矩阵、逆透视变换矩阵及GRID算法为基础,以遗传算法为核心,以三维注记质量评价函数为遗传算法适应度评价函数,实现点要素三维注记的可行最优解求解。经多视角、多平台对照试验可知,本算法适用于多视角三维注记优化配置,具备普适性;与主流GIS平台(SuperMap Desktop、ArcScene)的三维注记配置效果作对比,本算法三维注记质量值分别相对提升144%、232%,符合配置目标。     

基于神经网络模型求取注记配置最优解

提出了一种点状注记自动配置的实用方法。其核心算法采用基于Hopfield神经网络模型求取点要素注记配置的最优解,克服了传统的冲突-回溯方法的不足。实验证明,该方法具有较好的性能和效率。     

A Geocomputational Heuristic for Coverage Maximization in Service Facility Siting

Siting service facilities in order to maximize regional coverage is important when budget resources are limited. Various approaches exist for addressing this particular planning problem for discrete or continuous representations of potential facility sites and demand to be served. In cases where both candidate facility sites and service demand are continuous, approaches for maximizing regional coverage have only examined the siting of a single facility. In this article, a geocomputational approach is proposed for addressing multiple facility siting when demand is continuously distributed and facilities may be located anywhere in the region. Emergency warning siren location is used to highlight the developed approach.     

一种顾及道路影响的点要素注记配置遗传禁忌搜索算法

为使地图上点要素注记配置更美观易读,利用遗传算法的全局寻优能力和禁忌搜索算法的"爬山能力",在考虑传统点要素注记配置约束条件的同时,考虑点要素与道路间的关系,提出了一种顾及道路要素影响的遗传禁忌搜索算法,并从解算精度、运行效率及稳健性3个方面对该算法进行评价。本文以福建省泉州市惠安县1：20万比例尺的乡村点状地形图数据进行试验,试验结果表明,与遗传算法、禁忌搜索算法和ArcGIS软件相比,该算法的算法精度和稳健性均有所提高,但是计算效率略低于禁忌算法,且点要素注记与点要素、道路要素的压盖量最少,与点要素、道路要素注记的交叉量最少。     

面向影像地图色域映射算法研究

为了使影像地图跨媒介传递色彩失真最小,本文提出一种面向影像地图色域映射算法。首先,使用双边滤波对影像地图进行预处理,分解出低频和高频图像,根据人眼空间域视觉感知理论,对低频图像采用保护彩度裁切法,对高频图像采用保护明度压缩法,最后融合两幅映射后图像并再次映射至目标色域,使用图像结构相似度和S-CIELAB色差模型进行客观评价,并与HPMINΔE法、SGCK法及Bala提出算法进行比较。结果表明,面向影像地图色域映射算法在图像结构相似度和图像色差上都比其他算法稍好。因此,面向影像地图色域映射算法能提高影像地图的映射质量,可同时保护影像地图影像细节和矢量符号色彩。     

A New Algorithm for Continuous Area Cartogram Construction with Triangulation of Regions and Restriction on Bearing Changes of Edges

Collective intelligence is the idea that under the right circumstances collections of individuals are smarter than even the smartest individuals in the group, that is a group has an “intelligence” that is independent of the intelligence of its members. The ideology of collective intelligence undergirds much of the enthusiasm about the use of “volunteered” or crowd-sourced geographic information. Literature from a variety of fields makes clear that not all groups possess collective intelligence, this article identifies four pre-conditions for the emergence of collective intelligence and then examines the extent to which collectively generated mapping systems satisfy these conditions. However, the “intelligence” collectively generated maps is hard to assess because there are two difficult to reconcile perspectives on map quality – the credibility perspective and the accuracy perspective. Much of the current literature on user-generated maps focuses on assessing the quality of individual contributions. However, because user-generated maps are complex social systems and because the quality of a contribution is difficult to assess this strategy may not yield an “intelligent” end product. The existing literature on collective intelligence suggests that the structure of groups is more important than the intelligence of group members. Applying this idea to user-generated maps suggests that systems should be designed to foster conditions known to produce collective intelligence rather than privileging particular contributions/contributors. The article concludes with some design recommendations and by considering the implications of collectively generated maps for both expert knowledge and traditional state sponsored mapping programs.     

海岸地貌地理信息系统设计的初步研究

近年来,随着近海海岸带开发的不断加大,亟需精确管理与分析海岸数据,传统的海岸带开发与研究都是通过人工的野外调查与分析研究实现的,将这些海量数据建立海岸带空间数据库,介绍海岸地貌地理信息系统的组成、结构,利用地理信息系统各项应用的优势,可以全面、高效,并节省了大量人力物力,实现海岸带的数据研究、管理与分析。     

A framework for teaching the timeless way of mapmaking

There are now many opportunities to learn how to make maps through technical training with mapmaking tools, including geographic information systems and web-based mapping services. In cartographic education, two challenges with teaching through practice stem from the disruptive nature of mapmaking tools and the tradition of teaching cartographic principles by rule or convention. This article outlines a framework for a pattern language to organize and share practical information about principles for making maps. The article provides an example pattern for mapmaking and discusses how this framework addresses recurring problems with teaching through practice.     

倾斜相机式投影的几何解法及其与外心投影的比较

本文根据透视投影的基本原理,给出了关于倾斜相机式投影的几何解法,在此基础上分析了倾斜相机式投影与外心投影的异同,提出了二者比较的一致性条件,并给出了实例验证。     

泛地图学理论研究框架

信息与通信技术的快速发展带动人类进入地理空间、人文社会空间和信息空间相融合的三元空间。地图制图的目的、人员、对象和环境等均发生巨大变化,地图的类型、空间对象、表达维度、地图角色等呈现出显著泛化特征,现有地图学理论无法引领和指导当代的地图实践。地图学理论亟待"突围"。从地图学研究的角度出发,重新梳理泛地图的对象空间理论、表达维度模型,以及表达机制与方法,构建适应新环境背景,满足地图新视角、新思维、新制图需求的泛地图学理论框架,以适应地图学在新时期发展的需要。     

省级地图生产与服务数据库系统建设研究

根据省级测绘地理信息部门地图生产与应用服务需求,研究技术路线实现地图素材数据、地图制图成果数据和地图出版成果数据的管理,设计地图数据更新与制作技术路线,以及专项信息系统功能,实现基于数据库制图、更新与管理,以达到快速制图的目的,提升对外服务能力。     

我国地理国情监测基础建设和工作实践进展评述

测绘发展战略研究和测绘发展"十二五"规划均提出了地理国情监测的发展方向,本文全面总结了地理信息资源、对地观测体系、测绘人才队伍等方面地理国情监测能力的建设进展,以及开展地理国情监测的有关情况,分析了地理国情监测的地区差异,对做好地理国情监测工作提出了几点建议。     

特征嵌入式DEM的地形要素快速格网分割算法

基于地形要素(PLA)对象属性的数据组织方式,完成特征嵌入式DEM(F-DEM)构建中PLA在格网DEM中快速定位、剖分及数据组织。试验结果显示,该算法能有效地解决在构建F-DEM中DEM与PLA一体化集成的问题,同时也为GIS矢量数据的分区分割与管理提供了较好参考。     

基于二叉树思想的任意多边形三角剖分递归算法

提出了一种基于二叉树思想的任意多边形三角剖分递归算法。该算法采用二叉树思想,确定剖分三角形的二叉树状结构,并采用递归算法实现。该算法可适用于任意形状的凹或凸多边形,也适用于包含岛屿的多边形。此外,在考虑边界点高程的基础上,可充分顾及地形特征。该算法完全适用于长距离河流流域的三维面状表达。     

Hotbeds of crime and the search for spatial accuracy

One of the most important aspects of spatial crime analysis is the identification of hotspots: areas of the highest crime concentration. This paper advances a methodology for hotspot detection based on a global moving window approach combined with the use of local statistics to define the hotspot limit. This technique generates hotspots that both follow the urban morphology of the crime distribution and ensures their spatial segregation. The hypothesis that police officers can construct an accurate perception of crime distribution from exposure to daily policing practices is used to demonstrate an application in the use of hotspot analysis. Significant regions generated from recorded crime data are compared with perceived local hotspots catalogued from surveys with police officers. Results from this study show two discrete types of hotspot, here termed hotpoints and hotbeds. The morphology of these crime hotpoints and hotbeds is discussed and possible causes documented. Received: 9 October 1998/Accepted: 22 September 1999     

利用DMSP/OLS灯光影像提取城镇建成区的聚类阈值法

提出了便捷、高效地提取城镇建成区的聚类阈值法。该方法以连通区域循环标识算法所识别的建成区对象为基本空间单元,以对象的规模和地理重心处像元灰度(DN)值的大小为不同城镇化发展等级的衡量指标,进行空间聚类;然后,借助统计数据确定各聚类区域的最佳灯光阈值序列,提取城镇建成区,并对各建成区对象进行几何形态优化,利用消除运算去除细小碎片,填充运算填充内部空洞,平滑运算消除边缘锯齿。将提取结果与历年的《中国统计年鉴》数据和利用Google Earth提取的影像数据进行对比分析,结果表明,聚类阈值法能较好地提取城镇建成区的面积总量信息和空间格局特征,在数量尺度和空间格局上均有较高的有效性及可靠性。     

Assessment of a data-driven evidential belief function model and GIS for groundwater potential mapping in the Koohrang Watershed,Iran

The objective of this study is to produce groundwater potential map (GPM) and its performance assessment using a data-driven evidential belief function (EBF) model. This study was carried out in the Koohrang Watershed, Chaharmahal-e-Bakhtiari Province, Iran. It’s conducted in three main stages such as data preparation, groundwater potential mapping using EBF and validation of constructed model using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. At first, 864 groundwater data were collected from spring locations; out of that, 605 (70%) locations were selected for training/model building and the remaining 259 (30%) cases were used for the model validation. In the next step, 12 effective factors such as altitude, slope aspect, slope degree, slopelength (LS), topographic wetness index (TWI), plan curvature, land use, lithology, distance from rivers, drainage density, distance from faults and fault density were extracted from the spatial database. Subsequently, GPM was prepared using EBF model in ArcGIS environment. Finally, the ROC curve and area under the curves (AUC) were drawn for verification purposes. The validation of results showed that the AUC for EBF model is 81.72%. In general, this result can be helpful for planners and engineers in water resource management and land-use planning.     

Development of an image based integrated method for determining and mapping aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over urban areas using the darkest pixel atmospheric correction method,RT equation and GIS: A case study of the Limassol area in Cyprus

This paper presents the development of an image-based integrated method for determining and mapping aerosol optical thickness (AOT). Using the radiative transfer (RT) equation, a methodology was developed to create a Geographical Information System (GIS) model that can visually display the AOT distribution over urban areas. In this paper, the model was applied to eleven Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+) satellite images of Limassol, Cyprus during 2010 and 2011 to determine the AOT levels in Limassol Cyprus during satellite overpass. The study is innovative and unique in that the RT equation, satellite images, the darkest pixel (DP) method of atmospheric correction and GIS were integrated to derive AOT from satellite images and display the AOT distribution over an urban area without the input of any meteorological or atmospheric parameters. The accuracy of the algorithm was verified through statistical analysis by the strong agreement between the AOT values derived using the algorithm and the in situ AOT values from the ground-based sensors.     

信息化测绘技术在大遗址保护中的应用研究——以神木县石峁遗址为例

以神木县石峁遗址为例,探讨了应用无人机航空摄影测量技术、三维激光扫描技术、数字化测图技术、地理信息系统技术和三维虚拟仿真技术等多种信息化测绘技术手段,获取神木县石峁遗址本体及周边的多种测绘数据,构建展示平台,应用3D打印技术制作文物本体模型,旨在为神木县石峁遗址的保护规划提供技术支撑。