Assessing spatial associations between perceptions of landscape value and climate change risk for use in climate change planning

This study examines spatially referenced perceived landscape values and climate change risks collected through public participation geographic information systems for potential use in climate change planning. Using survey data from the Southern Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, we present a method for identifying perceived landscape values and climate change risks to describe and quantify their spatial associations. Two spatial data models??vector and raster??and two analytical methods??Jaccard coefficients and spatial cross-correlations were used to describe the spatial associations. Results indicate that perceptions of climate change risk are driven, in part, by the values people assign or hold for places on the landscape. Biodiversity and intrinsic landscape values have strong spatial association with biodiversity loss risk while recreation values have strong spatial association with riparian flooding, sea-level rise and wave action risks. Other landscape values show weak to no spatial association with perceived climate change risks. The methodology described in this research provides a mechanism for government agencies to develop place-based adaptation strategies based on these associations.     

Geographic diversification of carbon risk—A methodology for assessing carbon investments using eddy correlation measurements

In the context of the international market for greenhouse gas emissions, I examine applications of portfolio theory for investment decisions regarding biological carbon sequestration projects. Using ecosystem-scale eddy correlation carbon flux measurements, I show how to determine how much financial risk of carbon is diversifiable. This method allows a quantitative assessment of the potential for geographical diversification of carbon sink investments. In a case study of six ecosystems in the temperate Northern hemisphere, a significant benefit from diversification is demonstrated even among sites that seem to have broadly similar characteristics. This benefit derives in part from differences in ecosystem response to varying weather conditions and differences in ecosystem type, both of which affect the sites’ covariances. In providing a quantitative common language for scientific and corporate uncertainties, the concept of carbon financial risk provides an opportunity for expanding communication between these elements essential to successful climate policy.     

A bioclimatic design methodology for urban outdoor spaces

Summary The development of a bioclimatic urban design methodology is described. The cluster thermal time constant (CTTC) model for predicting street-level urban air temperature variations is coupled with the wind-profile power law and the index of thermal stress (ITS.) for human comfort. TheCTTC model and the power law produce the diurnal air temperature and wind speed variations in various canyonlike urban forms. The thermal comfort requirements for lightly-dressed, moderately-walking/seated persons in the outdoor space in summer are then obtained using the ITS. model. The proposed methodology enables a first-order assessment of the climatic implications of different features of the physical structure of the city such as street orientation, canyon height-to-width ratio, building density, and street shading. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated for Tel Aviv.With 9 Figures     

Simplified method for scenario-based risk assessment adaptation planning in the coastal zone

The development of successful coastal adaptation strategies for both the built and natural environments requires combining scenarios of climate change and socio-economic conditions, and risk assessment. Such planning needs to consider the adaptation costs and residual damages over time that may occur given a range of possible storm conditions for any given sea level rise scenario. Using the metric of the expected value of annual adaptation costs and residual damages, or another metric that can be related to the elevation of flooding, a simplified method to carry this out is presented. The approach relies upon developing damage-flooding depth probability exceedance curves for various scenarios over a given planning period and determining the areas under the curves. While the approach does have limitations, it is less complex to implement than using Monte Carlo simulation approaches and may be more intuitive to decision makers. A case study in Maine, USA is carried out to illustrate the method.     

运城市终霜冻预报方法

对运城市终霜冻资料时间序列进行了周期分析，再利用基于预测误差平方和(PRESS)准则的逐步回归周期分析方法建立运城市终霜冻预报模型，预测终霜冻出现的日期，经检验和试报表明，该模型预测效果较好，具有实用价值。     

临夏市春季霜冻短期诊断及其预报

利用 1990～ 1996年实时资料 ,从能量、平流、温度、天空状况等诸多致霜因素中全面地分析和归纳出临夏市春季霜冻预报知识 ,建立了实时预报系统 ,经 1997～ 1999年试用 ,效果良好     

关于霜形成时温、湿条件的讨论

1引言在审地面气表的过程中,发现勃利县2003年10月4日出现霜,而最低地温却>0℃,由此引起了对霜形成时温、湿条件的讨论,并对历史资料中出现霜的记录进行了统计分析,找出在最低地温≥0℃以及相对湿度不大的情况下出现霜的原因,因而得出将此日的霜做为正确记录处理的结论。     

基于Bayes判别法的霜生自动化观测模型探讨

利用安徽砀山气象站的2001—2013年冬半年(10月至次年4月)的观测资料,探讨霜生与气温、地温、水汽压和风速等气象要素的相关性,并基于Bayes判别方法,采用逐步判别分析,建立多套霜生自动判别模型。结果表明：(1)霜是否出现与日最低及夜间不同观测时次的气温、地表温度显著相关,当夜间气温或地表温度越低,低于霜点的可能性越大,结霜的可能性也越大。(2)通过回算性检验和独立样本的预报性检验,基于Bayes判别法的霜生模型,对霜未发生的平均判别准确率达到86.5%,对霜发生的平均判别准确率达到92.7%,其中用日最低地温、当日07时水汽压和当日07时风速所建立的三要素模型最优,对霜发生的判别准确率可达到90%以上。因此,可以将Bayes霜生判别模型与图像识别技术相结合应用于霜的自动化观测。     

利用数值预报产品制作广西大范围霜冻5天滚动预报

利用数值预报产品与广西大范围霜冻天气过程对照作为分析依据 ,建立广西大范围霜冻天气过程的概念模型 ,结合预报指标、相关因子普查 ,用多元回归方法建立广西 89站逐日最低温度预报方程及霜冻等级预报     

露、霜、结冰天气现象综合判别

通过自动气象站的连续观测资料,结合人工观测的天气现象,根据露、霜、结冰的成因筛选出符合条件的基本指标作为综合判据。选取气温、相对湿度、地面温度、草面温度和近地面温度作为主要因子,综合考虑降水和天气状况对这些天气现象形成的影响。采用两个气象观测站的分钟观测资料以及人工观测天气现象记录进行统计分析。经过初选因子和精选指标,利用多要素的组合方法,提炼出自然状态下出现露、霜、结冰现象的综合判别指标,获得了较好效果,拟合率在80%以上。为进一步认识这些天气现象的发生和变化规律提供参考,也能为天气现象观测自动化提供依据。     

Statistical downscaling for daily precipitation in Korea using combined PRISM,RCM, and quantile mapping: Part 1, methodology and evaluation in historical simulation

In this study, we present the Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)-based Dynamic downscaling Error correction (PRIDE) model, which is suitable for complex topographies, such as the Korean peninsula. The PRIDE model is constructed by combining the PRISM module, the Regional Climate Model (RCM) anomaly, and quantile mapping (QM) to produce high-resolution (1 km) grid data at a daily time scale. The results show that the systematic bias of the RCM was significantly reduced by simply substituting the climatological observational seasonal cycle at a daily timescale for each grid point obtained from the PRISM. QM was then applied to correct additional systematic bias by constructing the transfer functions under the cumulative density function framework between the model and observation using six types of transfer functions. K-fold cross-validation of the PRIDE model shows that the number of modeled precipitation days is approximately 90~121% of the number of observed precipitation days for the five daily precipitation classes, indicating that the PRIDE model reasonably estimates the observational frequency of daily precipitation under a quantile framework. The relative Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is also discussed in the framework of the intensity of daily precipitation.     

Constructing legitimacy for climate change planning: A study of local government in Denmark

Existing research on climate change planning has tended to adopt an overly simplistic approach to analyzing how agency and structure mediate local governments’ responses to climate change. This research contributes to scientific capacity to predict and explain patterns of climate change planning by focusing on the concept of legitimacy and examining its influence upon the dialectic between structure and agency. A conceptual framework foregrounding legitimacy is developed based upon new institutional theory. An initiative to institutionalize climate change planning in Aarhus Municipality, Denmark, is used as a case study to validate four propositions derived from existing research but filtered through the conceptual framework. Validation of the propositions evidences a hierarchy in the salience of different forms of legitimacy, with moral and ethical arguments for undertaking climate change planning having limited social traction in Denmark in the absence of significant extreme climatic events. The analysis also generates thicker, more nuanced explanations for real-world patterns of climate change planning. The findings thereby provide a corrective to a number of assertions made in the literature, notably in relation to the role of agency in the institutionalization of climate change planning.     

石河子地区霜冻变化及其对农业的影响

采用气候统计学方法,对石河子4个站无霜期、初(终)霜日气候变化进行了分析,结果表明:石河子4个站历年初霜日推后,终霜日提前,无霜期延长,有利于农业生产。无霜期的绝对变率要比初(终)霜期的绝对变率大,年际差异相对较大,初霜期提早趋势均比终霜期提早趋势更为明显。     

宁夏枸杞花期霜冻指标试验研究

2019年3—5月利用人工霜冻模拟箱进行枸杞现蕾期、初花期和盛花期霜冻指标试验,模拟-8～-1℃、持续1～6 h的32组不同低温和持续时间处理组合,根据室内霜冻模拟试验冻后观测结果,将受冻症状划分为3个级别,并统计每个级别的受冻率,制定霜冻等级判断标准,建立基于低温、持续时间、受冻级别和受冻率的霜冻指标;利用2018年3—5月13个点次的大田霜冻试验结果和25个枸杞种植区自然霜冻调查结果验证霜冻指标。结果表明:枸杞霜冻与低温及其持续时间密切相关,温度越低、持续时间越长,霜冻越重;现蕾期抗冻性最强,初花期抗冻性明显较现蕾期弱,盛花期一定程度上较初花期弱。利用霜冻指标判断的结果与实际灾害情况符合率较高,具有较强的实用性,可作为枸杞花期不同阶段的霜冻灾害预报及评估依据。     

中国茶树春霜冻害研究进展

茶树作为我国主要经济作物,在早春萌发时易遭受霜冻害。我国茶树春霜冻多发于长江中下游,霜冻灾害指标可按照获取方法、数据类别、气象数据的时间尺度进一步细分。在气候变化背景下,茶树春霜冻发生次数虽呈下降趋势,但其危害不可忽视;其中,江南茶区茶树春霜冻的发生频率由南向北逐渐增加,随海拔升高逐渐增大。茶树春霜冻影响评估目前多集中于江、浙、皖、赣等茶区,且逐步由定性向定量发展;风险评估主要基于自然灾害风险形成机制划分不同的风险等级。今后,完善茶树春霜冻气象指标、构建基于茶园小气候的茶树春霜冻灾害指标、阐明全国茶树春霜冻时空分布特征、开展精细化茶树春霜冻风险评估将备受关注。     

山东省霜冻天气分区客观预报方法

根据山东省霜冻气候概况,把全省分成６个预报区,每个区选取有代表性的测站,应用探空、地面观测资料和逐步回归方法,建立测站的日最低气温和日最低地温的短期预报方程;把ＨＬＡＦＳ数值预报资料代替高空资料代入预报方程,进行最低气温和地温的预报;根据霜冻与气温和地温的关系及分区预报霜冻的标准,判别预报区内有无霜冻。建立了山东省霜冻天气短期分区预报业务系统。     

A methodology for the evaluation of the human-bioclimatic performance of open spaces

The purpose of this paper is to present a simple methodology to improve the evaluation of the human-biometeorological benefits of open spaces. It is based on two groups of new indices using as basis the well-known PET index. This simple methodology along with the accompanying indices allows a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the climatic behavior of the selected sites. The proposed methodology was applied in a human-biometeorology research in the city of Athens, Greece. The results of this study are in line with the results of other related studies indicating the considerable influence of the sky view factor (SVF), the existence of the vegetation and the building material on human-biometeorological conditions. The proposed methodology may provide new insights in the decision-making process related to urban open spaces’ best configuration.

     

A global production network for ecosystem services: The emergent governance of landscape restoration in the Brazilian Amazon

Over the last few decades, numerous initiatives have advanced forest landscape restoration in the Amazon, and in 2015 the Brazilian government set an ambitious, still-valid, target to restore 4.8 million hectares of degraded Amazonian land by 2030. This has contributed to an emergent global restoration network that connects multiple stakeholders and processes for funding, implementing and monitoring restoration actions in such a way that prepares various ecosystem services for market integration. The network arose in tandem with the evolution of an institutional framework that includes regulatory requirements within Brazil, global commitments linked to climate change mitigation, corporate sustainability strategies, and the growth of crowd-sourcing activism. This paper presents restoration activities as embedded within a Global Production Network (GPN) for an ecosystem service, which we use as a heuristic device to inform our understanding of emergent environmental governance structures. The resulting multi-scalar, networked mode of environmental governance is presented as a web-like structure co-created by institutional evolution, actor-specific strategies, and interactions between firms and non-firm actors. The article pays particular attention to a case study of how the restoration network manifests territorially in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon. Despite the strong North-South orientation of dominant funding relationships, network governance is also seen to be relational. This is evident from the dissemination of ideas, supply models and seeding techniques from Upper Xingu to other regions of Brazil. These insights could be applied to improve landscape restoration outcomes, and indeed the provisioning of ecosystem services more broadly.     

Testing and improving the performance of the Common Land Model: A case study for the Gobi landscape

Land surface processes take place on the interface between the earth and atmosphere, exerting significant influences on the weather and climate. Correct modeling of these processes is important to numerical weather forecast and climate prediction. In order to obtain a more thorough understanding of the land surface processes over the Gobi landscape, we evaluated the performance of the Common Land Model (CoLM) at Dunhuang station in Gansu Province of China to determine whether the model formulation, driven by observational data, is capable of simulating surface fluxes over the underlying desert surface. In comparison with the enhanced observation data collected at Dunhuang station over the period 22–28 August 2008, the results showed that the surface albedo simulated by CoLM was larger than that in the observation, and the simulated surface temperature was lower than the observed. After the measured values were used to correct the surface albedo, the solar radiation absorbed by the ground surface was more consistent with the measurements. A new empirical relationship of the surface thermal exchange coefficient r_ah was used to modify the thermal aerodynamic impedance. The simulated soil surface temperature became significantly closer to the observed value, and the simulated surface sensible heat as well as net radiative fluxes were also improved.     

陕北仁用杏花期霜冻风险分析及区划

以县为单元，对陕北各县仁用杏花期不同等级霜冻发生频率及由此造成 损失进行分析。以霜冻灾损率为区划指标，对陕北地区进行仁用杏花期霜冻灾害风险区划。这对陕北各县种植仁用杏时综合考虑其风险程度，具有重要参考价值。