昆明海口早寒武世脊索动物新发现

昆明海口早寒武世筇竹寺期地层中发现两块脊索动物的化石标本：Cathaymyrus haikouensis Luo et Hu sp.nov.(海口华夏鱼）和Zhongxiniscus intermedius Luo et Hu gen.et sp.nov.(中间型中新鱼）。两者均具有明显的S形肌节，且肌隔较密。前者体细长与Cathaymyrus diadexus Shu et al.相似；后者具明显的背鳍，接近Myllokunmingia(昆明鱼）和Haikouichthys(海口鱼），但肌节构造又明显不同。中新鱼可能是华夏鱼与昆明鱼和海口鱼之间的过渡类型。     

寒武纪大爆发与动物树的成型

由“真动物”构成的动物界（不包括海绵）通常被划分为双胚层动物、原口动物和后口动物3个亚界。寒武纪大爆发经历了爆发的前奏—序幕—主幕3个阶段,其中后两个阶段处于早寒武世初期（依次以小壳化石的首次辐射和澄江动物群爆发为代表）,另一个则发生在“寒武前夜”（即前寒武纪末期）,以伊迪卡拉生物群为代表。这次独特的三幕式大爆发分步完成了动物形态演化谱系树（简写为TOA）的成型。已有化石证据显示,动物树的3大主体或3个亚界的起源及其早期辐射分别发生于寒武纪大爆发这3个主要阶段。澄江化石库中发现的早期后口动物亚界涵盖了该亚界中所有6大分支（棘皮类、半索类、头索类、尾索类、脊椎类和绝灭了的古虫类）的原始类群,澄江动物群时代标志着寒武纪大爆发的顶峰,完成了动物树框架的成型,从而宣告了寒武纪大爆发的基本终结。其学术重要性超越了中寒武世的布尔吉斯页岩,因为前者位于动物树形成的“源头”,而后者仅代表此后的“一段流程”。在动物演化历史上4个最具转折意义的重大创新事件（即多细胞动物起源、两侧对称动物起源、后口动物起源和脊椎动物起源）中,第一个发生在伊迪卡拉纪甚至更早的时期,其余3个则可通过梅树村化石群和澄江化石群观察到其完成的主体过程。已灭绝的古虫动物门,是初具鳃裂构造的原始分节动物,作为由原口动物向后口动物过渡的一个珍稀“缺环”,很可能代表着后口动物亚界的一个根。古囊类兼有两侧对称的古虫类和一些原始棘皮动物的镶嵌体征,最可能代表棘皮动物的一个根。在早寒武世动物演化谱系中,后口动物的＂顶端类群＂的代表是被誉为“第一鱼”的昆明鱼目,目前已知包括昆明鱼、海口鱼和钟健鱼,它们具对眼、脊索与串珠状脊椎软骨共存的原始脊椎,?     

九岭地体东缘一次重大地质事件的发现及意义

长期以来 ,华南前震旦系基础地质研究普遍认为 ,九岭地体与相距不远的怀玉地体为相互独立的块体 ,它们在构造发展阶段上、岩性组合上各具特色 .九岭地体具大陆地壳的亲缘性 ,发育巨厚的原始沉积构造保存完好的砂、板岩 ,为被动大陆边缘的沉积组合 ,而相距不远的怀玉地体 ,则具大洋地壳的亲缘性 ,为火山岩及火山碎屑岩系组合 ,沿断裂带 ,蛇绿岩断续分布 ,并已遭受强烈的变质和变形 ,构造侵位特征十分明显 ,原始层序残缺不全 ,为活动大陆边缘沉积组合 ,也是华南前震旦系历来十分关注的热点地区[1 ] .地质事件发现在九岭地体东缘的游城乡东南部…     

新疆巴楚地区中—晚奥陶世古脊椎动物系统生物学研究

新疆巴楚地区中—晚奥陶世古鱼类化石是我国目前最早的具外骨骼的古脊椎动物,也是世界最早的具外骨骼的古脊椎动物群之一。同时,该动物群是世界最早的、保存良好、数量较为丰富的具外骨骼的古脊椎动物群。本文仅对该古鱼类动物群中的巴楚鱼目、巴楚鱼科的美丽巴楚鱼(Bachuiaspis elegans WangGuo)及目、科未定的郝氏圆头鱼(Cyclocephalaspis haoae WangGuo)代表分子进行了系统的生物学描述和研究。指出该类鱼化石未见鼻垂体孔或鼻垂体孔极不发育,区别于早期和后期的鱼类化石,但头甲的腹部具有鳃区鳃囊各自独立开向外界的外鳃孔,明显地具有承上启下的过渡性和鱼类演化之中间环节或链条,反映了该动物群的原始特征和生物学系统发育上的不可替代性。     

新疆伊犁盆地达拉地铀矿床多层性成矿机理

新疆伊犁盆地达拉地铀矿床产于构造活动强烈区具承压自流水特征的小型达拉地盆式向斜,属伊犁盆地南缘东部构造活动区南部向斜带的一部分．主含矿地层水西沟群(J1-2sh)以独特的“煤-砂-泥”结构为主,层间砂体较发育。具多层性成矿特点．工业铀矿化主要是煤岩型,其次是砂岩型．通过与其它矿床对比分析,认为构造活动区小构造中难以形成和保存大矿,而构造稳定的大范围单斜区具“泥-砂-泥”结构地层,易于形成和保存大型后生淋滤型砂岩铀矿．     

酒西盆地南缘旱峡早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

酒西盆地旱峡和红柳峡等地有基性火山岩产出,它们曾一度被认为是新生代构造运动的产物。旱峡火山岩作为夹层产于早白垩世新民堡群下沟组地层中,火山岩气孔、杏仁构造发育。局部发育枕状构造,具明显的水下喷发特征。旱峡火山岩SiO2相对较低,K2O+Na2O不高,但钾相对较高。稀土总量为(211．875～237．454)×10^-6,轻稀土富集,(La/Yb)N为12．47—13．79;稀土配分曲线右倾、平滑,Ce为弱的负有异常,无Eu异常。在原始地幔标准化的微量元素蛛网图上,各元素均表现为相对富集,大离子亲石元素富集程度最高．有Nb,Ta槽,但相对于原始地幔不亏损;曲线表现为整体上隆的特征,表明其源区为富集地幔。旱峡火山岩与红柳峡粗玄质熔岩的稀土和微量元素的配分模式几乎完全相同,表明它们同源同期：运用多个玄武岩大地构造环境判别图解,最终确定洒西盆地早白垩世火山岩形成于大陆拉张环境。这与酒西盆地及其周围地区(酒泉盆地群)下白垩统构造特征和盆地群热演化特征一致。对酒西盆地火山岩形成构造背景的研究,对于深化酒西盆地构造演化特征有较为重要的意义。     

床板珊瑚形珊瑚亚纲(Subclass Tabulatomorpha)的新分类

床板珊瑚形珊瑚是床板珊瑚类(Tabulsta)、日射珊瑚类(Heliolitoidea)和刺毛珊瑚类(Chae-tetida)三大类的总称.近一百多年来,对床板珊瑚形珊瑚的分类分歧很大,特别是日射珊瑚类和刺毛珊瑚类.床板珊瑚类的主要特征是具连接构造、隔壁刺和很发育的床板,特别是以连接构造的存在与否作为鉴别是否为真正床板珊瑚类的标志.1970年以前,由于未发现日射珊瑚类和刺毛珊瑚类的连接构造,而且它们又各具独特的共骨组织(日射珊瑚类)和分裂的繁殖方式(刺毛珊瑚类)等.因而,许多学者将日射珊瑚类单独分出,并成立一个     

川西坳陷东坡沙溪庙组气藏成藏演化模式

川西坳陷东坡气藏主力产层为沙溪庙组,其圈闭类型以构造-岩性圈闭为主,多为致密砂岩储层,但断层发育,有效改善了储层物性,断砂匹配样式与构造演化对油气成藏过程有重要影响。基于前人已有的认识,通过沙溪庙组气藏成藏动力演化、气水分布特征及生烃期次分析,结合构造演化、成藏幕次等研究,认为沙溪庙组天然气成藏受构造古隆起、断砂配置、储层物性、构造演化影响,形成了“构造控向、断砂控运、储层控藏、演化控调”的成藏演化模式,同中存异,高庙子地区古构造的控制作用更为明显,而中江地区岩性控制作用占主导。沙溪庙组气藏间歇性充注具“燕山期三幕成藏,喜山期调整改造”的成藏特征,多期构造演化和较强的储层非均质性影响了含气饱和度,导致沙溪庙组气藏分布、气藏产能差异大。     

海底硫化物黑烟囱典型结构构造及其成因意义

在已发现的现代海底黑烟囱中基本都发育分带性构造、通道构造、胶状构造、多孔和填充构造、交代构造、枝状构造等,这些构造为硫化物烟囱的典型构造,它们记录了硫化物烟囱的形成过程和每个阶段的特征,是鉴别硫化物烟囱构造的重要特征。不同类型烟囱的形成除了与其围岩相关外,也与烟囱演化的成熟度相关。弥散式喷射作用(diffuser)是与烟囱构造相似的常在丘体中发育的另一重要构造,与烟囱构造不同的是弥散式喷射缺乏象烟囱那样的轴向中央通道,热液与海水的混合有严格的范围。烟囱与弥散式喷射作用是丘体上部形成的主要机制。在现代陆上保存的地史时期的块状硫化物矿床中,陆续找到了遗留下来的烟囱构造或烟囱残片(如乌拉尔、皮尔巴拉、爱尔兰、高板河等),为块状硫化物矿床的黑烟囱形成机制提供了直接的证据。     

长乐-南澳构造带燕山期(J-K)TTG岩石组合及其地质意义

长乐-南澳构造带火成岩类多年来备受国内外地学界关注和瞩目,但对其构造环境的认识却存在较大分歧.本文通过分析构造带燕山期(J-K)火成岩类的时空分布、岩石学特征及其TTG岩石组合等,讨论厘定构造带的构造性质与岩浆源区.据构造带花岗岩类岩石结构构造特征、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb与LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年,测年结果集中分布于200~191Ma、155~97Ma与84~69Ma三个区间,暗示构造带燕山期(J-K)岩浆活动可以划分为三个阶段:(1)早侏罗世(J₁),以片麻岩类与糜棱岩类为主;(2)晚侏罗世-早白垩世(J₃-K₁),片麻状花岗岩类占优势;(3)晚白垩世(K₂),出现大量的晶洞花岗岩类与脉岩类.采用O'Connor An-Ab-Or标准矿物分类方案识别TTG岩石组合获知,早侏罗世(J₁)与晚侏罗世-早白垩世(J₃-K₁)时,构造带存在TTG岩石组合;晚白垩世(K₂)时,构造带TTG岩石组合消失,发育典型的双峰式火成岩.TTG岩石组合以钙性(C)和中钾钙碱性(MKCA)为主,显示奥长花岗岩演化趋势(Tdj),具大陆边缘弧花岗岩(CAG)的特征,由此可推断长乐-南澳构造带燕山期(J-K)构造性质为主动大陆边缘弧.构造带发育两类成因机制的TTG岩石组合,分别来自不同的岩浆源区:具镁安山质(MA)性质的TTG岩浆来源于玄武质洋壳的脱水融熔,具正常安山质(A)性质的TTG岩浆来源于陆壳底部玄武质岩石的局部熔融.     

New Early Cambrian Chordates from Haikou, Kunming

Two new chordates, Cathaymyrus haikouensis Luo et Hu sp. nov. and Zhongxiniscus intermedius Luo et Hu gen. et sp. nov. are studied in this paper. Both display numerous S-shaped myomeres on their trunk. C. haikouensis shows a long and slim body similar to that of Cathaymyrus diadexus Shu et al., Zhongxiniscus approaches to Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys in the dorsal fin, but differs in the myomeres. Zhongxiniscus may be the intermediate form between Cathaymyrus and Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys.     

太行山长城系赵家庄组遗迹化石

本文首次报道太行山南段长城系赵家组中发现的大量后生动物遗迹化石,其主要为潜穴和爬行迹,顺层或近于垂直层面分布,类型丰富,保存良好,距今大约2000Ma,对研究后生动物的起源与进化有着重要的意义。     

Exceptional fidelity of preservation in a reworked fossil,Chalk drift,South London,England

Reworking of fossils commonly leads to loss of morphological detail and inferior preservation; the main contributions of such specimens to geology are in sedimentology, regional geology and neoichnology. A reworked specimen of the Late Cretaceous (chalk) sponge boring Entobia cretacea Portlock is unusually well preserved. This specimen is from superficial deposits and is well enough preserved that delicate apertural and intercameral canals are apparent. Two factors are recognized as important in maintaining the fine features of this trace fossil: preservation in flint and, presumably, minimal fluvial transport. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachyhystrichosphaera</Emphasis>: An age-marker acanthomorph from the Bhander group,upper Vindhyan,Rajasthan

A highly diversified, advanced and exceptionally well preserved microfossil assemblage, dominated by a planktic community, has been recorded from petrographic thin sections of chert belonging to the Sirbu Shale Formation, Bhander group, upper Vindhyans, Rajasthan. Recently, it was noticed that the assemblage also contains well preserved, large-sized acanthomorphic acritarchs, Trachyhystrichosphaera considered to be an age-marker microfossil of the Cryogenian (850-630 Ma). It is reported for the first time from any Indian microfossil assemblage of Proterozoic succession. The other microfossils of the Sirbu Shale Formation are: well preserved simple, small and large-sized sphaeromorphs; complex acanthomorphs, cyanobacterial community; especially a very small-sized but exceptionally well preserved Obruchevella, a form resembling Volvox colonies; cf. vase-shaped microfossils and morphologies, possibly inclining towards fungal affinity, or lichenlike symbiotic associations of algae and fungi. Till date, Trachyhystrichosphaera has so far not been reported from successions older than the Tonian (1000850 Ma). It is believed that acanthomorphs attained maximum size in Ediacaran (630-542 Ma), and further decreased in size in the Cambrian. The global paleontological literature indicates that Trachyhystrichosphaera ranges in age from Tonian-Ediacaran (1000-542 Ma). The present record of Trachyhystrichosphaera as well as the earlier studies of micro and megascopic life of the Bhander Group in general and the Sirbu Shale in particular (aided by the absence of any Cambrian fossil record) indicate that in all possibilities, age of the Sirbu Shale should lie near Cryogenian (850-630 Ma) and the uppermost Bhander group, may incline towards the Ediacaran (630-542 Ma).     

青岛近海古河道断面特征与古地理变迁关系研究

通过对青岛近海1 561 km的高分辨率浅地层测量剖面解译,在多条剖面中发现研究区存在多期发育的古河道,虽然保存较完整的地层不多,但大部分河流亚相地层被保存。测年资料表明,这些河流多形成在37 000～11 000 a之间,河流床底最大埋深（海底起算）约－32 m,一般在－20～－28 m,最大单个河面宽约1 500 m。根据现在所见河道的轮廓形态,可分为六种类型:即发育有滩心洲的河道、平底河道、不对称河道、连续多期发育的河道、窄陡型河道和对称型河道。并对河流的形成机理和古地理特征作了初步分析。     

柴达木盆地淡水晚侏罗世介形虫动物群

<正> 本文所研究的材料系由中国地质科学院地质研究所西北中生代地层组和青海石油管理局古生物组王思恩、狄恒恕、朱忠浩和笔者等于1974年采自柴达木盆地西部阿尔金山南麓红水沟地区红水沟组。共分析了34块样品,内含极其丰富的介形虫化石。 文内共描述了9种,分属于3科4属(7个新种)。目前我国真正属于晚侏罗世的淡水介形虫动物群发现不多,正式报导尚属首次。故对于研究我国陆相侏罗—白垩系介形虫动物群的垂直变化具有一定价值。 作者对于在研究过程中南燕同志给予的充分协助和黄成彦、赵黎宇等同志在化石电子扫描及照像等方面的大     

Diagenesis of aragonite from Upper Cretaceous ammonites: a geochemical case-study

Shell aragonite from ammonites collected in the Upper Cretaceous of West Greenland was investigated by means of macroscopic/microscopic visual evaluation, analyses of calcite/aragonite ratios, carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and Sr and Mg concentrations of shell carbonate and of amino acid compositions of organic matrices. The results are: (1) Material visually classified as well preserved may have suffered diagenetic modifications of mineralogical and chemical composition. (2) Of the chemical and mineralogical parameters studied, amino acid composition, calcite/aragonite ratios and magnesium concentrations were found to be most sensitive to post-depositional modifications, while oxygen isotope composition and strontium concentrations showed detectable diagenetic modifications only after more pronounced alterations. (3) Based on the Mg/Ca ratios and calcite concentrations of the shell aragonite, a diagenetic classification has been proposed grouping the material into well preserved, moderately preserved and poorly preserved. (4) The chemical and mineralogical composition of the best preserved material suggests that the Upper Cretaceous ammonites had a shell composition similar to that of modern Nautilus and other aragonite-shelled molluscs.     

贵州晚二叠世—早三叠世介形虫动物群的演变

贵州有许多二叠系至三叠系的连续剖面，沉积类型多样，生物化石丰富，其中介形虫化石不但类型多，数量也很丰富，保存完好，发展阶段明显。即长兴阶介形虫类型多，数量也多，壳饰复杂，以具瘤刺的为多，早三叠世早期介形虫贫乏，数量及类型都不多，壳饰以光滑或具微细纹饰的为主。根据这些介形虫类型和数量的变化，以及壳饰特征的研究，表明二叠系与三叠系界线附近的介形虫动物群也同其它生物一样发生了重要变化。为二叠－三叠系界线     

Variations in nitrogen isotopic values among various particle-sized fractions in modern soil in northwestern China

Ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes in organic matter derived from plants and preserved in soil are potential tracers for nitrogen cycles in natural ecosystems and valuable for evaluation of climate change. However, the rela-tionship between nitrogen isotopic compositions in surface soil and in plant litter during the decomposition process from plant litter to soil organic matter is not well understood. By using nitrogen isotopic analysis of soil parti-cle-sized fractions, nitrogen isotope discrimination between plant litter and surface soil organic matter in various modern ecosystems in northwestern China was conducted. The results of our study indicate that: (1) in general, the nitrogen isotopic compositions of particle-sized fractions from surface soil are different, and δ15N values increase from plant litter to fine soil organic matter; (2) the δ15N values in the soil particle-sized fractions become larger with increasing relative humidity and temperature, and the largest variation in the δ15N values is from -5.9‰ to -0.3‰; and (3) under a controlled climate, significant nitrogen isotope differences in δ15N values (Δδ15Nplant-soil) between plant litter and bulk soil organic matter were observed, with the values of 1.52 to 4.75 at various sites. Our results suggested that comparisons of Δδ15N values between bulk soil and the particle-sized fractions of soil could reveal the effect of humidity on transferring process of nitrogen from plant to soil in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.     

Current crescents from the Herreria Formation (Lower Cambrian) of northern Spain

Current crescents are well preserved on the upper surfaces of quartzite beds in the Lower Cambrian Herreria Formation of the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. Within a sequence of nearshore deposits, the current crescents are interpreted as having formed by flow separation of wave backwash around obstacles on a beach. The obstacles are not preserved and are inferred to have been perishable organic material, such as stranded algae or jellyfish, which subsequently decayed.