快速城市化地区遗产廊道适宜性分析方法探讨——以台州市为例

遗产廊道是绿道基础上形成的概念,融休闲游憩、文化与生态保护于一体。本文运用最小累积阻力模型,结合GIS技术尝试探讨遗产廊道适宜性分析的新途径。主要的思路是:把遗产和生态休闲活动作为一种空间水平过程,基于土地利用属性和遗产廊道元素的不同阻力分布,模拟其空间扩张状况,在此基础上进一步分析确定适宜建立廊道的区域。依据公众偏好调查,和在此基础上的专业人员评价,来确定土地利用属性和遗产廊道元素的阻力系数。在有关探讨的基础上,针对一个快速城市化进程中的典型地区———浙江台州市案例,进行了较详细的呈示和讨论。     

新疆非物质文化遗产分布特征及旅游活化机制研究

以新疆非物质文化遗产资源为研究对象,基于实地调研与文献史料,系统分析了新疆非遗旅游活化发展现状、模式及存在的问题,并运用GIS空间分析技术探索新疆非遗的空间分布特征,借助SPSS软件探析了非遗与旅游发展之间的相关关系,进而归纳了非遗旅游活化发展的机制与模式。结果表明：（1） 新疆非遗资源类型结构、数量分布具有较为显著的差异化特征。新疆非遗旅游活化发展态势良好,且活化模式逐渐多元化。（2） 国家级非遗与自治区级非遗在省域空间层面以极核区、高度密集区、次级密集区和面状区域为主要分布特征,呈现出不均衡的集聚特征格局。（3） 不同地区的非遗资源丰裕度对旅游业发展有显著的正向影响,非遗资源密集地区的旅游业发展水平相对较好,而非遗资源稀缺地区的旅游发展相对缓慢。依据上述分析结果,提出新疆非遗旅游活化发展机制,以旅游为载体对文化遗产进行活化,推动非遗与旅游的良性互动发展。     

自然与文化遗产保护中几个问题的探讨

自然与文化遗产是祖先留给我们的宝贵资源,也是全人类的共同财富。随着人们对遗产价值的认识和理解的不断深入,特别是由于环境变化和不可持续的经济增长方式的影响造成了自然和文化遗产破坏的日益加剧,遗产保护问题已经成为国际社会和学术界关注的热点之一。本文系统阐述了当前自然与文化遗产保护与管理中应当重点关注的几个问题,包括:在重视申报的同时注重遗产的发掘、整理和保护;正确处理遗产保护与发展的关系;强调遗产地保护中的自然与文化的综合研究;重视周边社区对遗产保护的重要作用;在更广泛的意义上关注遗产类型;加强遗产保护与管理的科学研究等。     

遗产化进程中遗产认同的内涵及形成路径——以世界遗产永顺老司城为例

为了解析群体间认同差异以及掌握群体认同的转变特性,首先从遗产认同的概念出发,从主客体的视角提出其操作化的定义,并构建了遗产认同的形成路径。随后在此理论框架下,以世界文化遗产永顺老司城为案例地进行理论演绎研究,运用文献资料法、半结构访谈法收集资料,运用话语分析法清洗资料。研究发现:1)老司城遗产认同的客体是遗产化进程中遗产本身被生产、被界定、被再利用以及被破坏等的产物。即中央治理少数民族地区的政治场所,是被认定的各级遗产,是解决居民生计和提高生活幸福感的工具,亦是重要的文化旅游资源。2)老司城遗产认同的主体是遗产化进程中遗产附着群体对遗产的认知、情感、评价和行为等方面。即政府和管理机构工作人员眼中具有独特价值的文化遗产,是带动当地发展的旅游资源;专家学者用以研究土司文化的重要考古点;居民眼中增强族群凝聚力且带来生活改善的历史遗留;游客用以收获新知和感受民族情怀的民族文化遗产。不同群体的遗产认同表现出了非均质性。3)老司城遗产认同客体和主体都具有转变性,这是由在遗产化过程中遗产本身的功能以及遗产附着群体对遗产的不同利用所决定的。因此,根据遗产化进程制定相应的遗产发展战略,引导不同群体形成积极认同,正确展示遗产价值,对遗产保护利用、遗产地治理工作有重要意义。     

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE AND PLACE IDENTITY IN SPAIN: FROM MONUMENTS TO LANDSCAPES*

In Spain, the birth of interest in the nation's industrial heritage dates from the 1980s and occurred alongside the process of deindustrialization. Policies concerning derelict industrial sites have shifted gradually from destruction to preservation, rehabilitation, and enhancement, and industrial heritage enhancement projects are now widespread in the country. However, a clear mismatching has arisen between institutional and academic initiatives and local communities, which exhibit widespread disinterest in or even rejection of industrial remains. This problematic situation can be related to the utilization of industrial heritage as an economic resource without paying much attention to its connections with memory and identity. Also, the mismatching is due to a positivist approach to industrial heritage whereby the monument and the museum are prioritized. We argue that projects which consider industrial remains as part of cultural landscapes might shorten the gap between the institutional and economic side of industrial heritage and its identity‐building and popular facets.     

中国文化遗产民族结构演进及其影响因素

以中国文化遗产为研究对象,获取1989—2019年全国文物保护单位、国家级非物质文化遗产、国家级博物馆的基础数据,从整体上探究国家级文化遗产所表现的多元一体格局及其演进,研究表明：① 中国民族文化交融化趋势明显,民族交融文化遗产份额持续上升;② 中国民族文化平等化趋势明显,国家级文化遗产已涵盖全部民族,少数民族文化遗产份额波动上升;③ 中国民族文化原真化趋势明显,各民族文化遗产的分布特征表明在各民族聚居区文化遗产原真性和完整性保护得到充分体现;④ 中国文化遗产所呈现的多元一体民族结构,受到人口、经济、政策因素的影响,其中,人口表现出十分稳定的基础性作用,经济表现出持续弱化的支持性作用,政策表现出较为明显的动力性作用。     

滇藏茶马古道线形遗产区域保护研究

遗产区域思想是世界遗产领域内专门针对跨区域、综合性遗产保护提出的新理念和新方法,其关注遗产要素到环境的整体保护。该理论为滇藏茶马古道这条在我国西南地区具有重要文化意义的带状遗产区的保护提供了借鉴,是根本改变当前滇藏茶马古道遗产备受破坏现实的迫切需求。茶马古道遗产区域保护关键在于确定遗产区域保护边界、贯彻整体保护理念和构建协作保护机制,基于此,提出古道遗产区域保护策略,具体包括编制整体保护规划、细分保护层次、落实三大必备系统、组建"省部际会商小组"协作保护机构和申报世界文化遗产等,以期创新茶马古道遗产保护理念,改善古道保护现状,完善我国线状文化遗产保护体系。     

世界文化遗产时空分布及其与人类城市文明的关系

将位于城市中的联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产名单在Google地图上完整体现,全样本统计、分析城市中的世界文化遗产的时空分布特征,试图揭示世界文化遗产与人类文明（尤其是城市文明）发展历程之间的相互关系。实证结果显示：1）被认定的世界文化遗产总数832项,其中417项与人类城市文明发展相关联,多数为城市的历史城区建筑景观;2）从空间上看,反映欧美地区城市文明的世界文化遗产最多,非洲地区最少,这与经济发展水平和城市文明发达程度相关;3）结合时间维度,古代（3500 B.C.―A.D.500）城市中的世界文化遗产主要分布在耕种农业发达的沿河地区以及宗教类遗址所在地;中世纪（A.D.500―A.D.1500）遗产数量的变化见证了中世纪城市文明由初期的式微走向后期复兴活跃的过程,亚洲等区域宫殿类、古典园林类、坛庙等多种类型遗产的出现说明了文明在欧洲之外地区的生长;16世纪至今遗产的数量最多,遗产类型更为丰富,出现殖民城市遗产、军事要塞类遗产、工业遗产以及线性文化遗产,展示了殖民扩张、工业发展过程,以及以线性的方式体现城市历史的动态发展和功能演变;4）从世界文化遗产与城市文明的关系来看,城市中的世界文化遗产反映了人类解决城市问题的智慧,展现了特殊城市深厚的人文艺术底蕴,同时宏观上世界文化遗产基本覆盖了全球人类城市文明的历史进程以及不同区域的人类文明,体现了不同地域的典型特色、文化多样性与发展的延续性。总的来说,在全球化以及我国“一带一路”发展战略的背景下,城市中的世界文化遗产是城市文明的重要载体,未来研究亟需利用更广阔、更多元的视角探讨跨地域、跨国界下的文化遗产保护和发展。     

京杭大运河的完全价值观

从理论和现实背景出发, 提出对京杭大运河价值的初步认识: 京杭大运河具有四大基本价值: (1) 作为文化 遗产的价值, 起到彰显民族身份和促进文化认同的作用; (2) 作为区域城乡生产与生活的重要保障, 具有输水、航运 和灌溉等现实功能的价值; (3) 作为区域生态基础设施的价值, 是保障国土生态安全的关键性格局; (4) 运河还具有 作为潜在的休闲通道的价值, 是国民身心再生和教育的战略性资源。强调只有用完全的价值观充分认识运河廊道, 并处理好现实的功能需要与这些价值间的相互关系, 才能保护和利用好运河遗产及其相关资源, 使之在当代发挥 应有的作用。在此基础上提出以建设遗产廊道的方式、结合南水北调和东部生态安全格局及中国南北生态休闲廊 道的建设, 将保护与利用京杭大运河作为国家战略。当务之急是: (1) 应用“反规划”理念进行运河的整体保护规划; (2) 展开资源摸底, 全面掌握大运河遗产廊道资源情况; (3) 制定整体性的管理和发展战略; (4) 以申报世界遗产南 水北调工程为契机, 建立大运河区域间协作机制。任何单一的价值观(如从单一的输水功能考虑) 和单一的工程措 施, 都将给中国大地上这一独特的文化景观和与之相联系的历史文化、生态及社会经济系统带来不可挽回的遗憾。     

地理学视角下非物质文化遗产的跨地方实践

非物质文化遗产不仅是来源于过去的特定区域的传统实践,更是生成于全球化体系中面向未来的现代文化政治和文化经济过程。因此,本文尝试以跨地方性理论为切入点,架构非遗的形成、运作和认同的社会—空间过程,在此基础上使用跨地方聚合的思想重新概念化非遗实践,将其解读为多元主体权力关系中介下,由跨地方异质性要素聚合而成的不稳定的开放系统,以区别于固有对非遗实践“稳定”“以人为中心”和“边界化”的认知。通过分析云南鹤庆银器锻制技艺和摩梭纺织技艺两个案例来呈现非遗实践作为跨地方聚合的过程及特性,以及非遗传承和保护由此所面对的机遇和挑战,呼吁在重视非遗服务于乡村振兴等发展战略的潜力时,要进一步认识非遗实践的跨地方性对本土社区的影响,反思遗产原真性和文化价值与当前非遗实践的关系,强调在非遗全球化生产和消费中保持其与本土认同和本土生计之间的关联。     

Integrating GIS and data warehousing in a Web environment: A case study of the US 1880 Census

While the business intelligence sector, involving data warehouses and online analytical processing (OLAP) technologies, is experiencing strong growth in the IT marketplace, relatively little attention has been devoted to the problem of utilizing such tools in conjunction with GIS. This study contributes to the development of this research area by examining the issues involved in the design and implementation of an integrated data warehouse and GIS system that delivers analytical OLAP and mapping results in real‐time across the Web. The case study chosen utilizes individual records from the US 1880 population census, which have recently been made available by the North Atlantic Population Project. Although historical datasets of this kind present a number of challenges for data warehousing, the results indicate that the integrated approach adopted offers a much more flexible and powerful analytical methodology for this kind of large social science dataset than has hitherto been available.     

The Origin and Vision of National Cultural Park Management Policy in China

Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study, and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management. The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign. From the perspective of system evolution theory, this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system, in an effort to explore the origin, innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System. A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from “authenticity” to “integrity”, and the focus of the protection object has also changed from “monism” to “diversity”, which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park. The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China. Therefore, this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System. There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit, namely, the creation of the system (1956-1965), the survival crisis of the system (1966-1977), and the rebirth and development of the system (1978 to the present), in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism, tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism, respectively. Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system, tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture. However, the changes in the institutional environment gradually exposed its limitations regarding cultural relic management and value expression. The National Cultural Park System is the fruit created by the internal contradictions of the cultural heritage system itself and the evolution of heritage theory. Its biggest innovation lies in the two core connotations of “integrated protection” and “integrated development”. In the future, as the National Cultural Park management system matures, a Chinese cultural heritage management system will take shape in which the National Cultural Parks become dominant and various cultural resources are utilized. Finally, the National Cultural Park will become a symbol of Chinese culture and will be internalized into the common belief system of the Chinese nation.     

黄河流域文物保护单位空间分布特征及其影响因素

文物保护单位是历史时期区域科技、文化、生产、生活等信息的反映载体。运用核密度估算、最近邻指数、标准差椭圆等方法对黄河流域2 078处国家重点文保单位的空间密度、集散与方向特征给予分析,并运用地理探测器模型探索得出其空间分布的影响因素与交互作用。结果表明：（1）空间密度上,文保单位在黄河流域整体上呈现东密西疏、连片分布的空间特征,核心区数量由史前时期到近代以来呈现波动变化的发展趋势。（2）集散类型上,文保单位的最近临指数为0.38,属于集聚型分布类型。（3）方向特征上,文保单位在黄河流域多呈现东北—西南方向分布,但魏晋南北朝时期旋转角为89.85°,东西横向特征最明显。标准差椭圆重心整体上位于山西省运城市稷山县境内,但从史前时期到近代以来重心轨迹呈现西南—东北往复移动以及山西—陕西交替变化的特征。（4）文化事业经费、河网密度、年末人口数、非遗项目数量和A级景区数量均是黄河流域文保单位空间分布的主导因素,此外,影响因素两两交互作用后多表现出非线性增强或双因子增强型关系,与独立作用时相比更具有空间分布的解释力。     

开封历史遗存再文化现象研究

文章结合开封历史遗存再文化现状及存在问题,分析了历史遗存再文化现象在文化名城建设中的作用和地位,指出挖掘和提炼历史遗存文化内涵核心,准确感知和把握其外显系统及特征是遗存再文化的关键,提出了开封历史遗存再文化尤其文化旅游资源产品化应注意的问题与实施战略。     

Remapping heritage and the garden suburb: Haberfield's civic ecologies

ABSTRACT

Gardens in Australia are considered an important site of heritage maintenance and negotiation for their capacity to materialise transformations in everyday life, design, lifestyles, demographics, environment, as well as social and cultural practices. In the case of conservation areas, gardens tend to be valued in terms of their closeness and potential to preserve specific historical elements. Plants in these gardens are cultivated to evoke period designs, such as Federation (c.1890–1915) and cottage gardens. In this article we turn to gardens and gardening to make sense of entanglements between cultural, historical and environmental elements, and we ask: what role do plants play in shaping our understanding of suburban heritage? To answer this question, we draw on oral histories, archival research and ethnography in Haberfield, the first model garden suburb in Australia. We show how plants channel and mediate multiple concerns that contest and extend ideas of heritage circulating in public discourse. Foregrounding the centrality of plants, this article contributes a dynamic definition of heritage that includes the entanglement of environmental stewardship and individual and collective heritage.     

世界遗产视野中的京杭运河北端通惠河

通惠河是元明清时期京杭运河北端的漕运河道,但列入UNESCO世界遗产预备名录的京杭运河项目中并未包括通惠河.为了在正式申报时弥补这一缺憾,笔者于2007年底对通惠河的历史地理与遗产资源做了文献梳理、社会调研与实地勘察,结果显示:通惠河的运河遗产资源价值较高,但运河遗产资源的环境现状不容乐观,原住居民对运河遗产资源的认知程度不高,运河遗产资源的保护管理力度不够.有鉴于此,建议从三个方面加强通惠河遗产资源的保护与管理:重点保护符合申遗标准的遗产资源;综合整治遗产资源本体及其环境;传承发扬运河历史文脉与非物质遗产.     

近30年来中国遗产研究的地理学科贡献

为厘清地理学在遗产研究领域的具体贡献,基于CNKI、CSSCI、WOS等数据库,运用知识图谱工具,对1990—2020年1 172篇地理学科相关文献进行梳理。发现：1）地理学关于中国遗产的研究阶段性特征明显。自2005年文献数量快速增长,并在近10年出现3次高峰。发文量呈“之”字型发展态势,关键词呈“橄榄型”发展特征。地理学科30年遗产研究经历了以“世界遗产”研究为主的起步阶段（1990—2004年）,以“农业遗产”等众多主题展开的多元探索阶段（2005—2012年）,注重实践和理论的深耕阶段 （2013—2020年）。2）学者合作网络呈“小集聚、大分散”格局。即以数量众多独立学者为基底,合著作者小群零星分布,并出现一个规模较大、联系紧密的大聚集群体,其核心作者发文数首位度高。3）文化遗产研究在数量上占据优势;内容主要涉及农业文化遗产、非物质文化遗产、世界遗产等六大板块;农业遗产研究处于国际前沿,热点聚焦于乡村与农业文化遗产。4）对198篇高引用论文分析得出,已有研究表现出强调现实与实践导向、侧重主客体关系、重视空间分析等特点。未来地理学科应巩固农业遗产研究前沿地位,促进理论输出,并在建构遗产研究学术共同体,拓展遗产研究多视角等方面做出更多努力。     

世界遗产视野下的矿业遗产研究

对世界遗产名录中矿业遗产的考察是认识该遗产类型、了解国际动向的有效途径。对ICOMOS颁布的《世界遗产中工业和技术遗产项目》名单进行分析,结合世界遗产委员会的项目评语,确定了24项世界矿业遗产。对这些项目研究表明：在登录标准上,世界矿业遗产主要通过文化遗产第ii项、第iii项和第iv项标准入选;在隶属区域上,欧洲北美地...     

Progress and Prospects in Tourism Research on Agricultural Heritage Sites

Agricultural heritage is an important type of world heritage. The special features of this kind of heritage are that they are "living" or "real life" systems, in both the ecosystem and in the cultural sense. So, agricultural heritage needs to be conserved in a special way. In a well-reasoned approach to dynamic conservation of agricultural heritage, careful development of heritage sites can realize greater sustainability of the traditional agriculture by considering both conservation and development though tourism. This paper examines the Global Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) as designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and listed by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as agricultural heritages sites. Currently, the research in China focuses on tourism resources evaluation and development, production design and marketing, tourism perception and the impacts of tourism development and so forth. There is less emphasis on research about benefit sharing of heritage tourism evolution mechanisms, environmental impacts of agricultural heritage tourism and study methods which should be analyzed in-depth, so as to illuminate the theories and practices of development in a living landscape.     

The Mittagong Maltings: history,cultural significance and conservation

The Maltings at Mittagong in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales is a disused industrial site offering a challenging opportunity for adaptive re‐use. The complex operated between 1899 and 1980. Over the last decade there have been proposals to rehabilitate the buildings for new uses, but economic circumstances have intervened. This paper has several sets of objectives. The first is to provide an outline history of The Maltings, establish its place in the context of the general history of brewing and malting in NSW, and document the physical evolution of the site. The second, taking the discussion into the applied realm, is to explore the environmental heritage value of the complex, distilled in a concise statement of significance. The third objective is to illustrate how the process of historical research and heritage assessment can help identify general conservation principles which should be observed in any future development of the site. The paper provides a case study of the application of historical‐geographical research to broader objectives of heritage assessment and conservation planning.