America's Changing Farmscape: A Study of Agricultural Tourism in Michigan*

Abstract

Agricultural tourism incorporates visits to farms for the purposes of on-site retail purchases, enjoyment, and education. Long popular in the European Union (EU), agritourism is gaining popularity throughout the United States. Interest has grown as a result of stagnant grain prices, rising farm costs, and growing international competition. For rural areas seeking new economic options, the potential of these operations to generate new sources of income through sales and horizontal linkages to other tourism-based activities has sparked interest beyond the farm gate. This article, based on a survey and a statistical analysis of 300 agritourism operations in Michigan, summarizes factors associated with successful operations.     

经济地理学视角下的旅游发展理论演进

经济地理学是一门非常活跃和发展演化很快的学科.近30年来,经济地理学的发展演化带动了旅游发展理论的演变.回顾旅游发展理论研究的进展,依次有依附理论、生命周期理论、社区研究方法、福特主义、弹性专业化和全球商品链理论,这些理论在旅游方面的应用和研究,从时间和数量上都明显滞后于生产实践活动,说明旅游研究还处于经济地理学科"边缘化"的地位.在今天经济全球化的背景下,旅游产业在迅猛发展之时,旅游发展理论的建设更应与经济地理学紧密结合,由"边缘"走向"核心".     

对发展我国农业旅游的思考

对我国发展农业旅游进行了一些思考，系统地阐述了农业旅游的概念与基本特征，并具体分析了我国发展农业旅游的优势，最后提出了我国发展农业旅游应采取的３个步骤     

Luxury Tourism and Regional Economic Development in Mexico

This article argues that little attention has been paid to the territorial and socioeconomic impact of consumer–service globalization on Third World countries. It specifically examines the economic role of tourism in Mexico and its limited effect on the country's regional development. Despite governmental support in order to enhance economic growth, currency receipts, and employment, tourism contributes less than 5 percent to the gross domestic product, and the majority of tourism–related jobs are precarious and low–skilled. The promotion of luxury resorts in coastal areas has led to highly concentrated and fast–growing enclaves of mainly foreign investment. However, this strategy has failed to stimulate productive links between tourist centers and their hinterlands and has led to large–scale urbanization characterized by a considerable lack of basic services for the resident population.     

The history and architecture of lacustrine depositional systems in the northern Lake Michigan basin

The post-glacial history of the Great Lakes has involved changes in lake levels that are equivalent in vertical extent to the Pleistocene changes in global sea level and changes in sediment accumulation by at least two orders of magnitude. In the sediments of the northern Lake Michigan basin, these radical changes in base level and sediment supply are preserved in detailed records of changing depositional environment and the impact of these changes on depositional architecture. The seismic sequences of the sediment fill previously described in Lake Huron have been carried into northern Lake Michigan and used to map the history and architecture of basinal deposition. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated northward in the early Holocene, it opened progressively deeper channels to the east that allowed the larger lakes to drain through the North Channel, Huron, and Georgian Bay basins. At the end of the Main Algonquin highstand, about 10,200 (radiocarbon) yrs ago, the eastern drainage passage deepened in a series of steps that defined four seismic sequences and lowered lake levels by over 100 m. Near the same time a new source of sediment and meltwaters poured across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and into the northern Lake Michigan basin from the Superior basin ice lobe. A marked increase in deposition is seen first in the northern part of the study area, and slightly later in the Whitefish Fan area at the southern end of the study area. Accumulation rates in the area gradually decreased even as lake levels continued to fall. Drainage directly from the Superior basin ended before the beginning of the main Mattawa phase about 9,200 (radiocarbon) yrs ago.Although individual lowstand systems tracts are at the most a few hundred yrs in duration, their geometries and seismic character are comparable to marine systems tracts associated with sea level falls of similar magnitudes. In some of the thicker lowstand deposits a second order cyclicity in sedimentation can be detected in the high resolution seismic records.     

Luxury Tourism and Regional Economic Development in Mexico

This article argues that little attention has been paid to the territorial and socioeconomic impact of consumer–service globalization on Third World countries. It specifically examines the economic role of tourism in Mexico and its limited effect on the country's regional development. Despite governmental support in order to enhance economic growth, currency receipts, and employment, tourism contributes less than 5 percent to the gross domestic product, and the majority of tourism–related jobs are precarious and low–skilled. The promotion of luxury resorts in coastal areas has led to highly concentrated and fast–growing enclaves of mainly foreign investment. However, this strategy has failed to stimulate productive links between tourist centers and their hinterlands and has led to large–scale urbanization characterized by a considerable lack of basic services for the resident population.     

旅游经济在辽宁区域经济差异中的作用

通过选取变异系数、基尼系数、锡尔系数等9种测度区域经济差距的指标,对辽宁区域经济差距和扣除旅游收入后的经济差距进行测量与对比,并以此为基础进一步分析旅游经济对辽宁区域经济差距的作用。结果显示,2007年之前旅游经济对于辽宁区域经济差距起到了扩大作用,而2007年之后旅游经济缩小辽宁区域经济差距的功能逐步增强。旅游经济平衡区域经济差距的作用在辽宁还有很大的空间可以挖掘,未来如果辽宁发展战略得当,旅游将会发挥更大的平衡区域经济差距的作用。     

民族植物学与新疆的经济发展和生态保护

1982年裴盛基教授首次将民族植物学的概念介绍给中国读者,建立了中国第一个专业研究机构,并率先在我国民族构成最多的云南省开展研究工作。过去20年间取得了惊人的发展和丰硕的成果。同时丰富和发展了民族植物学的概念。新疆作为中国最大的少数民族聚居区。具有独特的生态环境。同时民族文化又呈现特殊性和多样性;各少数民族在长期的生活、生产实践中在植物资源利用方面积累了丰富的经验和知识,如民族医药、引种栽培、园艺、畜牧、饲用等方面。因此,民族植物学研究在新疆这样一个少数民族地区具有重要的实践意义。将在新疆的经济发展和生态保护中发挥重要的作用。     

旅游平衡区域经济差距作用分析——以辽宁省为例

以辽宁省为例,通过2001-2010年区域经济差距和旅游经济差距分析,总结区域经济和旅游经济的演化过程.对比发现,在此期间辽宁区域旅游经济差距大于经济差距,但二者数值逐步贴近.为了衡量旅游经济对于平衡区域经济差距的实际作用,该文提出了“旅游经济平衡指数”的量测指标.通过计算发现,2001-2010年旅游经济始终对辽宁区域经济差距起到积极的平衡作用,只是各年的平衡效果有所不同.为了更大限度发挥旅游经济对于辽宁省区域经济协调发展的作用,结合辽宁省经济与旅游格局,建议未来采取“两翼齐飞”与“金龙摆尾”的旅游发展战略,重点扶持经济落后的辽西和辽北地区发展旅游,带动经济增长,实现区域协调发展.     

郑州观光农业发展初探

观光农业是以农业为基础,农业和旅游业相结合的一项新型交叉型产业。郑州市发展观光农业具有得天独厚的区位、资源和市场优势。郑州在开发观光农业时要充分利用农业景观学理论,多渠道融资,创建、改造和塑造具有吸引力的农村自然景观和农村人文景观,为郑州大旅游格局建设奠定良好的基础。     

我国入境旅游和经济增长关系分析

文章分析了入境旅游发展的区域差异，并用Granger因果检验来考察入境旅游和各区域经济增长之间是否存在相应的因果关系，Granger因果检验的结果表明在东部地区，入境旅游和经济增长存在单向因果关系。东部地区的入境旅游对区域的经济增长产生显著影响。但是全国和中西部地区的入境旅游与经济增长之间不存在显著的因果关系。类似地，东部地区入境旅游增长是其第三产业增长的Granger原因。但是全国和中西部地区的入境旅游和相应区域第三产业的增长并不存在显著的因果关系。在区域层面上。只有少数区域支持入境旅游是区域GDP增长的Granger原因，它们是东部地区的北京、广东、上海、天津、福建、江苏、浙江、海南和广西；中部地区的黑龙江和湖南以及西部地区的云南和陕西。在这些省区市。入境旅游对区域经济增长产生显著的影响。但总体而言，入境旅游在我国还没有足够的发展。     

形象导向的城市旅游规划的基本思路

文章从城市旅游规划的中心任务分析入手,提出了城市旅游规划应坚持以形象为导向的基本观点,并根据我国一段时间以来旅游规划发展的主流思想,探索了形象导向的城市旅游规划的基本思路及其技术路线。其基本思路,首先设计和营造城市旅游总体形象,然后以形象为核心规划城市旅游系统,规划出的城市旅游系统又反过来使城市旅游总体形象得到进一步强化,从而最终形成一个功能齐备,结构合理,整体优化的城市旅游发展体系。在此思想指导下,形象导向的城市旅游规划从规划入手到规划成果的最终出台要依次经过以下几个阶段;城市旅游动力模型分析、城市“文脉”分析,城市旅游客源市场分析,城市旅游形象现状分析,城市旅游形象定位,城市旅游形象营造,城市旅游形象传播和旅游相关系统规划。     

Post-Nipissing Origin of a Backdune Complex Along the Southeastern Shore of Lake Michigan

Relatively low (<25 m) parabolic dunes and dune ridges occur inland of massive parabolic dunes in many dune complexes along the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. The major study of these backdunes (Tagues, 1946) concluded, based on field criteria, that they were older than the massive parabolic dunes and originate at the Calumet and Algonquin stages of ancestral Lake Michigan (~14-10 ka). Younger ages are indicated by this study in which Optically Stimulated Luminescense (OSL) ages were obtained from the crest of three backdunes southwest of Holland, Michigan. All ages are within statistical error of each other and indicate dune stabilization at ~4 ka. Similarities in surface soil development throughout the backdunes support the conclusion that they all stabilized at about the same time. Radiocarbon ages from paleosols indicate that the massive parabolic dunes were active at 4 ka and that this activity persisted after the back dunes had stabilized. In the Holland area, dune growth and migration occurred in a broad zone, including both back and massive parabolic dunes, immediately after the rise to and drop from Nipissing II high lake levels but became confined to a narrower zone closer to shore after ~4 ka.     

旅游规划中资源调查与评价的层次性

旅游规划具有很强的层次性。该文从旅游规划的内容、空间、时间等方面讨论了层次性问题,阐述旅游资源调查的概查和普查,以及整体评价和单体评价的层次性问题,并与规划的层次性相对应。层次性为旅游规划的实际应用提供了可操作的方案。     

Advance in the Research of Wetland Tourism in China

The wetland tourism in China has been one of the most popular tourisms as its fast growth in China in recent years. The significance of the wetland tourism research for the local sustainable development was noticed and have sum-marized this review in 3 aspects: resources, including assessment, resources and products development; planning, in-cluding the orientation of wetland tourism, the landscape planning and application of science and technology; and man-agement, including tourism capacity, environmental evaluation, the ecological compensation and the public participa-tion. The wetland tourism research in China is insufficient in the following fields: the depth of extensive studies, the ap-plication of mathematics, the objective planning and the evaluation of ecological influence. What should be more noticed in the future research is that it is considered as landscape ecology, landscape planning and the relevant wetland-struc-ture controlling, the environment and landscape pattern change caused by tourism, tourism risk evaluation, the econom-ics and sociology research in wetland tourism.     

西山岛旅游业现状与市场定位分析

西山岛具有良好的区位条件、比较丰富的旅游资源和较好的旅游服务设施,发展旅游业的潜力很大,克服交通的相对不便与周边著名景区的阴影,是西山岛旅游业发展的关键。提高服务水平,积极促销,扩大客源市场,以吸引周边地区中等收入者的旅游活动是可行的选择。     

商丘旅游业定位及发展研究

文章概述了商丘旅游资源历史悠久、古迹独特、种类齐全、知名度较高四大特点,并从游览价值、交通条件、接待能力和环境承载量等方面对商丘的旅游资源进行科学评价,全面分析了商丘在开发旅游资源方面存在的认识不足、保护开发不够和宣传不到位等一系列问题。认为商丘旅游业的发展定位是：短途旅游中心或地域性旅游中心。提出以“豫04”省道为轴线,以永城芒砀山旅游区、睢阳古城旅游区和睢县北湖旅游区为重点,合理规划,加快开发,重视旅游形象策划和旅游产品包装,加强旅游环境的整治和旅游宣传等一系列措施。     

广州市旅游形象设计初探

分析了广州旅游形象现状,提出其旅游形象的总体定位,并对广州市旅游形象系统（ＭＩ,ＢＩ,ＶＩ）进行了设计。     

丝绸之路经济带西段五省区旅游资源群开发潜力评价

陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆五省区构成了丝绸之路经济带西段区域,科学地评价该区域旅游资源,有利于合理开发旅游资源、挖掘旅游发展潜力,促进丝绸之路经济带西段的发展。本文以丝绸之路经济带西段即中国西北五省区为研究对象,构建旅游资源开发潜力综合评价指标体系,利用多层次灰色评价法对旅游资源群的开发潜力进行评价。研究结果表明:丝绸之路经济带西段五省区拥有丰富的旅游资源,同时高品位的旅游资源与丝路文化紧密相关,空间分布与丝绸之路经济带大体一致。在空间上,三类旅游资源群呈现与丝绸之路经济带走向的一致性,体现出各具特色的空间集聚优势,即自然风景旅游资源群主要以兰州和西宁为中心,呈现椭圆状分布;遗址遗迹旅游资源群主要以西安为中心,呈现放射状分布;综合风景旅游资源主要以乌鲁木齐为中心,呈现带状分布。旅游资源的数量、类型、级别和开发程度呈现"整体分散"与"局部集中"并存的特点,但许多高品位的旅游资源还处于原生态,尚未进行规模化开发,以此为丝绸之路沿线旅游资源利用及区域旅游合作提供理论依据。     

中国旅游经济平衡区域经济差距效果评价

为了全面、客观地评价旅游经济在中国区域经济差距中的作用效果,通过集对分析与旅游经济平衡指数对2001-2011年中国旅游经济平衡区域经济差距的效果进行了评价,结果显示:1)集对分析和旅游经济平衡指数是分别从地区人均旅游收入和地区总规模的不同角度分析旅游经济平衡区域经济差距效果的方法;2)从人均旅游收入的角度分析,2001-2011年中国旅游经济对区域经济差距平衡发挥了积极作用,但从各省旅游总收入及其比重角度分析,其作用是负面的;3)社会经济重大事件会对旅游经济平衡区域经济差距的效果产生影响;4)我国四大区域之间旅游经济平衡区域经济差距效果存在显著差异。