浅谈中西方地理学家对地图学的贡献

一、制图学之父”裴秀的地图学思想西晋时期,中国出现了一位著名的地理学家、制图理论家裴秀（公元223—271）。李约瑟称他为“中国科学制图学之父”,与欧洲古希腊著名地图学家托勒密（Ptolemaeus Claudius,约公元90-公元168年）齐名,是世界古代地图学史上东西辉映的两颗璀璨之星。     

机助制图在沙漠化研究中的应用

随着电子计算机技术和计量地理学的发展, 使得地图学发生了深刻的变化, 制图自动化成了地图学研究的新领域, 并取得很大的成功。在应用方面, 已有了数字资料自动制图和图形资料自动制图的成功经验。     

浅谈裴秀、杨守敬对我国地理学的贡献

一、裴秀对制图理论的贡献裴秀（公元223—271年）,字季彦,河东闻喜（今山西闻喜县）人。西晋时期,中国出现了一位著名的地理学家、制图理论家裴秀,李约瑟称他为“中国科学制图学之父”,与欧洲古希腊著名地图学家托勒密（Ptolemaeus Claudius,约公元90—168年）齐名,是世界古代地图学史上东西辉映的两颗璀璨明星。裴秀自幼好学,知识渊博,出身官僚世家,官至司空。由于才华出众,在青少年时就受到社会知名人士的赞赏。     

全国教学地图与地图学教育学术讨论会在大连召开

中国地理学会与中国测绘学会于9月2日至7日在大连联合召开了全国教学地图与地图学教育学术讨论会。这是建国三十五年来第一次全国性的关于教学地图与地图学教育方面的学术讨论会。出席会议的代表近100人,大多数是长期从事地图学专业或基础课教学的教授、讲师和从事地图科研与生产     

中国现代地图学发展的里程碑——中国国家地图集的特点与创新

本文阐述了国家地图集的重要性和中国国家地图集的编制历程，重点论述了中国国家地图集编制的特点与创新：①中国自然、人口、经济、社会与历史信息的完整汇编；②中国地学、生物学、环境科学、经济学与历史学研究成果的系统概括与总结；③国家地图集编制贯彻了“可持续发展战略”，突出了人与自然的关系；④国家地图集编制实现了由传统工艺向全数字化、自动化的根本变革，电子地图集与互联网地图形式更满足了信息社会的需求。中国国际地图集的完成，不仅具有重大的科学意义、应用价值与社会效益，而且全面推动当代中国地图学的发展。中国国家地图集这项20世纪中国科技界的重大创新成果，这部凝聚着中国两三代科学家与地图学专家智慧的地图集巨著，不仅在中国史无前例，而且在世界上也实属罕见。中国国家地图集代表当今中国地图学发展的最高水平，在国际上产生了很大影响，在各国国家地图中占有重要地位。中国国家地图集的完成对中国地图学的发展做出了历史性的巨大贡献，不愧为中国地图学发展的里程碑。     

论现代地图的制版与印刷的特点

随着科技的发展,一方面,传统的地图制图得到了丰富和发展,另一方面,航空摄影、卫星遥感、电子计算机等新技术和新理论的相继引进,使地图学的内容和地图的图型,不论其理论基础,还是工艺手段,都发生了很大变化。国际1∶100万地图、专题地图、遥感制图、机助制图等相继产生,并在理论研究方面开拓了许多科学分支的新领域。展示了地图学理论体系的新变革,展示了它的生产与现代科学技术结合的前景,展示出了地图新品种和新内容的迅速增多。     

浅谈现代地图的制版与印刷的特点

随着科技的发展,传统的地图制图得到了丰富和发展,航空摄影、卫星遥感、电子计算机等新技术和新理论的相继引进,使地图学的内容和地图的图型,不论其理论基础和工艺手段,都发生了很大变化。国际1：100万地图、专题地图、遥感制图、机助制图等相继产生,并在理论研究方面开拓了许多科学分支的新领域。展示了地图学理论体系的新变革,展示了它的生产与现代科学技术结合的前景,展示了地图新品种和新内容的迅速增多。     

地图学研究方向和任务的商榷

地图学是一门古老的科学,发展到二十世纪50年代,已经成为一个巨大的科学体系。随着社会生产需耍、科学发展与技术进步,地图以多种多样的形式,更广泛地为经济、文化、国防以及其他科学的发展服务。地图学的内容也就包括许多不同的方面:     

论地图学知识创新体系的构建

地图学是一门既古老又年青的学科,在地球科学中起着十分重要的作用。本文从探讨地图的科学价值和地图学学科归属入手,深入研究了地图学的知识创新和知识增长模式,制定了地图学的知识创新体系和研究方案,并讨论了三个核心创新点的实质、难点、创新途径等。本文认为,地图学的知识创新体现的是地图的科学价值的增殖,地图学的实际应用则体现了地图的社会功能的增强。地图学的知识创新方案应该包括从基础理论和应用基础理论研究,到技术创新,再到新产品开发和地图产业化的整个过程和体系。     

地图学研究方向和任务的商榷

地图学是一门古老的科学,发展到二十世纪50年代,已经成为一个巨大的科学体系。随着社会生产需耍、科学发展与技术进步,地图以多种多样的形式,更广泛地为经济、文化、国防以及其他科学的发展服务。地图学的内容也就包括许多不同的方面:     

《中华人民共和国国家农业地图集》的设计特点

《中华人民共和国国家农业地图集》是我国第一部大型综合性农业科学参考地图集。本文探讨了该地图集的设计原则。详述了地图集的设计特点:(1)以宏观农业系统思想为指导,精心选题设计;(2)全面综合地显示我国农业生产的特点和发展变化;(3)综合反映我国地学、农学、生物学的最新科研成果;(4)遥感制图、机助制图和传统制图的有机结合。     

中西地图学史的比较研究

本文提出了中西制图史年表。17世纪前中国地图学受日本、朝鲜等国影响大,此后受西方影响较大。中国制图中心迁移与政治中心一致;而西方受宗教的影响和经济发展的制约。中西方交流之前各以自己特有的方式发展,形成了两种不同的制图系统。最后提出了中国制图学发展没有取得较大突破的原因。     

The heritage and cultural values of ancient Chinese maps

Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu, who is known as the father of Chinese cartography, oversaw the completion of the “Yu Gong Regional Maps”, along with 18 articles and the “Terrain Fangzhang Map” (AD 224–271). This led to a number of subsequent cartographic initiatives including the “Wooden Fangzhang Map” (an administrative map) which was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasties (AD 502–557), “Haineihuayi Tu” (Map of China and its neighbouring countries) (AD 730–805), drawn by Jia Dan, a cartographer of the Tang Dynasty, and “Shouling Tu” (an administrative map, AD 1031–1095), drawn by Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty. Throughout the 16th century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, and formed the specific characteristics of China ancient cartography. Although Western latitude- based and longitude-based mapping techniques introduced to China in AD 1460, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems co-existed for over 400 years. The cultural heritage of Chinese cartography can be seen in many famous ancient Chinese maps, including astronomical figures and atlases (world, Chinese, regional, military, water conservancy, historical, and educational maps), charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been kept in well-known archives and institutions across the world. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, these maps remain an important point of study. This paper provides a preliminary discussion on the rarity, application, and the historical, scientific, and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps.     

Cartography in the era of informatization: New problems and possibilities

This paper is concerned with some issues related to the changes in the role, properties and characteristics of cartography in connection with the transition of mankind from the industrial age to the information (post-industrial) age. Emphasis is placed on the essence of the process of perception of the environment by humans through data provided to them where the object of perception and the subject perceiving information are located at different points of the space-time continuum. The study identifies eight characteristic features of the information age, the new challenges and requirements, the possibilities of information society, and the related new tasks of cartographic support of the economy. It is shown that the main difference of the information age from the industrial age implies a transition from the commodity-producing economy to the economy of information services. Based on this, it is concluded that there is a need for the provision of various cartographic services, such as the generation of cartographic information as requested as well as supplying it to various users. Seven main statements are formulated, which characterize the peculiarities, properties and methodological foundations of cartography under the new conditions. The definitions of the role and subject of cartography in the information age are suggested. An interpretation is given to the term “neocartography”, and its main characteristics are presented. The notion of a multipurpose cartographic resource is introduced.     

我国地图科学回顾与展望

从地图学理论的探索、地图的应用、制图的应用、制图技术的发展与地图的生产几个方面介绍了我国地图科学近年来的研究进展,并列举了一些地图成果,说明了改革开放以来随 科学技术的进步,我国地图学也得到了空间的发展,并将以更辉煌的成就跨进２１世纪。     

GIS,Cartography, and the “Third Culture”: Geographic Imaginations in the Computer Age*

Geographic information systems (GIS) and cartography have traditionally been regarded as fields for the study of techniques. Yet the past ten years have witnessed geographers' increasing intellectual engagement with GIS and cartography. This essay recaps the recent intellectual discourses on GIS and cartography and speculates on possible development in the near future. Geocomputation, spatially integrated social sciences, social informatics, information ecology, and humanistic GIScience are identified as five areas of intensive new research, and it is argued that creative imaginations under the milieu of the “third culture” are urgently needed to address the challenging issues in this new technological era. Whether geography will become an intellectually more vibrant discipline hinges on the extent to which we can rekindle geographic imaginations in this computer age via GIScience to address issues of great societal concern.     

论滑坡学

滑坡学可分为理论滑坡学和应用滑坡学．前者的分支有：滑坡发生学、滑坡运动学、滑坡组构学、滑坡形态学、滑坡断代－周期学、滑坡分类学、滑坡分布学、滑坡制图学、滑坡编目学和滑坡数据库系统等．应用滑坡学含滑坡研究方法论、技术手段和滑坡防御工程等．     

THE POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES IN BIOGEOGRAPHY

As professional geographers we ask the above question in terms of problem solving, but undergraduate students ask it in regards to employment. To determine what exactly our recent majors have done, we prepared a questionnaire on careers, salary, and the utility of the major. Responses indicate they held a wide variety of employment opportunities and annual salaries from under $8,000 to well above $20,000 in 1981. Particularly useful courses include cartography, quantitative techniques and field course work. Special interest was shown in our new Internship Program.     

基于规则数据驱动的专题制图技术及其应用研究

地图制图自动化是地图学的重要目标之一,也是当前研究的热点问题之一,对地球空间信息科学的发展具有十分重要的意义。通过采用Representation技术,以昆明市入滇河道(管线)专题地图制图项目为例,研究探讨基于规则化数据驱动的计算机地图制图表达,部分解决了传统上必须通过大量人工编辑才能够完成的制图任务,特别是实现了传统上需要以破坏数据的GIS属性为代价才能够实现的地图制图效果,结果表明:基于规则驱动的计算机地图制图表达技术能够兼顾GIS和地图制图对数据的不同要求,可快速完成地图制作,并达到传统地图制图效果,节省大量的人力物力,具有广阔的推广和工程应用价值。