干旱区资料稀缺流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程。以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入。利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关。     

通过遥感对矿产资源开采中环境影响的研究--以阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿为例

阜新地区地处华北地台,富含煤和金矿床.呈东西向分布的太古宙和元古宙变质地层在华力西期、印支期和燕山期的变形和岩浆活动中发生隆起.金矿赋存于隆起的前寒武纪变质岩石中.成煤期为晚石炭-早二叠纪、早中侏罗纪、晚侏罗-早白垩纪.阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿是辽宁省的主要煤、金产地.
由于开采物中的有用物质只占很小的比例,因此提取有用物质的方式不可避免地要破坏当地的环境.矿山开采的每一步骤都对环境产生着负面影响.应用遥感资料进行矿山管理,是采用基于地表物体光谱反射的可视近红外(VNIR)遥感和短波红外(SWIR)遥感,以及基于物体热发光的热红外(TIR)遥感,利用不同的地表光谱反射,将相似的物体区分、分类、填图,并进行土地资源分析.野外工作包括在阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿确定岩石蚀变类型,采集标本,构造测量,对矿山环境进行数码拍照.陆地卫星MSS、TM和ETM+数据是分析研究的基础.应用ERDAS IMAGING软件处理卫星数据.并用ERDAS MapSheets和ViewFinder软件划图.应用各种图像处理技术进行图像增强和物体分辨.从卫星图像上直接测量排山楼金矿和阜新煤矿露天采场的多边形周长和面积.从卫星图像上可以看出,阜新煤矿从1980年到2000年环境的恶化.矿山开采产生的废矿堆不仅对矿区造成破坏,由于它们邻近市区,也通过视觉污染和噪音污染构成了潜在的环境污染源.开采活动对环境影响的另一个方面就是地面下沉,这是由地下开采造成的.它对地表的影响是明显的.本研究的重点是煤矿开采造成的地面下沉.与金矿脉的开采不同,煤矿的开采要移去数米厚的整个煤层.其结果不可避免地导致上覆地层的垮塌.排山楼金矿和阜新煤矿的另一个环境污染源来自矿石的处理(提纯和浓缩).金矿和煤矿都采用重力分离和浮选的方法.排山楼金矿目前采用先进的氰化-碳吸附选矿方法.作为补救措施,现在对用于浮选的化学剂的选择不仅要考虑其效益,而且要将其对环境的损害降到最低.尾矿处理也是影响环境的一个重要问题.阜新煤矿和排山楼金矿通常将尾矿倾倒地附近的人工坑内.这些区域虽然不至于对景观造成严重破坏,但很难在其表面恢复植被.而且,从该区域排出的水含有强酸和有毒的金属离子,一旦流入自然水系,将给水生生物造成大面积损害.堆放尾矿的区域一旦干燥,将产生另一个环境问题——粉尘污染.基于这些发现,提出如下建议：
（ 1）采矿过程中环境不断恶化的事实说明,两个矿山在控制露天开采方面仍有不足.虽然移动矿体上覆岩石或盖层是矿山开采的必要前提,但矿产资源的采掘必须对自然的保护给予更多的重视.应更加注重盖层的回填,植被、湿地、沼泽的恢复,控制溢出物,合理利用废物.
（2）地方政府应参与地区内矿产资源开发项目的立项、审批工作.政府在法律框架内干预、控制矿山开采行为中的环境和土地利用问题.     

Spatio-temporal patterns of agricultural expansion and its effect on watershed degradation: a case from the mountains of Nepal

Expansion of agricultural at the cost of forested land is a common cause of watershed degradation in the mountain zones of developing countries. Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate land use changes in such regions. However, current knowledge regarding the changes, driving forces and implications of such change within the context of watershed development is limited. This study analyses changes in spatial patterns of agricultural land use and their consequences for watershed degradation during the 1976–2000 period along an altitude gradient in a watershed in Nepal, by means of remote sensing, GIS and the universal soil loss equation. Estimated soil loss ranged from 589 to 620 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, while areas of extreme hazard severity (>100 t ha⁻¹) increased from 9 to 14.5% from 1990 to 2000. Spatial distribution of soil loss in 2000 was characterized by 88% of total soil losses being from upland agricultural areas. The study determined that without considering other forms of land degradation, only water erosion was responsible for erosion of a substantial area in a short timeframe. Areas under upland cultivation are in an extremely vulnerable state, with these areas potentially no longer cultivable within a period of 6 years. As sustainability of the watershed is dependent on forests, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from agriculture for local people, together with loss of ecosystem services. Thus, in order to achieve the goal of watershed development, remaining forest lands must be kept under strict protection.     

Simulation of nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Dongjiang River basin in South China using SWAT

Population growth, urbanization, and intensified agriculture have resulted in mobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus, which is the main cause of river water quality deterioration. Environmental regulation has expedited the necessity for agricultural producers to design and implement more environmentally suitable practices. Therefore, there is a need to identify critical nutrients and their loss/transport potential. Watershed model can be used to better understand the relationship between land use activities/management and hydrologic processes/water quality changes that occur within a watershed. The objective of the study is to test the performance of the SWAT model and the feasibility of using this model as a simulator of water flow and nitrogen and phosphorus yields over the Dongjiang River basin in South China. Spatial data layers of land slope, soil type, and land use were combined with geographic information system (GIS) to aid in creating model inputs. The observed streamflow and sediment at Boluo station in the Dongjiang River basin were used to calibrate and validate the model. Time series plots and statistical measures were used to verify model predictions. Predicted values generally matched well with the observed values during calibration and validation (R ²≥0.6 and Nash-Suttcliffe Efficiency ≥0.5) except for underestimation of sediment peaks and overestimation of sediment valleys at Boluo. This study shows that SWAT is able to predict streamflow, sediment generation, and nutrients transport with satisfactory results.     

水文模型系统在峨嵋河流域洪水模拟中的应用

研究目的是采用水文模型系统(HMS)模拟峨嵋河流域暴雨水文过程,并为长江上游地区气候和水文响应研究提供可靠的信息。HMS是一种分布式水文模型可用于研究各种气候因子和地表覆盖变化而引起的水文过程响应,该系统(HMS)利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程(DEM)和降雨径流等资料,研究气候、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理。在本次研究中,采用SCS Curve Number(CN)和Green-Ampt(GA)方法来计算径流过程,用GIS来数字化DEM、土壤、土地利用和陆地覆盖数据。通过用不同时间间隔的降雨和不同计算方法的水力参数模拟水文过程,来检验降雨的时间尺度效应和水力参数的空间变异性对水文过程的影响。结果表明,HMS对峨嵋河流域暴雨洪水的模拟及预测具有较好的适用性。     

遥感方法研究珠江口近二十多年来土地覆盖的变化

土地覆盖变化是全球变化研究的重点之一，尤其是河口地区，对环境变迁十分敏感。对珠江口东部地区1979年的Landsat MMS、1990年Landsat TM和2000年Landsat ETM影像的土地覆盖分类，并进行对比研究表明，此间，总体水域面积和绿地（包括森林和耕地）面积减少，建筑区和裸露地面积增加。但不同区域土地覆盖类型变化有明显的区别，西部主要是由于沉积作用和围海造地，造成水域面积减少，且20世纪90年代围海造地速率比80年代要大得多。东部海域沉积作用不是主要因素，局部海岸可能还存在侵蚀作用。交椅湾区水域面积变化不大，岸线位置也基本稳定，而且80年代的水域面积有所增多，是由于陆地人工水塘增多的结果。蛇口区主要是由于港口码头等建设，导致水域面积减少，码头向海域延伸的结果，90年代明显加大了码头建设的规模和速度。     

Streamflow modeling in a fluctuant climate using SWAT: Yass River catchment in south eastern Australia

Hydrological models play vital roles in understanding and management of surface water resources. The physically based distributed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to a small catchment in south eastern Australia to determine its ability to mimic low and high streamflows. The model was successfully calibrated using 1993–2002 streamflow data and validated using 2003–2011 data with a combination of manual and auto-calibration techniques for both monthly and daily time steps. Sensitivity analysis indicated that curve number for moisture condition II (CN2) is the most sensitive parameter for both time steps. In general, the model performance statistics indicated “very good” agreement between measured and simulated discharges for both calibration and validation periods. The model was able to satisfactorily simulate both low and high flows of the Yass River. Analysis of water balance components indicated that more than 90 % of the rainfall is lost as evapotranspiration and about 45 % of the streamflow is base flow. The calibrated and validated SWAT model can be used to analyze the effect of climate and land use changes on catchment wide hydrologic process.     

Integrating hydrologic modeling and land use projections for evaluation of hydrologic response and regional water supply impacts in semi-arid environments

Semi-arid environments are generally more sensitive to urbanization than humid regions in terms of both hydrologic modifications and water resources sustainability. The current study integrates hydrologic modeling and land use projections to predict long-term impacts of urbanization on hydrologic behavior and water supply in semi-arid regions. The study focuses on the Upper Santa Clara River basin in northern Los Angeles County, CA, USA, which is undergoing rapid and extensive development. The semi-distributed Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) model is parameterized with land use, soil, and channel characteristics of the study watershed. Model parameters related to hydrologic processes are calibrated at the daily time step using various spatial configurations of precipitation and parameters. Potential urbanization scenarios are generated on the basis of a regional development plan. The calibrated (and validated) model is run under the proposed development scenarios for a 10 year period. Results reveal that increasing development increases total annual runoff and wet season flows, while decreases are observed in existing baseflow and groundwater recharge during both dry and wet seasons. As development increases, medium-sized storms increase in both peak flow and overall volume, while low and high flow events (extremes) appear less affected. Urbanization is also shown to decrease natural recharge and, when considered at the regional scale, may result in a loss of critical water supply to Southern California. The current study provides a coupled framework for a decision support tool that can guide efforts involved in regional urban development planning and water supply management.     

汾河上游土地利用变化及其水文响应研究

以河岔水文站以上的汾河流域为研究区,采用土地利用转移矩阵和SWAT模型模拟方法,就汾河上游土地利用变化对水文过程的影响进行研究. 流域从1995-2000年,以耕地向林地和草地转变为主;从2000-2010年,城市建设用地不断增加,主要是对耕地的占用. 结果显示,在相同气候背景、不同土地利用情景（1995、2000年2010年）下,流域1992-2000年多年平均产水量微弱增加（分别为85.69 mm、85.75 mm和85.82 mm）,主要因为耕地持续减少,草地和城市建设用地不断增加. 但是各年产水量的大小关系不完全一致,枯水年和平水年与丰水年存在差异,而土壤水分呈现一致的减少状况. 子流域水平上,降水条件同样影响水文过程对土地利用变化的响应程度. 以上结果表明,汾河流域在退耕还林还草政策等影响下,土地利用发生变化并且直接影响流域的水文过程,但是流域水文过程对土地利用变化的响应还受到降水的影响.     

Iso-flood severity mapping: a new tool for distributed flood source identification

Flood hazard increasingly threatens human communities that occupy floodplains. Economic planning of control measures relies on identification and prioritization of the flood source areas in the watershed draining to the threatened reach. Distribution of flood control activities in proportion to the priority of flood source areas can reduce excessive costs and increase flood control efficiency. In this research, a distributed Clark-based rainfall-runoff model in conjunction with a hydrologic routing model was calibrated and validated in the watershed of interest. Then, a 2 * 2 km² discretization scheme was implemented to represent some 200 pixels for flood source identification. The unit flood response (UFR) approach was then carried out at pixel scale. This step resulted in, for the first time, a distributed flood index map, which identifies and ranks pixels with high impact on the flood regime of the flood-threatened reach. The iso-flood severity map can be also extracted in a contour format.     

陆面-水文耦合模型系统在淮河流域的构建及应用

以淮河流域为研究对象,选择分布式水文模型HMS,结合GIS技术,通过构建数字流域,提取流域特征信息,最终构建了分布式陆面-水文耦合模型(LSX-HMS).采用扰动分析法进行参数敏感性分析,利用实测水文资料进行参数率定和模型验证,确定性系数达0.760～0.939,表明该耦合模型在淮河流域具有较好的适用性.应用LSX-HMS对淮河蚌埠以上集水区域1980—1987年8a平均降水、蒸散发、日径流量和相对土壤含水量的空间分布进行了模拟.结果表明:各水文要素的空间分布存在较大的差异性,降水要素的分布呈随纬度递减的趋势;蒸散发和径流量两个变量都是上游小,中下游大;相对土壤含水量在研究区西部及西南部的山区和丘陵区较低,平原区较高.研究成果为淮河流域水土资源合理开发利用、调配和管理提供依据.     

Evaluating the impacts of watershed management on runoff storage and peak flow in Gav-Darreh watershed,Kurdistan, Iran

Recently, water and soil resource competition and environmental degradation due to inadequate management practices have been increased and pose difficult problems for resource managers. Numerous watershed practices currently being implemented for runoff storage and flood control purposes have improved hydrologic conditions in watersheds and enhanced the establishment of riparian vegetation. The assessment of proposed management options increases management efficiency. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of watershed managements on runoff storage and peak flow, and determine the land use and cover dynamics that it has induced in Gav-Darreh watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. The watershed area is 6.27 km² which has been subjected to non-structural and structural measures. The implemented management practices and its impact on land use and cover were assessed by integrating field observation and geographic information systems (GIS). The data were used to derive the volume of retained water and determine reduction in peak flow. The hydrology of the watershed was modeled using the Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC–HMS) model, and watershed changes were quantified through field work. Actual storms were used to calibrate and validate HEC–HMS rainfall–runoff model. The calibrated HEC–HMS model was used to simulate pre- and post-management conditions in the watershed. The results derived from field observation and HEC–HMS model showed that the practices had significant impacts on the runoff storage and peak flow reduction.     

Application of remotely sensed imagery to watershed analysis a case study of Lake Karoun, Egypt

Delineation of Lake Karoun watershed in Egypt was carried out and various watershed parameters and environmental characteristics were extracted using geographic information system and remote sensing. Environmental characteristics including normalized vegetation index (NDVI), moisture index, land surface temperature, and land use classes were obtained from high spatial resolution images (Landsat TM). Moreover, hydrological parameters, drainage flow directions, drainage networks, and catchments from digital elevation model have been delineated using the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite images. As a result, the lake's watershed characteristics including the environmental and hydrological factors for each watershed zone were presented and analyzed. The information generated would be of immense help in hydrological modeling of watershed for prediction of runoff and sediment yield, thereby providing necessary inputs for developing suitable developmental management plans with sound scientific basis.     

Rocky desertification and its causes in karst areas: a case study in Yongshun County,Hunan Province,China

Rocky desertification, a process of land degradation characterized by soil erosion and bedrock exposure, is one of the most serious land degradation problems in karst areas, and is regarded as an obstacle to local sustainable development. It is well known that human activities can accelerate rocky desertification; however, the effects of climate change on rocky desertification in karst areas are still unclear. This study focused on the effects of temperature and precipitation changes and human activities on rocky desertification in karst areas to determine the impacts of climate change and human disturbances on rocky desertification. Areas of different level of rocky desertification were obtained from Landsat TM (1987) and Landsat ETM+ (2000) images. The results show that, although the total desertification area increased by only 1.27% between 1987 and 2000, 17.73% of the slightly desertified land had degraded to a moderate or intense level, 2.01 and 15.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, between 1987 and 2000, the air temperature increased by 0.7°C, and precipitation increased by 170 mm. Statistical results indicate that the increase in precipitation was caused by heavy rainfall. In addition, under the interactive influences of heavy rainfall and temperature, the average karst dissolution rate was about 87 m³ km⁻² a⁻¹ during the 14 years in the study area. Further analysis indicated that rocky desertification was positively related with the increase in temperature and precipitation and especially with the heavy rainfall events. Climate change accelerated rocky desertification in the karst areas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Numerical modeling of the Rideau Valley Watershed

Using the Mike11 modeling system by the Danish Hydraulic Institute, a detailed model of the Rideau Valley Watershed was constructed. It includes 532 km of rivers and lakes, 106 basins, 122 bridges and culverts, and 20 water control structures. The model was calibrated using measured streamflow data for a time period of 5 years; additional 5 years of data was used for validation. Various methods, both qualitative and quantitative, were used to evaluate the model performance. It was found that the model can simulate the hydrological response with a reasonable to high degree of accuracy. This model is now being used for various watershed management purposes, including flood forecasting, dam safety assessment, quantification of wetland functions, and derivation of design flows.     

Effects of land use change on flood characteristics in mountainous area of Daqinghe watershed, China

Land use has changed in the Daqinghe watershed during 1956–2005, and it has influenced the flood peak and volume. In order to reveal the effects of land use change on flood characteristics in Daqinghe watershed, we selected 2 sub-watersheds and used remote-sensed land use data of 1980 and 1996 to analyze changes in land use and also selected several combinations of similar rainfall events and the corresponding flood events to show how changes in land use affect floods. The forest and urban area increased and other types decreased, and flood peaks and volumes tended to decrease under similar rainfall events. To quantify the extent of change in land use affecting floods, a hydrological model incorporating the land use was established. The model combines infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff generation mechanism in each type of land use, and the simulation results agreed well with the measured flood processes in the two selected watersheds. Several floods of different return intervals were selected to be modeled under the 1980 and 1996 land use conditions. The results show that both flood peak and volume decreased under the 1996 land use condition in comparison with the 1980 land use condition in the two watersheds. Most of the flood peaks decreased <5 %, but the volume decreased to a greater extent. This result can be helpful in modifying design flood.     

Modeling and assessing land-use and hydrological processes to future land-use and climate change scenarios in watershed land-use planning

Effective information regarding environmental responses to future land-use and climate change scenarios provides useful support for decision making in land use planning, management and policies. This study developed an approach for modeling and examining the impacts of future land-use and climate change scenarios on streamflow, surface runoff and groundwater discharge using an empirical land-use change model, a watershed hydrological model based on various land use policies and climate change scenarios in an urbanizing watershed in Taiwan. The results of the study indicated that various demand and conversion policies had different levels of impact on hydrological components in all land-use scenarios in the study watershed. Climate changes were projected to have a greater impact in increasing surface runoff and reducing groundwater discharge than are land use changes. Additionally, the spatial distributions of land-use changes also influenced hydrological processes in both downstream and upstream areas, particularly in the downstream watershed. The impacts on hydrological components when considering both land use and climate changes exceeded those when only considering land use changes or climate changes, particularly on surface runoff and groundwater discharge. However, the proposed approach provided a useful source of information for assessing the responses of land use and hydrological processes to future land use and climate changes.     

Driving forces responsible for aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005

The Yangtze River is the China’s longest river and the third-longest river in the world. The river’s source region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is especially sensitive to global environmental change because of its high elevation and cold environment. Under the influence of global warming, aeolian desertified land has expanded rapidly in this area. To assess the trends in aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2005, remote-sensing and GIS technology were used to monitor the extent of aeolian desertification in 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2005. The data sources included Landsat multi-spectral scanner images acquired in 1975, Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images acquired in 2000, and Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1990 and 2005. Images recorded between June and October were selected, when vegetation grew well, because aeolian desertified land was more easily recognized during this period. Thematic maps, including land use and geomorphologic maps, were used as supplementary data. Aeolian desertification maps (1:100000) were produced for each year from the Landsat images through visual interpretation. The area of aeolian desertified land increased by 2,678.43 km² from 1975 to 2005, accounting for 8.8% of the total area of aeolian desertified land in 1975, an increase of 89.28 km² a⁻¹. Increasing mean annual temperature and the combination of a dry, cold, and windy climate in winter and spring were mainly responsible for the expansion of desertified land.     

基于MIKE 11的北京市典型区域降雨径流特征研究

以北京城市化发展区凉水河大红门闸控制流域为典型区域,在分析区域20世纪80年代到2000年后下垫面变化特征的基础上,结合区域同时期的降水和径流资料,采用MIKE11软件中的UR-BAN模块构建流域降雨径流模型,以流域模拟流量和实测流量拟合效果最佳为原则,利于多场次的实测降水进行降雨径流的模拟分析,研究区域城市化发展对水文特性变化的影响。     

Hydrological modeling in the karst area,Rižana spring catchment,Slovenia

Karst aquifers are known for their heterogeneity and irregular complex flow patterns which make them more difficult to model and demand specific modeling approaches. This paper presents one such approach which is based on a conceptual model. The model was applied in a karst area of the catchment of Rižana spring (200 km2). It is based on the MIKE SHE code and incorporates the main hydrological processes and geological features of the karst aquifer (diffuse and concentrated infiltration, allogenic recharge, quick and slow groundwater flow, shifting groundwater divides and groundwater outflow from the catchment area). Modeling of evapotranspiration and flow in the upper part of the unsaturated zone is more detailed. For the modeling of groundwater flow in the karst aquifer, a conceptual model was applied which uses drainage function for the simulation of groundwater flow through large conduits (karst channels and large fissures). The model was calibrated and validated against the observed Rižana spring discharge which represents a measured response of the aquifer. The results of validation show that the model is able to adequately simulate temporal evolution of the spring discharge, measured by Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (0.82) as well as overall water balance.