三次样条函数(格式)准拉格朗日积分方案Ⅰ——准均匀经纬网格样条格式准拉格朗日平流方案与理想场试验

研究经纬网格三次样条函数(样条格式)变换准拉格朗日平流方案,推导给出样条格式准拉格朗日预报方程通式,设计一种准均匀经纬网格,对气压、气温、风及广义牛顿力(加速度)场做"经纬网格-准均匀经纬网格"双三次曲面拟合,实现各个变量场在球面上的二阶可导,从而显式迭代插值求得上游点路径与预报变量值,上游点气块被限定在具备样条格式的斜率、曲率和挠率之变量场上运动。为验证样条格式求经纬网格上游点的可行性,采用了国际上通行、有效的一套理想场试验方案:平衡流试验、过极地气流试验和Rossby-Haurwitz波试验,用以检验经纬网格样条格式准拉格朗日平流方案的可行性、一致性、精确性及程序正确性。理想场试验表明,样条格式求上游点预报误差来源于三次样条函数"2阶空间余差"数学误差和上游点路径达不到精确轨迹的截断误差,其累积(积分)误差使得波动振幅变平,而波动位相传播无误差,且误差具有收敛性、球面对称性和单调有界性,同时证明,三次样条函数变换能够解决极区经纬网格点过密和极点奇异的经典问题。     

全球质量守恒准均匀经纬网格三次样条函数变换准拉格朗日积分方案与模拟个例

三次样条函数(样条格式)为二阶可导非线性格式,但样条格式线性部分是二阶导数中央差。本文在简谐波真解条件下,推导证明二阶导数中央差比一阶导数中央差的空间截断误差以及相速和群速误差均减少一倍。借鉴谱模式动力框架核心思想,高斯网格二维谱变换半隐式-半拉格朗日积分方案,研究准均匀经纬网格样条格式变换显式-准拉格朗日积分方案。引入原始大气运动方程,推导样条格式二阶时空离散准拉格朗日预报方程通式,得出静力守恒气压、气温预报方程,在经纬网格基础上,设计两种基本准均匀经纬网格,通过对压、温、湿、风及广义牛顿力(加速度)场做"经纬网格-准均匀经纬网格"三次样条函数变换,求得"水平双三次曲面+垂直三次样条"拟合上游点三次运动路径,用"匀加速"变率预报风场,进而求得一个时间步长平均"静力平流"三维位移散度场,并用它预报气压场增压和气温场绝热增温,从而实现全球静力质量守恒经纬网格三次样条函数变换显式-准拉格朗日积分方案,经初步积分试验,证明上述动力框架是可行的。     

一模式大气参考状态的科学计算与特征分析

采用样条格式二阶时空离散预报方程与显式-准拉格朗日积分方案, 建立非静力全可压数值模式动力框架, 对气压、气温(位温)、风及广义牛顿力(加速度)场做三次样条函数拟合, 实现各个变量场二阶可导, 并且按牛顿运动定律, 显式迭代插值求上游点\     

三次样条函数(格式)准拉格朗日积分方案Ⅱ——样条格式非静力全可压动力框架与密度流试验

采用样条格式二阶时空离散预报方程与显式-准拉格朗日积分方案,建立非静力全可压数值模式动力框架,对气压、气温(位温)、风及广义牛顿力(加速度)场做三次样条函数拟合,实现各个变量场二阶可导,并且按牛顿运动定律,显式迭代插值求上游点"三次运动"路径(三维位移)与预报变量值,同时求得一个时间步长三维位移的平均散度场,并以此绝热变率预报压、温场。其中,通过对静力方程做三次样条拟合,可从非静力气压场分离出(满足静力方程)时变的静压场,从而无须引入大气参考廓线,并因此准确(二阶精度)计算出垂直气压梯度力与位移。密度流试验表明,上述非静力全可压动力框架能够模拟出高度非线性的密度流,初步验证样条格式做"三次"数值模式动力框架的一致性和精确性,同时分析了与密度流试验benchmark参考解相比较存在差别的原因。     

全球(Z)双三次数值模式的设计与个例模拟(Ⅱ): 个例模拟结果分析

引入双三次数值模式:通过"双三次曲面拟合—时间步长积分—双三次曲面拟合—……",实现成为一种新算法的数值模式。在球面Z坐标系上,给出全球经纬网格双三次数值模式的一个设计。全球(Z)双三次数值模式采用非静力、全可压、干/湿绝热大气运动动力框架,并采用显式水平方向准拉格朗日/垂直方向欧拉时间积分方案,用NCEP再分析资料做初值场,初步模拟出从极地到热带的基本大气环流。模拟试验表明:因大气运动本质上是非线性的,当限定模式大气作线性"一次运动"时,个例模拟无须任何平滑;但限定模式大气作"三次运动"时,必须有适当平滑。本文认为,未来双三次数值模式可按场变量双三次曲面曲率,以判断采用符合物理诠释的局域(或单点)平滑;又若大气非线性运动不稳定区恰是天气系统发源地,则全球多重/时变套网格双三次数值模式是今后研究的方向。     

预报方程差分格式的构造方法

本文用差分模拟绝对涡度守恒定律,构成正压涡度方程的两类差分格式:积分守恒型格式和相当于准拉格朗日型格式。前一类型格式的显式部分是条件稳定的,隐式部分是无条件稳定的。后者至为无条件稳定的显式格式,可以依据实际需要和可能,来放大无条件稳定格式的时间步长。 本文还根据格式的计算要求,讨论了“风”场的计算和平滑问题,以及差分方程的边、初条件(计算边、初条件)的给法。并通过理想场计算和实例预报,检验了几种显式格式的计算效果。     

正压原始方程套网格试验

本文用“单向”(one—way)方法进行正压原始方程套网格试验。粗、细网格均采用空间分解准拉格朗日格式和由廖洞贤等提出的与此差分格式一致的内边界条件(即方案二)。试验结果表明,用方案二作出的24小时细网格预报,与按半动量格式和粗网格直接给细网格提供内边界条件(即方案一)所得的结果相比,去除了在流出处出现的不稳定,系统的流入、流出也较好。这两种方案再加上Davies“松弛区域”的方法(分别为方案四,方案三),其结果与上述类似,且方案四比方案二还要好些。     

正压原始方程套网格试验

本文用“单向”(one—way)方法进行正压原始方程套网格试验。粗、细网格均采用空间分解准拉格朗日格式和由廖洞贤等提出的与此差分格式一致的内边界条件(即方案二)。试验结果表明,用方案二作出的24小时细网格预报,与按半动量格式和粗网格直接给细网格提供内边界条件(即方案一)所得的结果相比,去除了在流出处出现的不稳定,系统的流入、流出也较好。这两种方案再加上Davies“松弛区域”的方法(分别为方案四,方案三),其结果与上述类似,且方案四比方案二还要好些。     

正压原始方程模式采用准拉格朗日格式的预报试验

本文设计了一个时间积分采用准拉格朗日格式的台风路径预报的正压原始方程模式。模式采用海绵型开放边界,使边界附近的预报有所改进。采用海绵型边条件和准拉格朗日平流格式后,模式的计算稳定性较好。积分24小时,区域总能量和涡度拟能变化小于1%。在用实际观测资料所做的台风路径预报试验中,初始风场的散度是作为源项加到连续方程中的。对比试验结果表明:有实际源项的初始场的预报优于无源项和源项被人为改变了的初始场的预报,从而说明起始风场中包括非地转部分有利于改善台风路径预报。     

全球(Z)双三次数值模式的设计与个例模拟(I): 模式动力框架设计

引入双三次数值模式:双三次数值模式是通过作三次样条与双三次曲面拟合,实现各个大气要素量场的二阶可导,从而可对各个预报方程作时间积分。双三次数值模式适合采用大气运动原始方程组和采用水平方向准拉格朗日/垂直方向欧拉时间积分方案。且本文的全球(Z)双三次数值模式与个例模拟实际采用Navier-Stokes"浅薄大气"原始方程组,建立球面Z坐标系上的非静力、全可压、干/湿绝热大气运动动力框架。其离散化气压、气温预报方程与个例模拟揭示出大气运动中凝结降水,其天气学原因不仅是湿空气作Z坐标垂直上升运动,而且是湿空气被"减压/减温",即湿空气作P坐标"垂直上升运动",后者可由大气平流运动(如Rossby波)引起。     

AN INTEGRATION METHOD WITH FITTING CUBIC SPLINE FUNCTIONS TO A NUMERICAL MODEL OF 2ND-ORDER SPACE-TIME DIFFERENTIAL REMAINDER——FOR AN IDEAL GLOBAL SIMULATION CASE WITH PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS

In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation.     

任意正交曲线坐标系下的海洋模式动力框架的发展与评估

本文发展了一个可以适用于任意水平正交曲线坐标系的海洋模式动力框架,并将其应用于中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的气候系统海洋模式LICOM2.0（LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model,version2.0）。在经纬网格坐标系下,新的动力框架与LICOM2.0原有的动力框架模拟结果完全一致。基于新的动力框架,海洋模式可采用能够准确描述北冰洋地形的三极网格,克服了LICOM2.0经纬网格版本必须将北极点处理为孤岛的缺陷,从而显著改进了模式对于北冰洋环流和北大西洋经圈翻转流函数（AMOC）的模拟能力。此外,引进三极网格还可以避免模式网格距随纬度增加而急剧减小带来的计算不稳定,在LICOM2.0的三极网格版本中,模式不需要采用任何空间滤波方案仍然能够保证计算的稳定性,从而与LICOM2.0的经纬网格版本相比,极大地提高了模式的并行效率,这一点在当水平分辨率提高到0.1度时表现得尤为明显,海洋模式的并行加速比可以从经纬网格版本的5.8左右提高到三极网格版本的15.0左右。     

Improvement of the semi-Lagrangian advection scheme in the GRAPES model: Theoretical analysis and idealized tests

ABSTRACT The Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System （GRAPES） is the newgeneration numerical weather predic- tion （NWP） system developed by the China Meteorological Administration. It is a fully compressible non-hydrostatical global/regional unified model that uses a traditional semi-Lagrangian advection scheme with cubic Lagrangian interpola tion （referred to as the SL_CL scheme）. The SL_CL scheme has been used in many operational NWP models, but there are still some deficiencies, such as the damping effects due to the interpolation and the relatively low accuracy. Based on Reich＇s semi-Lagrangian advection scheme （referred to as the R2007 scheme）, the Re_R2007 scheme that uses the low- and high-order B-spline function for interpolation at the departure point, is developed in this paper. One- and two-dimensional idealized tests in the rectangular coordinate system with uniform grid cells were conducted to compare the Re..R2007 scheme and the SL_CL scheme. The numerical results showed that： （1） the damping effects were remarkably reduced with the Re_R2007 scheme; and （2） the normalized errors of the Re_R2007 scheme were about 7.5 and 3 times smaller than those of the SL_CL scheme in one- and two-dimensional tests, respectively, indicating the higher accuracy of the Re..R2007 scheme. Furthermore, two solid-body rotation tests were conducted in the latitude-longitude spherical coordinate system with non uniform grid cells, which also verified the Re_R2007 scheme＇s advantages. Finally, in comparison with other global advection schemes, the Re_R2007 scheme was competitive in terms of accuracy and flow independence. An encouraging possibility for the application of the Re_R2007 scheme to the GRAPES model is provided.     

Implementation of the semi-Lagrangian advection scheme on a quasi-uniform overset grid on a sphere

The semi-Lagrangian advection scheme is implemented on a new quasi-uniform overset （Yin-Yang） grid on the sphere. The Yin-Yang grid is a newly developed grid system in spherical geometry with two perpendicularly-oriented latitude-longitude grid components （called Yin and Yang respectively） that overlapp each other, and this effectively avoids the coordinate singularity and the grid convergence near the poles. In this overset grid, the way of transferring data between the Yin and Yang components is the key to maintaining the accuracy and robustness in numerical solutions. A numerical interpolation for boundary data exchange, which maintains the accuracy of the original advection scheme and is computationally efficient, is given in this paper. A standard test of the solid-body advection proposed by Williamson is carried out on the Yin-Yang grid. Numerical results show that the quasi-uniform Yin-Yang grid can get around the problems near the poles, and the numerical accuracy in the original semi-Lagrangian scheme is effectively maintained in the Yin-Yang grid.     

Implementation of CMA-GFS 3D-Var System on the Yin-Yang Grid

The global three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation is implemented on a new quasi-uniform overset (Yin-Yang) grid on sphere. As a quasi-uniform spherical grid, it covers the sphere by overlapping two perpendicularly oriented grid components which is nothing but low latitude region of the usual latitude-longitude grid. Based on this characteristic of the Yin-Yang grid, it enables us to implement the regional 3D-Var system efficiently and accurately on the Yin or Yang component grid, respectively. The global analysis could update directly from the regional analysis since they have the same configurations like the precondition of eigenvalue decomposition for vertical direction, recursive filtering for horizontal direction, minimization method and observation operator and so on. However, the balance equation and vector wind are needed to be paid more attention on the Yin grid analysis due to its coordinate transformation. How to spread the observation information near the boundary of Yin and Yang grid is a key to the 3D- Var analysis. Extending double the horizontal correlation length distance in the overset boundary of Yin and Yang grid has successfully solved the problem. The results show that the analysis on the Yin-Yang grid is reasonable and similar to the result on the latitude-longitude (LAT-LON) grid. This paper provides a promising strategy for the development of a 3D-Var global system for overset grids.     

RESEARCH ON INTERANNUAL CHANGE ABOUT TELECONNECTION OF GENERAL CIRCULATION IN SUMMER DURING 1980s OVER THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

In the paper the 5°×10°latitude-longitude grid point data of daily 500 hPa geopotential height over the NorthernHemisphere(NH)in summer(June—August)during 1980s are used.The base point(20°N,120°E)is selected to calcu-late point correlation between the base point and other grid points.We find that the summer heat source anomaly of thetropical western Pacific causes anomaly of summer general circulation over NH and teleconnection of general circula-tion similar to PNA pattern forms from East Asia to North America.The teleconnections show great interannualchanges.     

基于台站降水资料对不同空间内插方法的比较

如何把离散的气象台站资料通过合适的空间内插方法转变成规则的网格数据,对于气候变化分析和模拟研究具有重要的意义.作者利用中国区域160个常用台站10年降水观测资料为例,分别采用克里格(Kriging)插值、反距离加权、Delaunay三角剖分线性插值、双谐样条(Biharmonic Spline)插值和Cressman客观分析等几种常见的空间内插方法,较为系统地分析和比较了这几种内插方法插值结果之间的异同,对其优缺点和适用范围进行了适当讨论,并采用不同的网格分辨率和影响半径对Cressman客观分析方法做了进一步分析比较.结果表明:在台站分布密集的区域不同空间内插方法之间差异较小,在台站分布稀疏的区域则差异较大;与更加密集的台站观测资料的比较显示,自动调节影响半径的Cressman客观分析方法与双谐样条插值方法误差相对较小.     

Space-detailed climatic forecasting of air temperature and precipitation in Eastern Siberia on the basis of accounting for local features of the underlying surface

A physical-statistical approach is used for space specification of forecasting fields of air temperature and precipitation in the mid-21st century in Eastern Siberia. The initial data on the monthly mean values representing ensemble-averaged results of 12 general circulation models of the atmosphere and the ocean, with a 2° × 2° latitude-longitude grid are specified on a 12.5 × 12.5 km grid accounting for local features of surface topography and reflectivity. The most pronounced effect of increasing space resolution is found in the areas with complicated relief, especially in summer. This corresponds to physical properties of the processes affecting local features of precipitation and air temperature fields and demonstrates efficiency of the approach under use.     

近38年中国气温和降水的1 km网格数据集

对中国38年的气温和降水进行了空间插值分析,选取最优模型去生成1km网格数据集,为中国大陆的植被分布、气候变化和环境生态等研究提供支持。基于国家气象中心839个气象站的逐日气温和降水数据,用经度、纬度和海拔作为ANUSPLIN软件插值的3个变量,对降水进行开平方预处理,采用3次样条的薄盘光滑样条法,得到了1980—2017年中国大陆月平均气温和月累计降水1km网格插值数据集。数据集的广义交叉验证均方根(RTGCV)和均方根误差(RMSE)具有年周期性和明显的季节变化特征;各站点的平均误差(MBE)的频率分布近似正态分布,绝对误差(MAE)的空间分布也符合中国大陆气候的变化特征。数据集在精准度和时间序列上较新,且提供公共下载服务,可为全国陆地生态系统的研究提供信息支持。