Studies on the tropomyosin of marine zooplankton

Investigations on the preparation, structure and biochemical characteristics of tropomyosin (Tm) of Acetes japonicus, A. chinensis and Pseudeuphausia sinica, collected from Xiamen coastal water, show that: (1) Tm could be isolated by salting fractionation in the range of 20-35% ammonium sulphate saturation, and the contents of them are 0.86%, 0.87% and 0.70% of dry weight respectively. (2) Molecular weight of Acetes detected by SDS-PAGE method is 3.3-3.6×104, while that of P. sinica, 3.2-3.5×104. (3) Isoelectric points of all the three Tm determined by isoelectric focusing method are at about pH 5.0. (4) Crystalline spindles of above three Tm can be formed in phosphate buffer containing Mg f at pH 4.8 or pH 7.2, showing cross striations with a repeat period of 38-40 nm under the electron microscope by negative staining, and there are fine lines at irregular intervals in each striation. (5) The characteristics of the chemical composition of three Tm reveal that the strong polar amino acids account for m     

Study on the characteristics of the marine boundary layer in the Equatorial Pacific

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Quaternary marine ostracoda on the west coast of the Bohai Sea

According to the results of analysis of the marine ostracoda biofacies from over 160 drilled holes on the west coast of the Bohai Sea, i.e. Hebei and Shandong Provinces, Tianjin, and the east part of Beijing, the present paper is a discussion of their palaeoecological and stratigraphigical significance. The investigation of ostracoda thanatocoenoces in the modern coastal zone suggests that the distribution of marine ostracoda has been controlled by the salinity and depth of water. The study of Quaternary marine ostracoda should be concentrated mainly on the determination of their biofacies and palaeogeographigical conditions, so as to provide evidence for the determination of transgression range, palaeoshoreline and sca-leve! changes.     

Karyotypes of three species of the marine Veneroida molluscs

INTRODUCTIONExceptforcorbiculalivinginfreshwater,themostVeneroidamolluscsliveinthesea .Theyarewidelydistributedwithlargequantityofcategories.Manyofthebivalvemolluscsareculturedfortheireconomicvalue .ThespeciesofSolengrandis,SaxidomuspurpuratusandMactrachinensisareaquaculturedinthenorthernseasofChina .Morphologyandcultivationbiologyofthebivalvemolluschavebeenreported (Qietal.,1 989;Weietal.,1 995;Wangetal .,1 984 ) .Asthefoundationofbivalvemollusccytogenetics ,chromosomestudyiscritical…     

The behaviour of methionine in the model marine habitat

The behaviour of free methionine in the artificial marine habitat and the characteristic of absorption by clam were studied by trace method. The results showed that more than 70% of free methionine was utilized by marine organisms. The percentage of concentration methionine in suspended matter, Platymonas, sediment and clam was 11.4%, 24%, 7.8% and 34% respectively. The main path of absorption was viscera, seconded by mantle and gill. It was transferred to muscle after 24 h. The direct absorption of methionine from sea water by clam was more important and faster than that from food.     

On similarity profiles predicted in the convective marine boundary layer

On the basis of the ideal of local scale similarity theory, the profile equations of wind, temperature and humidity for the eonvective marine boundary layer have been obtained. The marine boundary layer measurements were made over the western Pacific Ocean as past of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Programme during Nov. 1986-Feb. 1987. The similarity profiles predicledfor wind. temperature and humidity in the MBL are in good agreement with the observational data.     

Isolation and phylogenetic assignation of actinomycetes in the marine sediments from the Arctic Ocean

Actinomycetes in five marine sediments collected from the Arctic Ocean at depths of 43 to 3 050 m were cultivated using a variety of media. A total of 61 actinomycete colonies with substrate mycelia only were observed, and no colonies with aerial mycelia were observed under aerobic conditions at 15 ℃. From these colonies, 28 were selected to represent different morphological types.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to check the purity of isolates and select representatives for subsequent sequencing. Phylogentic analyses based on nearly full-length 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) sequences indicated that the actinomycetes isolated were accommodated within genus Rhodococcus of family Nocardiaceae, genus Dietzia of family Dietziaceae,genera Janibacter and Terrabacter of family Instrasporangiaceae and genera Kocuria and Arthrobacter of family Micrococcaceae. One of the strains (P27-24) from the deep-sea sediment at depth of 3 050 m was found to be identical in 16S rDNA sequence(1474/1474)with the radiation-resistant Kocuria rosea ATCC 187T isolated from air. More than halfofthe isolates showed the similarities ranging from 99.5% to 99.9% in 16S rDNA sequence to dibenzofran-degrading, butyl 2-ethylhexanoate-hydrolysising and nitrile-metabolizing actinomycetes. All the strains isolated were psychrotolerant bacteria and grew better on the media prepared with natural seawater than on the media prepared with deionized water. Three of them (Dietzia sp. P27-10, Rhodococcus sp. S11-3 and Rhodococcus sp.P11-5)had an obligate growth requirement for salt, confirming that these strains are indigenous marine actinomycetes.     

Can ecological and evolutionary arguments solve the riddle of the missing marine insects?

We critically appraise the recent literature on the paucity of marine insects and conclude that this near‐absence does demand explanation; but this explanation is unlikely to be found in the suggested problems of depth for insect respiratory systems. We tentatively suggest some areas where further consideration may yield fruitful answers to this long‐standing evolutionary riddle.     

The effects of heavy metals on the primary productivity in the marine ecosystem enclosures

In April, 1985, scientists from China and Canada made a marine enclosed ecosystem experiment cooperatively in Xiamen. The experiment was carried out in the plastic bags in a shorebased tank. To the bags, heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Zn, Pb and Cd) were added quantitatively and their effects on the primary productivity were studied. The results show that the effects of low level metal mixture (Cu 3.5-10.0, Hg 0.2-1.0, Pb 0.3-1.5, Zn 3.5-17.5,     

Competition within the marine microalgae over the polar dark period in the Greenland Sea of high Arctic

Abstract-With the onset of winter, polar marine microalgae would have faced total darkness for aperiod of up to 6 months. A natural autumn community of Arctic sea ice microalgae was collected fordark survival experiments from the Greenland Sea during the ARKTIS-XI/2 Expedition of RV Po-larstern in October 1995. After a dark period of 161 days, species dominance in the algal assemblagehave changed from initially pennate diatoms to small phytoflagellates (<20μm). Over the entire darkperiod, the mean algal growth rate was-0.01 d~(-1). Nearly all diatom species had negative growthrates, while phytoflagellate abundance increased. Resting spore formation during the dark period was ob-served in less than 4.5% of all cells and only for dinoflagellates and the diatom Chaetoceros spp. We as-sume that facultative heterotrophy and energy storage are the main processes enabling survival during thedark Arctic winter. After an increase in light intensity, microalgal cells reacted with fast growth withindays. Phytoffa     

How can marine ecosystem services support the Blue Growth agenda?

The EU Blue Growth Agenda targets maritime economic activities that have the sea and the coasts as drivers. These activities are supported by marine Ecosystem Services (ES) in combination, or not, with abiotic outputs from the marine natural capital. This paper analyses Blue Growth activities with regards to the demand and supply of marine ES and Good Environmental Status (GES). The results show that marine provisioning ES support aquaculture and blue biotechnology, while blue energy is supported by marine provisioning ES and by abiotic provisioning, and abiotic provisioning supports extraction of marine mineral resources. Maritime, coastal and cruise tourism is supported by cultural marine ES and cultural settings dependent on marine abiotic structures. All these multi-sectoral economic activities depend on healthy marine and coastal ecosystems that are provided by regulating and maintenance ES combined with the abiotic regulation and maintenance by natural marine physical structures and processes. In order to balance concurrent sectoral interests and achieve sustainable use of marine resources there is the need to consider indicators for demand for ES, which are social and economically driven, and for the supply, which are dependent on ecosystems capacity to provide the required marine ES. Some of the actions foreseeing GES are already anticipated in legislation that underpin Blue Growth, whilst others could benefit from additional regulation, particularly in what concern the exploration and exploitation of marine mineral and biological resources. Blue Growth options require navigating trade-offs between economic, social and environmental aspects.     

The state‐of‐the‐art in marine navigation

Tide gauges distributed all over the world provide valuable information for monitoring mean sea level changes. The statistical models used in estimating sea level change from the tide gauge data assume implicitly that the random model components are stationary in variance. We show that for a large number of global tide gauge data this is not the case for the seasonal part using a variate-differencing algorithm. This finding is important for assessing the reliability of the present estimates of mean sea level changes because nonstationarity of the data may have marked impact on the sea level rate estimates, especially, for the data from short records.     

The concentration and distribution of dimethyl sulfide in the marine atmospheric boundary layer near the equator

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Seeing the ocean through the eyes of seabirds: A new path for marine conservation?

Seeing the ocean through the eyes of seabirds could help meet the challenges of managing common-pool marine resources both in protected and unprotected areas. First, seabirds are top-predators, exposed to all threats affecting the oceans, and this makes them ideal sentinel organisms for monitoring changes within marine ecosystems. Second, seabirds cross both ecological and political boundaries, and following their movements should help making interdependencies within and between marine ecosystems more visible. Third, seabirds are conspicuous and often charismatic animals, which interact differently with different groups of stakeholders and provide the opportunity to acknowledge and discuss each other's values and interests. In this paper, we present these research avenues using a seabirds’ view, for tackling marine conservation and management issues, and we give operational examples of implementation based on our work in the English Channel.     

Can citizen science contribute to the evidence-base that underpins marine policy?

Marine legislation is becoming ever more complex, so new cost-effective ways of obtaining and processing increasingly large data sets are required to support evidence-based policy making. Citizen science is one solution, but the uptake of the evidence generated by citizens among policy makers is often limited. Here, the importance of citizen science in delivery of the evidence-base that underpins marine policy was assessed using a series of case-studies. There was no consistent rationale for developing policy-relevant citizen science, but drivers included: lack of existing data, difficulty in collecting data by other means, the use of citizen science data by other organisations, and the capabilities of volunteers. Challenges to the uptake of marine citizen science were identified from policy-maker, scientist and citizen perspectives, and these related to data quality, data access, motivation of volunteers, and physical location. Citizen science has good potential to contribute to the evidence-base alongside traditional monitoring, remote sensing, and modelling, but only if outputs from citizen science projects are judged individually on quality. If this is the case, citizen science has an important role in delivery and understanding of future marine policy, but is only one part of an integrated solution.     

Mean sea level and the marine geoid—an analysis of concepts

The current ambition to achieve a 10‐cm marine geoid focuses attention on the interdisciplinary problem of relating oceanographic to geodetic measurements, and on the apparent conflict between them along the United States’ coasts. The concepts underlying the comparisons in this conflict are analyzed, and shown to leave a possibility of diffusing the deadlock by more precise reformulations. Concepts which have been equated in practical applications under less stringent accuracy requirements need to be refined and related more precisely through interdisciplinary efforts. An example is given of a geodetic utilization of density differences in the ocean, akin to but not the same as the idea of steric leveling, in order to highlight the similarity and dissimilarity between some geodetic and oceanographic ideas.     

Has the value of global marine and coastal ecosystem services changed?

In 1997, Robert Costanza and his colleagues published a groundbreaking study [1] that estimated the monetary value of the contribution of the world's ecosystems to human wellbeing. The methods used were cited as preliminary and received considerable criticism [2], [3]. In two more recent peer-reviewed studies [4], [5], the authors update the original estimates of ecosystem service value and find: (1) that original per area ecosystem service values were underestimated and (2) using these revised per area values, the total global value of ecosystem services has declined. Just under ninety-five percent of the estimated loss in ecosystem service value comes from revisions by the authors in the value estimates of marine ecosystem services. These revisions include additional per area value estimates of coral reefs and coastal wetlands that are many times the value of estimates used in the original analysis. The reasons cited by Costanza et al. for the increases in revised value estimates are examined and rejected. The data are found to be insufficient for a rigorous estimate of the global value of marine ecosystems services.     

A study of the chemical composition and transport of marine aerosols over the ocean near China

In this paper the authors cite the aerosol samples collected with a KA-200 Anderson cascade Impactor and a KB-120 sampler during the first cruise of the Kuroshio investigation operated by the People's Republic of China and Japan cooperative program, from July 23 to August 21, 1987. The concentration size distributions and composition of marine aerosols over the Kuroshio area are analyzed. Neutron activation analysis is used to determine the elemental composition of the aerosols. The authors also discuss some characteristics of marine aerosols relating to long-range transport of crustal and anthropogenic elements from the continent to the remote ocean. Analytical results indicate that elements Al, Fe, Sc and Sb over this area are obviously influenced by the continent of Asia, and the size distributions are changed after long-range transport. The concentration of large particles increase. The concentrations of the elements C1 and Na are closely related to ocean conditions; the source of the elements Cl an     

An electrochemical study on the effects of marine fouling organisms on steel used in the sea

-Study on the effects of microorganism secretive membrane and covering layer of macrofouling organisms-Balanus reticulatus, Ostrea plicatula, Membranipora, Corophium and Algae on the corrosion of carbon steel and low-alloy steel by the determination of natural corrosive potentials, linear polarization and the polarization curver of dynamic potential scanning through an electrochemical equipment.The results show that the microorganism secretion membrane formed on sample surface has some protective role, during the initial period of exposure (about ten days). Then protective role decreases and corrosive rate increases with the lapse of immersion time. The protective role of some macrofouling organisms is shown in order as follows: Corophium> Balanus reticulatus>Algae>Membranipora>Ostrea plicatula.