汞胁迫对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain) 主要消化和免疫因子的影响

采用实验生态学方法,开展了汞胁迫下拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)的消化和免疫因子变动的研究。在实验室条件下,测定了0.00、0.005、0.01、0.02、0.04、0.08mg/L浓度Hg2+在1d、3d、5d、7d、9d胁迫时间下的消化和免疫因子变化。结果表明,汞胁迫下拟穴青蟹AMS活性快速升高,但激活效应随胁迫时间延长而逐渐下降,后期表现为抑制效应。汞胁迫能激发Pepsin活性,短期内Pepsin活性和胁迫浓度、胁迫时间呈正相关;长期高浓度胁迫(0.04、0.08mg/L),则激发效应减弱。汞胁迫对LPS活性的影响主要表现为抑制作用。免疫因子的研究结果表明,汞胁迫对AKP有激发作用,可迅速刺激机体AKP活力上升。低浓度汞胁迫对AKP活性提升最显著(0.005、0.01、0.02mg/L),高浓度组AKP活性先升后降。汞胁迫对ACP活性有激发作用,且存在显著的时间效应和浓度效应。汞胁迫下SOD活性短期内即显著升高,且SOD活力随胁迫时间延长而持续升高。汞胁迫对LZM活性有激活作用,且激活效应存在时间效应和浓度效应。汞胁迫对PO活力快速产生抑制作用,抑制作用存在时间效应而无显著的浓度效应。汞胁迫对拟穴青蟹消化和免疫因子能产生胁迫效应,对Pepsin、AMS、AKP、ACP、SOD、LZM表现为激发,而对LPS、PO表现为抑制。     

低温胁迫对黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)抗氧化酶、Na~+/-K~+-ATP酶及Hsp70蛋白含量的影响

为探讨低温处理对黄姑鱼幼鱼生理机能的影响,以18℃为对照组,设置8℃、10℃和14℃3个低温胁迫组,测定不同温度急性胁迫对黄姑鱼幼鱼(Nibea albiflora)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、Na~+/-K~+-ATP酶活力以及热休克蛋白70(Hsp70)蛋白含量的影响。研究结果表明,低温胁迫组(8℃、10℃和14℃)的SOD和CAT酶活力随着胁迫温度的降低及其胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,在72 h时恢复到对照组水平。肌肉中的Na~+/-K~+-ATP酶活力则随处理时间的延长呈现先降低后升高的趋势,10℃和14℃组能够在72 h时恢复到对照组水平,而8℃组则在72 h仍显著低于对照组。低温胁迫下黄姑鱼肌肉的Hsp70含量随着处理时间的延长呈先升高后降低趋势,10℃和14℃组能够在72 h时恢复到对照组水平,而8℃组则在72 h仍显著高于对照组。由此说明,SOD、CAT、Na~+/-K~+-ATP以及Hsp70蛋白参与了黄姑鱼低温胁迫应答过程,可以作为其低温胁迫应答的标志物。     

急性热应激对大菱鲆血液生化指标的影响

为探讨大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)大规格幼鱼热耐受性和热应激过程中敏感指标的变化,本研究设定18℃、21℃、24℃和27℃4个温度梯度,采用1℃/h的升温速率,对驯化温度为18±1℃的苗种进行96 h急性胁迫实验,统计各温度组96 h成活率和测定血浆部分生化指标的变化情况。结果表明,在pH 7.85、盐度29.5和溶解氧高于6.5 mg/L的环境条件下,平均体质量183.65±15.99 g的大菱鲆幼鱼96h高起始致死温度(UILT50)为28.05℃;温度和胁迫时间对血浆肾上腺素(EPI)、皮质醇(Cortisol)、血糖(GLU)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)含量/活性都存在显著影响,除GSH外,温度和胁迫时间存在显著的交互影响作用;热应激组血浆EPI含量随胁迫时间延长呈逐渐上升趋势,同一胁迫时间以21℃组含量最高;热应激组Cortisol含量的响应时间随温度升高相应提前、随胁迫时间呈先升后降的趋势,均在48 h达最高值; 24℃和27℃组GLU含量随胁迫时间呈先升后降趋势,胁迫3h～6h即达最高值,上升幅度与温度正相关,21℃组则呈逐渐升高的趋势;热应激组GSH含量和SOD活性仅在胁迫初期(0 h～3 h)与对照组存在显著差异;热应激组AKP活性处理12 h显著低于对照组, 48 h后则显著高于对照组,且升高幅度与温度呈正相关。     

氨氮慢性胁迫对刺参免疫酶活性及热休克蛋白表达的影响

以初始体重为(50.50±1.67)g左右的刺参(Apostichopus Japonicus Selenka)为研究对象,研究了不同氨氮浓度对刺参体壁和体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及HSP70表达的影响。20d慢性毒性实验研究结果表明:(1)刺参体壁和体腔液ACP、AKP活性在0.51和2.04mg/L氨氮浓度下表现出先上升后降低的趋势,而在5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L下,则表现出降低的趋势;(2)不同浓度氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁CAT活性均呈现降低趋势,且与氨氮浓度呈现显著的负相关性(P<0.05),而刺参体腔液CAT活性在0.51、5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L浓度下则均随取样时间而降低;(3)在氨氮浓度0.51～5.09mg/L时,刺参体壁和体腔液SOD活性均表现出不同程度的先增高后降低的趋势,而在高浓度下则与氮氮浓度显著负相关;(4)在氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁、呼吸树、肠道和体腔液中HSP70表达量迅速升高,氨氮胁迫第5天时检测到达到最高;随后各组织HSP70的表达量缓慢降低,但在氨氮胁迫第20天时,各组织HSP70的表达量仍显著高于氨氮胁迫前的水平(P<0.05)。各组织中HSP70最高表达量与氨氮浓度呈现明显的正相关性。综合本研究结果可以看出,随着氨氮胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,刺参免疫酶活性趋于降低,同时机体清除自由基的能力下降,机体非特异性免疫防御系统遭到损伤。而HSP70表达量维持在较高水平,可能对于增强机体的抗逆性具有重要的作用。     

花鲈早期发育阶段机体抗氧化酶活力变化及生理功能分析

根据花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)受精卵发育阶段以及外界环境的变化,分别采集受精后1d(胚胎)、3d(孵化破膜)、5d、6d、12d、13d、30d的胚胎和仔稚鱼作为实验样品,测定花鲈早期发育不同阶段机体的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)的活力变化。结果显示,ACP活力随着发育进程呈现先下降、后升高并趋于平稳;AKP活力总体呈现上升趋势;SOD和CAT活力在发育的第5d时达到最低值,随后总体呈逐渐升高的趋势,并最终趋于稳定;MDA含量在早期发育的第3d达到顶峰,第5d时明显下降(P0.05),在第6d其含量显著升高(P0.05),之后随着发育逐渐降低,30d时达到最低值。这些结果说明在花鲈早期发育过程中,ACP和AKP活力总体呈现逐步升高的趋势,以此满足机体免疫、细胞增殖等需求,而SOD、CAT和MDA的变化也说明它们在保护机体免受过氧化危害方面起着重要作用。     

镉胁迫对凡纳滨对虾血清中一氧化氮合成酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度Cd2 (0.05、0.5和5mg·L-1)对凡纳滨对虾Litopeneaus vannamei血清中的总一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明,镉胁迫促使总NOS活力升高依剂量而异,中(0.5mg·L-1)、低(0. 05mg·L-1)剂量组凡纳滨对虾血清中总NOS活力在24-48h显著高于对照组,而高剂量组(5mg·L-1)在12-48h血清中总NOS活力与对照组相比无显著差别; iNOS活力变化趋势与总NOS活力相似,但中、低剂量组之间iNOS活性无显著差异.镉胁迫促使凡纳滨对虾血清中SOD活力短暂升高,但高剂量在24-48h对SOD活力呈明显的抑制效应.     

重金属Cd2+胁迫对近江牡蛎超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

探讨了将近江牡蛎抗氧化酶防御体系参数作为海洋重金属污染生物监测指标的可行性。在实验室条件下,研究重金属Cd2 胁迫对近江牡蛎Crassostrea rivularis鳃和消化腺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的诱导作用。结果表明,Cd2 对近江牡蛎消化腺组织SOD活性诱导的剂量效应呈抛物线型,而对鳃组织SOD活性诱导曲线呈非抛物线型,由于二者结构和功能的不同,前者的SOD活性高于后者;低浓度Cd2 (0.1mg.L-1)对近江牡蛎鳃组织SOD活性表现为显著诱导,中(0.5mg.L-1)、高(1.5mg.L-1)浓度Cd2 对近江牡蛎鳃组织SOD活性诱导呈先升后降的变化趋势;低、中浓度Cd2 对近江牡蛎消化腺组织SOD活性均表现为显著诱导,高浓度Cd2 对近江牡蛎消化腺组织SOD活性诱导呈先升后降的变化趋势。研究表明,对于水体中单一因子的Cd2 污染物而言,近江牡蛎消化腺组织中的SOD活性对其有一定的指示意义,但将其作为指标应用到实际养殖水体尚须进一步研究。     

盐度对香螺行为、鳃和肾抗氧化酶活性与组织结构的影响

为明确不同盐度胁迫下香螺的生理生态学响应及其适应机制,本文采用行为学、组织学和生物化学手段研究了不同盐度条件下(16、20、24、28、32、36、40、44、48)香螺的行为、病理损伤以及抗氧化酶活性。结果显示,在高盐和低盐胁迫下,香螺出现应激反应,摄食率下降,死亡率升高。随盐度升高,香螺的总抗氧化能力先升高后降低,在盐度32时达到峰值;香螺鳃的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力呈先降低后升高的趋势;肾的CAT和SOD活力呈先升高后降低的趋势。组织切片结果显示,在高盐和低盐胁迫下,香螺嗅检器和鳃丝的形态呈现显著变化,黏液细胞数量均增加。上述结果表明,盐度显著影响香螺的生理生态反应,且香螺可通过行为变化、调节抗氧化酶以及改变组织形态结构从而适应外界盐度的变化。     

高温胁迫对合浦珠母贝不同群体存活及免疫酶活性的影响

为比较合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)不同群体在高温胁迫下的存活及免疫酶活性变化情况,本实验以“海优1号”(YY)、“海选1号”(XX)、“南科1号”(KK)和广西潜在耐高温养殖群体(TT)为实验材料,通过渐变升温的方式测定4组合浦珠母贝在35℃水温胁迫下的生理指标,研究不同胁迫时长对合浦珠母贝存活及其鳃组织内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性的影响。研究显示,实验第8天开始出现个体死亡,TT组在实验12 d后存活率显著高于其余3组(P<0.05);4个群体的SOD、CAT和T-AOC活性随胁迫时间的延长大致呈上升-下降的趋势,在1～24 h内免疫酶活性呈上升趋势,在120 h后下降至对照水平以下;在高温胁迫下各组的AKP活性增加,KK、TT与XX、YY分别在12和24 h达到峰值,在120 h显著下降。本研究初步探明了高温胁迫下合浦珠母贝的免疫应答机制。     

Cr6+对日本黄姑鱼(Nibea japonica)外周血细胞及抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性的影响

采用半静水生物测试法,开展了Cr6+对日本黄姑鱼(Nibea japonica)的急性暴露试验,研究了暴露6、12、24、72、96h后,Cr6+对日本黄姑鱼外周血细胞微核率、核异常率及肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度Cr6+胁迫下,红细胞微核率及核异常率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);相同浓度Cr6+胁迫下,核异常率普遍高于微核率;对照组CAT和SOD活性无明显变化(P>0.05),不同浓度Cr6+处理组SOD和CAT活性均变化显著(P<0.05),在96h内呈现出先升高、后降低、再升高的变化趋势。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.