Improving the ecological efficiency of the bottom trawl fishery in the Western Mediterranean: It's about time!

The improvement of fishing technology has been detrimental to the sustainability of fisheries, which is particularly clear for the bottom trawl fishery. Reducing its environmental impact is a key point for the development of a more sustainable fishery. The present work analyzed different possibilities to mitigate the impact of gears on the seabed and to increase the efficiency of the bottom trawl fishery of the Western Mediterranean. The analysis of three experiments showed that innovative technical and regulation measures can lead to benefits such as the reduction of fishing effort, the improvement of the cost-benefit relation and the reduction of the direct impact on the seabed and the indirect effect on the ecosystems through reduce discards and the emission of CO₂ into the atmosphere. After years of studies focused on improving the sustainability of this fishery, it's about time to turn this improvement into reality.     

IFQs and total factor productivity changes: The case of the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery

This study investigates changes in the total factor productivity (TFP) and identifies the main sources of TFP growth following the adoption of an individual fishing quota (IFQ) program in the Gulf of Mexico red snapper commercial fishery. Utilizing an unbalanced panel of 722 vertical line vessels Malmquist indices were derived from an output-oriented stochastic distance frontier. The analysis shows that the IFQ program had a positive impact on the productivity of the fleet and that most of the productivity gains were due to improvements in technical efficiency. The study also finds that changes in technical efficiency were time variant suggesting that the exit of the less efficient vessels and easing of command and control regulations such as trip limits and short fishing seasons were responsible for most of these gains. Changes in the exploitable biomass of red snapper were found to have a moderate impact on productivity growth whereas the impact of technological progress was minimal.     

珠江口分粒级叶绿素a和初级生产力研究

珠江是我国第三大江,年径流量仅次于长江,珠江口是我国南方重要的运输通道和沿岸渔场.近20 a来,由于珠江三角洲地区经济的迅速发展,河口区的富营养化和赤潮时有发生[1,2].因此,关于该水域生态系统结构和功能的研究日益受到重视.河口区是陆海相互作用的耦合带和生产力较高的区域,开展对该水域叶绿素a和初级生产力的研究,对于阐明该生态系统的结构和功能及其诸如富营养化和赤潮等环境问题具有重要意义,对于生物资源的开发亦具实际价值.     

国内外海洋捕捞总量增长因素比较分析

为了控制过度捕捞现象,防止海洋渔业资源不断衰退,中国农业部在2016年12月底发布的《全国渔业发展第十三个五年规划》中提出一系列以控制海洋捕捞总量为核心的制度。在此背景下文章从生产因素、政策因素、科技因素、产业结构因素等多层面,对影响国内外海洋捕捞总量增长因素的研究成果以及与该领域相关的研究方法进行归纳综述;通过国内外比较分析发现影响海洋捕捞总量增长的主要因素有渔船数量、功率以及作业方式、渔民数量、资源存量、渔业政策、科技等;研究方法对比分析发现,全要素生产率分析法是该领域最科学的研究方法。     

Scientific inference and experiment in Ecosystem Based Fishery Management,with application to Steller sea lions in the Bering Sea and Western Gulf of Alaska

Learning about ecosystem processes and patterns is an essential component of Ecosystem Based Fishery Management and the sustainable use of natural resources.     

Nitrogen uptake and primary productivity rates in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB)

Nutrient concentrations, primary productivity, and nitrogen uptake rates were measured in coastal waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight over a two-year period that included measurements from all four seasons. In order to assess carbon productivity and nitrogen demand within the context of the physical environment, the region was divided into three distinct hydrographic regimes: the Chesapeake and Delaware Bay outflow plumes (PL), the southern Mid-Atlantic shelf influenced by the Gulf Stream (SS), and the mid-shelf area to the north of the Chesapeake Bay mouth (MS). Annual areal rates of total nitrogen (N) uptake were similar across all regions (10.9 ± 2.1 mol N m⁻² y⁻¹). However, annual areal rates of net primary productivity were higher in the outflow plume region (43 mol C m⁻² y⁻¹), than along the Mid-Atlantic shelf and in areas influenced by the Gulf Stream (41 and 34 mol C m⁻² y⁻¹, respectively). Rates of net primary productivity were not well correlated with Chl a concentrations and were uncoupled with net N uptake rates. Seasonally averaged annual areal rates of net primary productivity for the Mid-Atlantic Bight measured in this study were higher than those calculated in previous decades and provide important validation information for biogeochemical models and satellite remote sensing algorithms developed for the region.     

2008年夏季白令海粒度分级叶绿素a和初级生产力

2008年7月我国第三次北极科学考察中在白令海不同区域设立BR断面、NB断面和BS断面,对200 m以浅海水进行叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测,对部分观测站进行微型、微微型光合浮游生物的粒级结构分析,结果表明,在白令海叶绿素a和初级生产力区域性特征明显,深海海盆中BR断面表层叶绿素a浓度为0.190～0.976μg...     

渤海湾天津近岸海域初级生产力及网采浮游植物种类组成

于2012至2013年调查了渤海湾天津近岸海域的初级生产力和网采浮游植物种类组成。2012—2013年春季调查海域初级生产力为2.20～23.18 mgC/(m²·d),平均值为9.54 mgC/(m²·d),高值区主要分布在塘沽附近海域;夏季初级生产力为6.37～138.37 mgC/(m²·d),平均值为44.13 mgC/(m²·d),高值区主要分布在北塘和汉沽附近海域。与1982—1983年和1992—1993年同期调查结果相比,近30 a来渤海湾初级生产力呈下降趋势。网采浮游植物经初步分析发现2门59种(包括未定名种),其中硅藻49种,占种类组成的83.1%;甲藻10种,占种类组成的16.9%;优势种主要为柔弱根管藻Rhizosolenia delicatula、布氏双尾藻Ditylum brightwellii、中华盒形藻Bidduiphia sinensis、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros curvisetus、尖刺菱形藻Nitzschia pungens、丹麦细柱藻Leptocylindrus danicus和浮动弯角藻Eucampia zoodiacus。调查海域春季浮游植物细胞丰度为3.32×10³～3.85×10⁷ cell/m³,夏季为2.48×10⁶～4.65×10⁹ cell/m³,夏季明显高于春季;从分布上看,北部和南部的浮游植物细胞丰度高于中部,主要是由天津近岸海域河流分布造成。浮游植物多样性指数在春季和夏季的均值分别为1.865和1.560。2012—2013年浮游植物细胞丰度及其分布主要与水深、化学需氧量、pH值、溶解氧和无机磷相关性较大。     

Nutrient concentrations and primary productivity at the Peros Banhos and Salomon atolls in the Chagos Archipelago

Coral atolls are areas of high biological productivity even though they are usually located in regions of the tropical ocean characterized by low primary production and extremely low levels of vital dissolved nutrient materials. Recent studies have indicated the possible importance of in situ dinitrogen fixation on shallow reef flats in supplementing low oceanic nitrate levels and thus contributing to the maintenance of high reef productivity. Variations in the structure of atolls may have a direct bearing on the accumulation of fixed nitrogen and other nutrient materials, and consequently on lagoonal and reefal primary productivity. This paper investigates the effect of differing atoll configurations by comparing neighbouring, but structurally dissimilar, mid-ocean atolls. The findings are discussed in terms of ecosystem function and possible influences on the structural evolution of atolls.     

Primary productivity in the western tropical Pacific and equatorial warm waters

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Benthic macrofauna and productivity regimes in the Barents Sea — Ecological implications in a changing Arctic

Benthic faunal assemblages were analysed from 47 stations in the central and southern parts of the Barents Sea, together with sedimentary and water column parameters, daily ice records and modelled integrated primary productivity. Sampling spanned areas influenced by Atlantic Water (AW) to those lying under Arctic Water (ArW), and included stations with mixed water masses. Ice cover suppressed water column productivity in the northern areas. Three main faunal groups were identified, based on similarity of numerical faunal composition. The northern and southern faunal groups were separated by the northernmost penetration of AW in the bottom water and the third group, the Hopen group, was influenced by modified bank water. Faunal abundances were significantly higher within the southern faunal group relative to the northern group, but the numbers of taxa present were similar. The particularly rich fauna of the Hopen group reflected sediment heterogeneity and tight pelagic–benthic coupling. These results suggest that a retreat and thinning of the ice cover in the Barents Sea likely will result in the northern parts of the Barents Sea becoming more Atlantic in character, with a higher productivity at the sea floor.     

北部湾浮游植物粒径分级叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

1994年5月23B至6月4日现场观测了北部湾浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的分布.测区平均叶绿素a浓度为0.94±0.45/d3.平均初级生产力(C)为351±172mg/(m2·d),浮游植物细胞丰度为0.97×104-10050×104个/m3,鉴定浮游植物4门56属176种.地理环境和水文状况的差异使上述参数分布具有明显的区域性特征,近岸区高于湾中部,测区北部高干南部;温跃层以下水层叶绿素a浓度高于上层水,周6观测站平均叶绿素a浓度湾北部(0.47±0.15g/dm3)高于湾南部(0.15±0.02dm3).北部湾水域光合浮游生物以微型和微微型细胞(小于20m)占优势,其对总初级生产力的贡献(占91%)高于对总叶绿素a的贡献(占77%).     

海洋科技创新TFP增长的差异与收敛

文章运用Malmquist-DEA指数方法考察中国沿海省、市、自治区2006—2015年海洋科技创新全要素生产率(TFP)变化情况,并将其分解为TEC、TC、PC及SE等4个指标用以分析海洋科技创新TFP增长的内在原因,并对沿海各地区海洋科技创新TFP增长的差异进行收敛检验。研究发现:(1)海洋科技创新TFP呈现总体增长趋势,但总体规模处于规模报酬递减阶段。(2)在观察期内,沿海地区TEC、PC和SE这3个指数指标走势基本相同,较为稳定,都在1.000这条水平线附近做微小波动,对海洋科技创新TFP的增长影响较小。海洋科技创新TC是海洋科技创新TFP增长的决定性因素。(3)海洋科技创新TFP增长存在α收敛和绝对β收敛,沿海地区海洋科技创新TFP之间存在"追赶效应"。     

Plankton productivity and biomass in a tributary of the upper Chesapeake Bay. I. Importance of size-fractionated phytoplankton productivity,biomass and species composition in carbon export

Phytoplankton productivity, community composition and biomass were determined over a nine-month period in brackish waters of the lower Gunpowder River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. Primary productivity followed expected seasonal magnitudes for temperate estuaries with rates exceeding 142·4 mg C m^?3 h^?1 in July through September 1979 and minimum rates of 1·6 mg C m^?3 h^?1 in February 1980. Annual primary production was estimated at 45·5 gC m^?2. Cell numbers were highest in August, September and November with cyanophytes dominating the planktonic algae. Primary productivity, chlorophyll concentrations and cell densities were dominated by nanoplanktonic forms (< 10 μm) through-out the study. Phytoplankton carbon calculated from cells volumes exceeded nutritional requirements of the pelagic herbivores in all months suggesting a mean daily export (to the bay or sediments) of 1607 mg C m^?3 d^?1.     

浙江近岸泥质区百年来浮游植物生产力的变化及对环境的响应

在210Pb定年的基础上, 对取自浙江沿岸泥质缺氧区的柱样沉积物开展了菜子甾醇、甲藻甾醇、长链烯酮等生物标志化合物分析, 根据生物标志化合物含量及比例的分布特征, 重建了泥质区110年来浮游植物生产力及群落结构变化。结果表明浙江近岸浮游植物生产力百年来呈上升趋势, 自20世纪60年代开始上升, 80年代以来有显著增加, 浮游植物群落结构则均有甲藻比例上升、硅藻比例下降的趋势。研究认为, 浙江沿岸泥质区百年来浮游植物生产力的提高与我国化肥施用量和长江氮的入海通量呈正相关, 营养盐N∶P和N∶Si比值的增加导致浮游植物优势种由硅藻向甲藻的转变, 说明自20世纪60年代, 尤其是自20世纪80年代以来工农业快速发展、大型水利工程建设等人类活动是导致浙江沿岸泥质区海域浮游植物生产力提高及群落结构变化的主要因素。     

Excess capacity and efficiency in the quota managed Tasmanian Rock Lobster Fishery

Excess capacity is a major concern for fisheries management worldwide. It is often argued that Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) systems will enhance efficiency and alleviate problems of excess capacity. While improvements in efficiency have been observed, most empirical studies have found only modest changes in excess capacity as a result of such systems. Using a database of compulsory log-book information for the Tasmanian Rock Lobster Fishery in Australia, from January 2000 to December 2013, this study presents the first analysis to investigate the dynamic behaviour of both excess capacity and efficiency (i.e. technical and scale efficiency) in an industrialised fleet after the introduction of quota management. The analysis revealed weak evidence for a prolonged adjustment in the fishery following the introduction of an ITQ system. In addition, no marked changes in excess capacity were observed over the study period; and furthermore, there was no evidence for an increase in excess capacity during a period of non-binding Total Allowable Catch (TAC) when race to fish behaviour increased in the fishery. The results suggest a limited ability of the ITQ system to alleviate levels of excess capacity in fisheries in the long-term.     

象山港中、西部秋季浮游植物粒径分级、叶绿素a和初级生产力

１９９４年１０月结合水色遥感光谱实验,对象山港中、西部浮游植物细胞丰度、优势种类、叶绿素ａ浓度和初级生产力的分布做了现场观测。表层水中共鉴定出浮游植物２４种,隶属３门１７属,细胞丰度为１．０５×１０４±１．１４×１０４个／ｄｍ３;叶绿素ａ浓度为１．０７±０．５９μｇ／ｄｍ３,潜在初级生产力为３．８６±３．６０ｍｇＣ／（ｍ３·ｈ）。港区西部的浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素ａ浓度和初级生产力均高于港区中部;表层叶绿素ａ浓度高于中层和底层。浮游植物细胞粒径分级结果表明,微型和微微型浮游植物细胞（＜２０μｍ）对总叶绿素ａ的贡献占８６％,对初级生产力的贡献占８９％;小型浮游植物细胞（＞２０μｍ）对总叶绿素ａ的贡献占１４％,对初级生产力的贡献占１１％。     

长江口和杭州湾海域生物生产力锋面及其生态学效应

通过分析海洋生态学资料并结合卫星遥感、渔场及赤潮等资料,发现长江口和杭州湾及其毗邻海域生物生产力的锋面,在离长江口门和杭州湾口约100 km的长江冲淡水中部海域出现蓝细菌丰度、浮游植物现存量和初级生产力以及浮游动物的最大值,该锋面的存在和位置被水色遥感所确认.光和营养盐在此呈现最佳的权衡.在该锋区悬浮体浓度小于5 mg/dm3,盐度为25～30.在该锋面的西侧高的悬浮体浓度造成了浮游植物的光限制,其东侧距长江口和杭州湾口较远,陆源营养盐被稀释,加之浮游植物的消耗,造成了营养盐的限制.夏季水体的层化,增强了水体的垂直稳定,使这种分布格局更加显著.由于细菌多附着在悬浮颗粒物的表面,细菌丰度的最大值出现在近口门区的最大浊度带,在向外海方向随着悬浮体的沉降细菌丰度迅速降低.在生物生产力锋面,浮游植物的旺发导致水体跃层之上高溶解氧浓度和低营养盐浓度,尤其是PO4被耗尽,同时浮游动物饵料的丰富,造成浮游动物旺发;由于蓝细菌的快速增殖,其流式细胞测定的细胞粒径变小.生物生产力锋面的出现产生了显著的生态学效应,一方面造成某些经济鱼类产卵和索饵场的形成,例如鲐鲹鱼、马鲛鱼等;另一方面造成赤潮多发区和底层水缺氧区.