基于遥感和GIS的上海市滩涂湿地资源近期变化分析

利用多期Landsat-5 TM影像,结合植被分带信息、地物波谱特征和实地调查数据,提取上海地区滩涂湿地分布及其覆盖信息;在ArcGIS软件支持下,综合多期遥感影像解译结果和相应时段的水下地形信息,对上海市滩涂湿地空间分布及其变化进行分析。结果表明,近15年来上海市滩涂围垦量在不断增加;尽管滩涂湿地仍在继续淤涨,但淤涨速度明显减缓,且慢于围垦速度,这导致中高潮滩涂面积不断减少。     

A Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Management of Coastal Marsh Systems

Sea level rise is causing shoreline erosion, increased coastal flooding, and marsh vulnerability to the impact of storms. Coastal marshes provide flood abatement, carbon and nutrient sequestration, water quality maintenance, and habitat for fish, shellfish, and wildlife, including species of concern, such as the saltmarsh sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus). We present a climate change adaptation strategy (CCAS) adopted by scientific, management, and policy stakeholders for managing coastal marshes and enhancing system resiliency. A common adaptive management approach previously used for restoration projects was modified to identify climate-related vulnerabilities and plan climate change adaptive actions. As an example of implementation of the CCAS, we describe the stakeholder plans and management actions the US Fish and Wildlife Service and partners developed to build coastal resiliency in the Narrow River Estuary, RI, in the aftermath of Superstorm Sandy. When possible, an experimental BACI (before-after, control-impact) design, described as pre- and post-sampling at the impact site and one or more control sites, was incorporated into the climate change adaptation and implementation plans. Specific climate change adaptive actions and monitoring plans are described and include shoreline stabilization, restoring marsh drainage, increasing marsh elevation, and enabling upland marsh migration. The CCAS provides a framework and methodology for successfully managing coastal systems faced with deteriorating habitat, accelerated sea level rise, and changes in precipitation and storm patterns.     

中国北方滨海湿地退化研究综述

中国北方沿海有入海河口湿地、三角洲湿地、粉砂淤泥质海岸湿地、海湾湿地、砂质海岸湿地、沉积岛屿滩涂湿地和滨海泻湖湿地等类型的滨海湿地约182.33×104hm2。由于受到海岸侵蚀、海面上升、风暴潮、入海河流断流和输沙量减少、气候变化等自然因素和围垦、城市和港口建设、污染、海岸带油气资源开发、在入海河流上中游建设水库拦蓄径流和泥沙等人为因素的影响,中国北方的滨海湿地发生了严重的退化。中国北方滨海湿地的退化表现在物理、化学和生物3个方面。其中物理方面表现为自然湿地面积减小、人工湿地面积增大、湿地景观格局破碎化等,化学方面表现为湿地温室气体排放增加、水体富营养化、潮下带近海湿地赤潮灾害增强、湿地底质和渔获物污染、湿地土壤含盐量变化等,生物方面表现为湿地生物多样性水平下降、自然湿地净初级生产力降低、潮间带滩涂湿地和潮下带近海湿地渔获量减小、自然湿地植被退化演替等。     

Using Multitemporal Remote Sensing Imagery and Inundation Measures to Improve Land Change Estimates in Coastal Wetlands

Remote sensing imagery can be an invaluable resource to quantify land change in coastal wetlands. Obtaining an accurate measure of land change can, however, be complicated by differences in fluvial and tidal inundation experienced when the imagery is captured. This study classified Landsat imagery from two wetland areas in coastal Louisiana from 1983 to 2010 into categories of land and water. Tide height, river level, and date were used as independent variables in a multiple regression model to predict land area in the Wax Lake Delta (WLD) and compare those estimates with an adjacent marsh area lacking direct fluvial inputs. Coefficients of determination from regressions using both measures of water level along with date as predictor variables of land extent in the WLD, were higher than those obtained using the current methodology which only uses date to predict land change. Land change trend estimates were also improved when the data were divided by time period. Water level corrected land gain in the WLD from 1983 to 2010 was 1 km² year⁻¹, while rates in the adjacent marsh remained roughly constant. This approach of isolating environmental variability due to changing water levels improves estimates of actual land change in a dynamic system, so that other processes that may control delta development such as hurricanes, floods, and sediment delivery, may be further investigated.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康条件评价

以黄河三角洲滨海湿地系统为研究对象,基于描述滨海湿地健康条件的4项功能,充分考虑滨海湿地生态地质环境系统的特征及其健康响应因素,建立了黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康条件评价的概念模型和指标体系。以统计监测和遥感数据为基础,采用RS和GIS技术,通过栅格化实现分区评价及其结果的优化整合,探讨了黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康的时空分布规律。结果显示：黄河三角洲滨海湿地现状健康条件处于健康的占14.2%,亚健康的占61.9%,一般病态的占23.9%;近期（2010－2015年）,河口三角洲湿地生境质量会逐步改善,向健康方向发展,而北部和南部部分滩涂区及神仙沟流路等局部地区在自然和人为因素的共同作用下,环境质量会有一定的降低;影响黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康条件的主要因素是全球气候变化背景下的区域水循环关键过程及其时空变化、湿地开发等人类负面干扰和黄河下游生态调度。应继续加大黄河下游生态调度的力度、积极实施生态修复工程,以促进黄河三角洲滨海湿地持续健康发展。     

A Landscape-Scale Assessment of Above- and Belowground Primary Production in Coastal Wetlands: Implications for Climate Change-Induced Community Shifts

Above- and belowground production in coastal wetlands are important contributors to carbon accumulation and ecosystem sustainability. As sea level rises, we can expect shifts to more salt-tolerant communities, which may alter these ecosystem functions and services. Although the direct influence of salinity on species-level primary production has been documented, we lack an understanding of the landscape-level response of coastal wetlands to increasing salinity. What are the indirect effects of sea-level rise, i.e., how does primary production vary across a landscape gradient of increasing salinity that incorporates changes in wetland type? This is the first study to measure both above- and belowground production in four wetland types that span an entire coastal gradient from fresh to saline wetlands. We hypothesized that increasing salinity would limit rates of primary production, and saline marshes would have lower rates of above- and belowground production than fresher marshes. However, along the Northern Gulf of Mexico Coast in Louisiana, USA, we found that aboveground production was highest in brackish marshes, compared with fresh, intermediate, and saline marshes, and belowground production was similar among all wetland types along the salinity gradient. Multiple regression analysis indicated that salinity was the only significant predictor of production, and its influence was dependent upon wetland type. We concluded that (1) salinity had a negative effect on production within wetland type, and this relationship was strongest in the fresh marsh (0–2 PSU) and (2) along the overall landscape gradient, production was maintained by mechanisms at the scale of wetland type, which were likely related to plant energetics. Regardless of wetland type, we found that belowground production was significantly greater than aboveground production. Additionally, inter-annual variation, associated with severe drought conditions, was observed exclusively for belowground production, which may be a more sensitive indicator of ecosystem health than aboveground production.     

天津市宁河湿地资源动态变化及生态环境影响分析

基于遥感、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,以天津市宁河县为研究区域,在1987年和2005年的TM、ETM遥感数据为信息源的基础上,定量分析了天津市宁河湿地资源动态变化.结果表明:湿地类型的整体构成发生了剧烈变化,自然湿地的面积减少了37.42%、斑块减少了124块,人工湿地的面积增加了14 606.2 hm2.多样性指数和均匀性指数呈降低趋势,优势度指数和破碎度指数呈增加趋势.人为活动是近20年宁河湿地资源动态变化的主要驱动力,天然湿地面积的减少及湿地类型的改变引起地下水文条件的恶化,导致湿地水源逐渐枯竭;湿地资源的变化破坏了生物多样性.     

将滨海植被列入气候变化清单

现存的约80%的亚马逊热带雨林位于巴西境内,因此巴西的研究者们正在致力于森林的可持续管理,利用森林固定更多的碳。然而,如大部分拥有较长海岸线的国家一样,巴西目前已经错失机会保护好另一种重要的碳储存库,即红树林、海草和海涂。9 000 km的巴西海岸线生长着由各类植物组成的各种生态系统,     

山东省渤海沿岸湿地价值估算与保护对策

山东省渤海沿岸湿地价值估算的目的是提醒公众尤其是政府决策部门关注湿地的综合功能,而不是也不应该单纯向湿地索取,更不能破坏性地开发,需要科学保护和合理利用,以使湿地可持续利用。通过分析湿地动态影响因素,提出了湿地保护管理的对策措施。     

Patterns of the Impacts of Climate Change on Civilization

Climate change has profoundly impacted the development of human civilization. It is one of the basic forces that have led to the rise and fall of regional civilization. The manifestations and ultimate consequences of the impacts of climate change on social development are the products of the interaction between climate change and human society, which are both related to the characteristics of climate change and to the adaptation of human society. Based on the published papers on climate change and civilization during the past 20 years, five patterns of the impacts of climate change on civilization were summarized. They are periodic changes, pulse, adaptive transition, collapse, migration and replacement. Periodic changes and pulse occurred when climate change impacts were within the resilience of human social systems. Thus, there was no need for major structural changes in the human society. Adaptive transition was a fruit of successful response of the human system when the extent of abrupt climatic change or the trend of climate change exceeded the available range of human social systems In contrast, collapse was a result of failed response of the human system. Migration and replacement, in which people moved from their original living place to other regions and sometimes even replaced the aboriginal civilizations with the colonized civilization, could occur no matter the impacts of climate change had exceeded the resilience of human system. The summarization is expected to be useful for the understanding of the mechanism on the relationship between climate change and civilization, and for coping with the challenges of future global climate change.     

Research Progress on the Impact of Urbanization on Climate Change

The world has been undergoing a remarkable process of urbanization, especially in developing countries in recent years. The urbanization process has brought about great urban development and large population agglomeration, changes in production and lifestyle, and man-made disturbances such as greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. As the global urbanization process continues to advance, its impact on climate change continues to strengthen significantly. This paper mainly reviewed and summarized relevant researches from two aspects: the influence of urbanization on climate change and the mechanism of influence of urbanization on climate change. Urbanization causes regional warming and urban heat island effect, extreme events such as high temperature, heat wave and heavy rainfall increase in frequency, and also leads to increased urban flood risk. The increase of pollutant emission in the process of urbanization is the main cause of air quality deterioration. Urbanization also has an indirect impact on air quality by changing urban climate. Urbanization has an important impact on climatic factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine and cloud cover. The impacts of urbanization on climate change are mainly realized through underlying surface changes, greenhouse gas and pollution emissions, anthropogenic heat emissions and urban high heat capacity. Urbanization not only directly affects the regional/local climate, but also indirectly affects the regional/local climate by promoting global climate change. Therefore, the impact of urbanization on climate change has a global and regional multi-scale superposition effect.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地表层土壤稀土元素分布特征

通过对黄河三角洲北部滨海湿地49个站位表层土壤样的稀土元素(REE)分布特征及其生态效应的研究,笔者认为:研究区表层土壤∑REE含量为143.14~251.78 mg/kg,平均含量为182.98 mg/kg;REE分馏程度均低于黄河流域沉积物和长江流域沉积物的REE分馏程度;研究区δEu和δCe与黄河流域和长江流域沉积物亦有一定差异.REE经球粒陨石和北美页岩标准化后显示,研究区表层土壤与现代黄河流域沉积物的REE总体配分曲线相近,但其REE的总体含量均高于黄河流域沉积物中REE的含量,尤其HREE更为明显;不同植被区,表层土壤中∑REE、LREE平均含量均为芦苇地<光滩<柽柳地<翅碱蓬地,而HREE平均含量为芦苇地<翅碱蓬地<柽柳地<光滩,其分馏程度芦苇地<光滩<柽柳地<翅碱蓬地,δEu和δCe平均值亦相对较低,推测可能在湿地,特别是芦苇地里REE更多地参与了生物地球化学循环.     

气候变化对山东降水及极端天气气候事件的影响分析

根据新中国成立以来山东省气温资料进行分析,从温度变化来反映山东气候变暖的趋势;在此基础上根据山东省近60年的水文资料分析气候变化对山东降水及极端天气气候事件的影响。结果表明,60年来山东气候呈变暖趋势,随着气候的变化,山东省年降水量呈减少的趋势,并导致极端天气气候事件出现频率及强度呈增大趋势。     

1960-2005年南四湖流域气候变化趋势及其突变分析

利用1960-2005年南四湖流域22个气象台站逐月气温、降水量、 20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量资料, 分析了该流域近46 a来的气候变化趋势及其突变情况. 结果表明: 南四湖流域春季、冬季及年平均气温呈显著的上升趋势;四季及年降水量变化趋势不显著;四季及年蒸发皿蒸发量均呈显著的下降趋势, 且夏、春两季降幅大于秋、冬两季. 年平均气温在1985年发生了增温突变, 年降水量没有发生突变;年蒸发皿蒸发量在1969年和1985年发生年际突变. 利用单个环境因子的变化来解释蒸发皿蒸发量变化会产生偏颇.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康条件评价概念模型

滨海湿地健康与生物学特征主要取决于区域上的水文与盐度体制以及景观尺度上的土地利用现状。然而,由于滨海湿地条件评价的指标和标准并不十分清楚,因此,对滨海湿地系统条件进行评价,目前仍是环境科学的难点。中国地质调查局（CGS）青岛海洋地质研究所与美国地质调查局湿地研究中心合作先后为美国密西西比河下游生态环境及中国黄河三角洲（YRD）滨海湿地评价建立了概念模型。本文将陈述YRD湿地评价的概念模型。此模型的建立在于确定滨海湿地当前的条件和随时间改善或退化的过程,以及确定优先管理的区域。CGS项目之所以选取YRD作为滨海湿地的研究对象主要是因为它具有重要的生态意义。由于上游来水减少或黄河断流,该区湿地生境十分脆弱。本文提出此概念模型可为今后湿地条件评价指标确定、调查研究活动和数据采集提供指导。通过该模型的构建,使环境变化可用具体指标来度量,从而服务于滨海湿地生态系统的保护与管理活动。     

气候变化对地表水资源的影响

总结了气候变化对水文水资源影响方面的研究方法, 分析了气候变化条件下水文水资源变化的研究现状和存在问题.并以山西省和黄河源区为研究对象, 以分布式水文模型为工具、GCMs输出的气候情景为输入条件, 针对不同的下垫面特征建立不同的分布式水文模型, 分别采用气候情景趋势分析结果和直接利用GCMs输出结果两类方法确定气候变化的数据源, 对研究区域未来的地表径流过程和地表水资源可能的变化趋势进行了研究.从气候情景的预测结果来看, 未来50年山西省的气温和降水都呈增加趋势, 但由于各自对水资源带来的影响不同, 将使山西省水资源呈现先增加后减少的趋势; 且由于冬季气温和降水的增幅比夏季大, 使得未来山西省的水资源年内分布有略微平缓的趋势.对黄河源区而言, 虽然未来100年内的降水和气温都呈增加趋势, 但由于降水增长引起的地表水资源的增加不足以抵消气温升高带来的影响, 因此将导致径流量不断降低的总体趋势, 并使径流年内分布略趋平缓, 而年际分布将越来越不均匀, 旱涝威胁日趋严峻.      

西天山山区气候变化与灌区绿洲气候效应

对近40a西天山山区气候变化的特点及其变化趋势进行了分析,并以阿克苏源流区、阿克苏灌区以及叶尔羌河灌区的14个气象站的观测资料(1961—2000年)为基础,重点研究了灌区的气候变化及绿洲气候效应.20世纪90年代以来,各区域的气温增高,降水增多,其中在源流地区降水增加幅度最大,而沙尘暴、浮尘和大风日数都有明显的下降.最后,讨论了气候变化与绿洲发展的关系.     

气候变化对地表水环境的影响研究与展望

全球气候变暖引起水资源量和时空上的分布变化,进一步将影响着地表水环境,改变着河流湖泊的水质和环境情势.大多数关于气候变化对水的影响研究主要集中在气候变化对水量的影响方面,对水环境影响方面的定量研究相对较少.基于目前关于气候变化和水环境国内外现有的研究成果,本文主要讨论了气候变化(温度和极端水文事件)对河道、湖泊等水体水质的带来的可能影响,总结了目前的一些研究和采用的方法主要包括经验统计和模型模拟.在此基础上,提出了气候变化和水环境影响研究方面的展望.     

黄河三角洲进积与滨海湿地地质环境演替模式

本文通过对黄河三角洲5个钻孔岩芯的沉积学观测、微古分析、14C测年,同时结合历史记录及遥感资料,分析了本区末次冰后期以来的沉积序列,重建了近10ka以来古环境演变过程,分析了古环境演化对滨海湿地演替的控制作用。本文着重讨论了黄河三角洲进积与湿地形成演替规律,总结了从水生系统、浅海湿地系统、潮滩湿地直至上三角洲平原湿地向陆地生态系统的演替模式。同时通过对现代黄河三角洲与老黄河三角洲演化模式进行对比,提出气候变化、人类活动会加速和改变湿地地质环境演替进程和方向的一般规律。笔者等还进一步提出,由于人类活动的影响,1855年之后湿地演替速率明显加快,约达8~33倍。古环境的重建与滨海湿地响应机制研究可更清楚地理解湿地如何对未来环境变化进行响应,包括海平面上升,从而为滨海湿地保护与管理实践活动提供科学导向。     

全球气候变化对干旱区影响分析

干旱区约占地球陆地面积的41%,养育了世界上超过38%的人口,是大多数发展中国家和贫困人口的聚集地,也是全球气候变化影响和响应最敏感的地区之一,对其气候、水文和生态环境变化开展研究是十分必要的。近几十年来相关研究不少,但结论比较零散,也有很多不一致的地方。基于对国内外文献的分析,归纳梳理了气候变化下干旱区的气候、水文、面积和类型的变化及其这些变化对生态系统的影响。梳理的主要结果如下：干旱区CO₂排量约为湿润区的30%,但升温速率却比湿润区高20%～40%。在过去的半个多世纪,干旱区面积增加了约2.61×106km²,预计21世纪末,全球干旱区面积将继续扩大约5.8×10⁶km²,占陆地总面积的一半以上。在全球变暖背景下,干旱区中以降水和冰雪融水补给为基础的水资源系统将会更为脆弱,冰、雪等水文要素及水资源构成发生改变,水文波动加大,水资源不确定性加剧。伴随干旱区面积扩大和干旱程度增加,干旱区水资源短缺、水体面积萎缩、生态系统退化、荒漠化程度也随之加剧,未来干旱区社会经济发展和生态安全保障将面临更严峻的...