河流中污染源垂向紊动混合过程研究

着重研究了河流中点源及线源污染物的垂向紊动混合过程.根据大江河中污染物在排放口近区范围内的垂向紊动混合过程,提出了部分均匀混合水深的新概念,建立了点源及线源的垂向紊动混合过程基本方程.通过求解方程,得到部分均匀混合水深随纵向距离变化的基本规律和全水深垂向均匀混合距离的理论公式,且用相关实测资料进行了验证.将所建立的垂向紊动混合过程基本规律引入数值模型中,建立了部分均匀混合水深平均二维水质模型,并用现场罗丹明示踪实测资料进行验证,表明该模型较传统的全水深平均模型在近区具有更高的计算精度,与三维模型相比则有更高的计算效率.     

明渠剪切分层流垂向扩散特性试验研究

对直段水槽明渠剪切分层流的掺混扩散特性进行了物理模型试验研究.试验测得的断面流速、温度、紊动动能、雷诺应力等物理量,分析了分层流掺混强度和出水口附近交界面垂向热扩散系数的变化规律.结果表明掺混强度的变化规律随流态和相对位置的不同均有明显差异;出水口附近交界面垂向热扩散系数E_z与掺混强度E成正比关系,而与出水密度弗劳德数Fd₀成指数递增关系;提出了E_z与E、Fd₀的经验函数表达式.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部马五7亚段颗粒滩沉积特征及空间分布

鄂尔多斯盆地中部马家沟组地层蕴含丰富的油气资源,以马五₇亚段为主要储集层位的盐下碳酸盐岩油气勘探近期取得了重要突破。基于钻井、测录井、岩芯及薄片等资料,对盆地中部马五₇亚段颗粒滩沉积特征、纵横向展布规律进行综合分析,进而探讨了研究区沉积古地理格局及其颗粒滩发育控制因素。结果表明:研究区马五₇亚段主要由晶粒白云岩及各类型颗粒白云岩构成,纵向上发育潟湖-颗粒滩-灰泥丘-台坪、潟湖-颗粒滩-滩间海-颗粒滩、潟湖-颗粒滩-灰泥丘三种沉积相序,颗粒滩位于向上变浅旋回的中上部,且常与微生物丘构成丘滩复合体建造,具有良好的储集意义。横向上,马五₇亚段发育两套较大规模的颗粒滩,层位稳定且连续性较好,整体表现为中西部厚而东部较薄的特征,平面上则呈南北向发育并沿东部凹陷环带状分布。研究区沉积规律表明马五₇亚段相对缺乏潮坪相沉积特征,推测其沉积环境更符合局限-蒸发台地。沉积期海平面的频繁变化控制了滩体发育规模及其垂向叠置样式,区内西高东底的古构造格局及其内部的微地貌起伏则决定了马五₇颗粒滩平面分布的差异性。     

三峡库区黏性泥沙在紊动剪切作用下的絮凝试验研究

采集三峡库区忠县黄花城河段黏性泥沙进行紊动剪切作用下的絮凝试验研究。试验装置主要包括沉降柱、絮体分离室和絮体图像采集系统,试验中采用振动格栅产生近似均匀紊流场,并通过ADV（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry）测量流速来校核流体剪切率和格栅振动频率的关系。试验结果表明:① 该黏性泥沙絮凝效果明显,絮体最大粒径D_f,95为73~126 μm、平均粒径D_f,50为18~33 μm,絮体粒径分布受紊动剪切率和泥沙浓度的影响较大;② 随着紊动剪切率的增大（从3.84 s-1至30.07 s-1）,D_f,95呈先增大后减小的趋势;当剪切率为19.94 s-1时,D_f,95达到最大值,大絮体（粒径大于96μm）的数量百分数也达到最大值;③ 相同紊动剪切率条件下,不同浓度（0.3~1.0 g/L）泥沙絮凝后的絮体粒径分布,基本符合"泥沙浓度越高,D_f,95越大"的趋势。     

明渠收缩过渡段流速分布及紊动特性试验

受地形、地质等条件影响,明渠收缩过渡段在输水工程中十分常见,过渡段长度过短,会导致水面波动,水体紊动加剧。为研究明渠不同长度过渡段内纵向时均流速及紊动强度的分布规律,通过室内模型试验,利用二维电磁流速仪ACM2-RS测量了渠道内沿程中垂线不同深度处瞬时流速。试验结果表明:收缩段内,纵向时均流速沿程增加,紊动强度沿程降低,遵循涡旋的拉伸机制和线性扭曲理论;受二次流影响,最大流速位于水面以下,且最大流速的位置随二次流作用的增强而降低;不同长度过渡段对下游纵向流速分布和紊动强度影响不同,过渡段越短,下游水流紊动越强,但非渠底附近紊动强度沿垂向先减后增的规律不变。     

沉水植被斑块尾流多尺度紊流结构研究

探究斑块尾流中多尺度紊流结构对理解植被群落影响下的泥沙输移规律和河床演化过程有着重要意义。通过室内水槽试验,分析不同高径比及植被体积分数影响下的斑块后水流特性,得到时均流速及雷诺应力分布规律;通过谱本征正交分解对其脉动场进行分析,探究不同尺度涡的空间模态及能量分布规律。研究结果表明：(1)冠层垂向剪切层内剪切强度及其最大量纲一剪切层垂向厚度随着植被体积分数增大而增大,随着高径比增大而减小。(2)斑块尾流中,大尺度涡旋对应频率集中在0.15～0.29 Hz,对应斯特劳哈尔数为0.16～0.32,垂向分布介于0.2～1.3倍植被高度,纵向分布介于2～6倍斑块直径,横向关于植被中心线呈现出非对称分布。(3)纵向出流流速及剪切层内紊动强度是影响稳定尾流区长度的重要因素。剪切层纵向输运速度随着纵向出流流速增大而增大,剪切层垂向扩散速度随着紊动强度的增大而增大。     

陕北地区奥陶纪马家沟组五段沉积时期岩相古地理演化*

陕北地区马家沟组五段沉积时期(简称马五期)沉积的碳酸盐岩地层是重要的天然气储集层。为明确各沉积期岩相古地理演化特征,在对周缘野外地质剖面考察、研究区内98口井的岩心观察、测井曲线形态分析的基础上,对陕北地区马家沟组马五₁₀—马五₁各亚段的岩相古地理演化特征进行了恢复。结果表明,马五₁₀—马五₁各亚段以海相碳酸盐岩台地沉积为主,包括局限台地、开阔台地和蒸发台地3种亚相,并进一步细分为: 云坪、膏云坪、含膏云坪、泥云坪、灰云坪、灰坪、颗粒滩、云灰坪、泥灰坪、膏盐湖等10种沉积微相;从马五₁₀到马五₁岩相古地理单元整体表现为自东向西的环带状分布特征,环带中心主要位于延长、延川和清涧一带,值得注意的是,马五₂沉积时期由于受南部较强构造抬升作用影响,古地理单元环带中心呈现出向西北挪移的特征,环带中心位于靖边、子长一带;马家沟组各沉积时期的旋回性环带沉积为储集层叠合发育奠定了物质基础,云坪、膏云坪、含膏云坪、颗粒滩微相易于形成有利储集空间,纵向上的马五₁₊₂、马五₄、马五₅、马五₇、马五₉亚段为该类相带较发育的层位,是区域勘探开发的重点领域。     

含淹没植物河流水流紊动强度最大值及其影响因素

根据含淹没植物河流水流紊动强度与流速和流速分布的关系,建立紊动强度经验公式,并数学推导证明了紊动强度垂向分布最大值的存在。根据实验数据,该紊动强度最大值的大小及出现位置受植物和水流条件的影响:植物的存在增加水流阻力,植物排列密度改变紊动强度最大值的大小;植物叶片的摆动形成水流紊动的主要干扰源,植物/水深相对高度控制紊动强度最大值的出现位置;断面平均流速的变化改变水流的稳定性和植物冠层的高度,对紊动强度最大值的大小和出现位置均有一定影响。     

油气微渗漏的色层分馏效应

本文根据鄂尔多斯盆地腹部一深井中有机质的垂向成烃演化及碎屑岩层段（０～３６５０ｍ）酸解烃组成的变化特征，讨论了油气微渗漏的色层分馏效应.结果表明在两个贫有机质层段（０～１０２０ｍ.３０８０～３５６０ｍ井段）内砂岩段相对于相邻泥岩段酸解烃的Ｃ_１/Ｃ_２＋、Ｃ_１/Ｃ_总及ｉＣ_４/ｎＣ_４比值偏小，这主要是由甲烷相对重烃，异构丁烷相对正构丁烷易于通过弱渗透的泥岩遮挡层产生的色层分馆作用所造成。而富有机质层段（１０２０～３０８０ｍ井段）酸解烃组成的变化主要由有机质成烃作用控制，运移的色层分馏效应被成烃所掩盖。     

旋转粘度计内筒摩阻对流变性测量的影响

旋转粘度计普遍存在不容忽视的机械摩阻。其耗损的切力的平均值相当于度盘偏转0.5~1格的量值。机械摩阻的存在,严重影响泥浆(尤其是低固相泥浆与无粘土冲洗液)实测流变性(动切力τ₀、动塑性τ₀/η_p塑性粘度η_p、表观粘度η_A等)的准确性。为减少影响,提出修正动切力τ₀的计算公式。      

The importance of changing oceanography in controlling late Quaternary carbonate sedimentation on a high-energy, tropical, oceanic ramp: north-western Australia

The North West Shelf is an ocean‐facing carbonate ramp that lies in a warm‐water setting adjacent to an arid hinterland of moderate to low relief. The sea floor is strongly affected by cyclonic storms, long‐period swells and large internal tides, resulting in preferentially accumulating coarse‐grained sediments. Circulation is dominated by the south‐flowing, low‐salinity Leeuwin Current, upwelling associated with the Indian Ocean Gyre, seaward‐flowing saline bottom waters generated by seasonal evaporation, and flashy fluvial discharge. Sediments are palimpsest, a variable mixture of relict, stranded and Holocene grains. Relict intraclasts, both skeletal and lithic, interpreted as having formed during sea‐level highstands of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 3 and 4, are now localized to the mid‐ramp. The most conspicuous stranded particles are ooids and peloids, which ¹⁴C dating shows formed at 15·4–12·7 Ka, in somewhat saline waters during initial stages of post‐Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sea‐level rise. It appears that initiation of Leeuwin Current flow with its relatively less saline, but oceanic waters arrested ooid formation such that subsequent benthic Holocene sediment is principally biofragmental, with sedimentation localized to the inner ramp and a ridge of planktic foraminifera offshore. Inner‐ramp deposits are a mixture of heterozoan and photozoan elements. Depositional facies reflect episodic environmental perturbation by riverine‐derived sediments and nutrients, resulting in a mixed habitat of oligotrophic (coral reefs and large benthic foraminifera) and mesotrophic (macroalgae and bryozoans) indicators. Holocene mid‐ramp sediment is heterozoan in character, but sparse, most probably because of the periodic seaward flow of saline bottom waters generated by coastal evaporation. Holocene outer‐ramp sediment is mainly pelagic, veneering shallow‐water sediments of Marine Isotope Stage 2, including LGM deposits. Phosphate accumulations at ≈ 200 m water depth suggest periodic upwelling or Fe‐redox pumping, whereas enhanced near‐surface productivity, probably associated with the interaction between the Leeuwin Current and Indian Ocean surface water, results in a linear ridge of pelagic sediment at ≈ 140 m water depth. This ramp depositional system in an arid climate has important applications for the geological record: inner‐ramp sediments can contain important heterozoan elements, mid‐ramp sediments with bedforms created by internal tides can form in water depths exceeding 50 m, saline outflow can arrest or dramatically slow mid‐ramp sedimentation mimicking maximum flooding intervals, and outer‐ramp planktic productivity can generate locally important fine‐grained carbonate sediment bodies. Changing oceanography during sea‐level rise can profoundly affect sediment composition, sedimentation rate and packaging.     

横向振动格栅紊流紊动特性试验

建立了一套大尺度格栅紊流试验系统,格栅进行有别于传统垂向模式的横向振动,采用粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)测量流速。对瞬时流速的检验表明,该系统产生的紊流场具有较强的随机性和统计规律性。均方根流速在格栅片附近变化较大,在两片格栅中间处趋于稳定,纵向均方根流速明显大于垂向均方根流速,二者比值在1.5~2.0之间,接近天然明渠紊流。雷诺应力在距格栅越近处波动越大,随着距格栅距离的增加而减小,至两片格栅中间处雷诺应力基本为0。时间和长度积分尺度在格栅片处最小,随着距格栅距离的增加而线性增加,至两片格栅中间处达到最大值。流速能谱呈现Kolmogorov理论的-5/3次方规律。本系统生成的紊流场的统计规律与传统的垂向振动格栅紊流较为一致,但纵向和垂向的紊动强度更接近实际,为后续紊流中泥沙和污染物等运动机理的研究奠定了基础。     

Spatial and temporal variabilities of hypoxia in the Rappahannock River,Virginia

Hypoxia/anoxia in bottom waters of the Rappahannock River, a tributary estuary of Chesapeake Bay, was observed to persist throughout the summer in the deep basin near the river mouth; periodic reoxygenation of bottom water occurred on the shallower sill at the river mouth. The reoxygenation events were closely related to spring tide mixing. The dissolved oxygen (DO) in surface waters was always near or at the saturation level, while that of bottom waters exhibited a characteristic spatial pattern. The bottom DO decreased upriver from river mouth, reaching a minimum upriver of the deepest point of the river and increasing as the water becaume shallower further upriver. A model was formulated to describe the longitudinal distribution of DO in bottom waters. The model is based on Lagrangian concept—following a water parcel as it travels upriver along the estuarine bottom. The model successfully describes the characteristic distribution of DO and also explains the shifting of the minimum DO location in response to spring-neap cycling. A diagnostic study with the model provided insight into relationships between the bottom DO and the competing factors that contribute to the DO budget of bottom waters. The study reveals that both oxygen demand, either benthic or water column demand, and vertical mixing have a promounced effect on the severity of hypoxia in bottom waters of an estary. However, it is the vertical mixing which controls the longitudinal location of the minimum DO. The strength of gravitational circulation is also shown to affect the occurrence of hypoxia. An estuary with stronger circulation tends to have less chance for hypoxia to occur. The initial DO deficit of bottom water entering an estuary has a strong effect on DO concentration near the river mouth, but its effect diminishes in the upriver direction.     

Frontogenesis and Frontal Progression of a Trapping-Generated Estuarine Convergence Front and Its Influence on Mixing and Stratification

Estuarine fronts are well known to influence transport of waterborne constituents such as phytoplankton and sediment, yet due to their ephemeral nature, capturing the physical driving mechanisms and their influence on stratification and mixing is difficult. We investigate a repetitive estuarine frontal feature in the Snohomish River Estuary that results from complex bathymetric shoal/channel interactions. In particular, we highlight a trapping mechanism by which mid-density water trapped over intertidal mudflats converges with dense water in the main channel forming a sharp front. The frontal density interface is maintained via convergent transverse circulation driven by the competition of lateral baroclinic and centrifugal forcing. The frontal presence and propagation give rise to spatial and temporal variations in stratification and vertical mixing. Importantly, this front leads to enhanced stratification and suppressed vertical mixing at the end of the large flood tide, in contrast to what is found in many estuarine systems. The observed mechanism fits within the broader context of frontogenesis mechanisms in which varying bathymetry drives lateral convergence and baroclinic forcing. We expect similar trapping-generated fronts may occur in a wide variety of estuaries with shoal/channel morphology and/or braided channels and will similarly influence stratification, mixing, and transport.     

横流环境下振荡射流初始稀释规律

横流环境下振荡射流的运动和稀释特性研究对于提高排放工程稀释能力非常重要。利用三维大涡数学模型研究了横流环境下振荡射流的初始稀释规律, 探讨了各参数对射流稀释效果的影响; 通过引入射流特征速度与特征长度并进行量纲分析, 得到了横流环境下振荡射流的断面最小稀释度和可视范围面积经验公式, 并将其与波流环境下非振荡射流的稀释规律进行对比。研究表明: 横流环境下振荡射流下游断面浓度极大值出现在反向对称漩涡(CVP)结构位置或"污染物云团"位置; 振幅-射流速度比越大, 最小稀释度越大, 断面可视范围面积越大; 随着斯特劳哈尔数的减小, 断面可视范围面积增加, 最小稀释度变化不明显; 横流环境下振荡射流和波流环境下非振荡射流的初始稀释经验公式结构一致, 射流振荡性产生的初始稀释促进作用与波浪效果类似。     

Silica distribution in interstitial waters and sediments from the southeastern pacific

Analyses for silica in the interstitial water of five cores from the southeast Pacific are presented. Silica is enriched in these interstitial waters resulting in a vertical flux of silica of between 10 and 50 μmol cm^?2 yr^?1 from the sediment into the overlaying seawater. This flux is generated by the dissolution of biogenic silica, the dissolution of which is increased in areas of bottom water turbulence. The Si, Al and calculated opal (Leinen, 1977) contents of the bulk sediment of these cores are also presented. Small scale variations over depth intervals of tens of centimetres are present as a result of chaning conditions of sedimentation.     

动水中含污染物冲击射流横向高浓度聚集区的形成机理和特性分析

采用RNG湍流模型对动水中含污染物冲击射流滞止点下游区域的横向浓度分布特征进行了详细的数值研究,并与相应的实验结果进行了比较。分析了下游过渡区内横向高浓度聚集区的形成机理和扩散特性。计算结果表明,冲击效应和横流绕流对冲击射流下游过渡区内的横向浓度分布具有重要的影响。当流速比相对较小时,在靠近对称面以及底层壁射流与环境横流的横向边界附近出现较为明显的横向高浓度聚集区,计算结果表明,冲击效应产生的横向逆压梯度以及横流绕流导致的Scarf涡结构对横向高浓度聚集区的形成起主导作用。     

Climate, exposed source-rock lithologies, crustal uplift and surface erosion: a theoretical analysis calibrated with data from the Alps/North Alpine Foreland Basin system

Paleofloristic data imply that paleoclimate changed in the Swiss Alps at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary from humid and hot conditions toward a climate with high temperature and low humidity. The aridization is associated with a change in depositional pattern from alluvial fans to lakes and floodplains, suggesting decreasing sediment discharge. A further 25-40% decrease of sediment discharge occurred at ca. 20 Ma when the orogenic core of the Alps became exposed to the surface. We applied a surface processes model to explore potential controls on the pattern of sediment discharge and on the evolution of the Alpine drainage basin. The model is based on the presumption that the rates of fluvial incision into bedrock are proportional to shear-stress exerted by the flowing water. The model results imply that the paleoclimate change resulted in an instantaneous decrease of sediment discharge and a vertical topographic growth until steady-state conditions between erosional and crustal mass flux are established. However, exposure of the crystalline core of the Alps at ca. 20 Ma is likely to have resulted in the 25-40% decrease of sediment discharge and the reorganization of the drainage pattern from an orogen-normal to an orogen-parallel orientation of dispersion.     

Tidal sediment transport versus freshwater flood events in the Konkouré Estuary, Republic of Guinea

In comparison to their temperate counterparts, sediment processes in tropical estuaries are poorly known and especially in African ones. The hydrodynamics of such environments is controlled by a combination of multiple processes including morphology, salinity, mangrove vegetation, tidal processes, river discharge, settling and erosion of mud and by physico-chemical processes as well as sediment dynamics.The aim of this study is to understand the sediment processes in this transitional stage of the estuary when the balance between river discharges and marine processes is reversing. Studying the hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of the Konkouré Estuary has recently been made possible thanks to new data on bathymetry, sedimentary cover, salinity, water elevations, and current velocities. The Lower Konkouré is a shallow, funnel shaped, mesotidal mangrove-fringed, tide-dominated estuary, well mixed during low river discharge and stratified during high river discharge. The Konkouré Estuary is turbid despite the small amount of terrestrial input and its residual velocity at the mouth during low river discharges, landwards for two of the three branches, suggests a landward migration by tidal pumping of the suspended particulate matter. A Turbidity Maximum Zone (TMZ) is identified for typical states of the estuary with regard to fluvial and tidal components. Suspended sediment transport during a transitional stage between the rainy and dry seasons is known thanks to current velocity and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) measurements taken in November 2003. The Richardson layered number calculation assesses that turbulence is the major mixing process in the water column, at least during the flood and ebb stages, whereas stratification occurs during the slack water periods. Tidal currents generate bottom erosion, and turbulence mixes the suspended sediment throughout the water column. As a result, a net sediment input is calculated from the western Konkouré outlet for two consecutive tidal cycles. Despite the net water export, almost 300 tons per tide reach the estuary through this outlet, for a moderate river flow.