Hyper Redundancy for Accuracy Enhancement in Automated Close Range Photogrammetry

A generic network design in close range photogrammetry is one where optimal multi-ray intersection geometry is obtained with as few camera stations as practicable. Hyper redundancy is a concept whereby, once the generic network is in place, many additional images are recorded, with the beneficial impact upon object point precision being equivalent to the presence of multiple exposures at each camera position within the generic network. The effective number of images per station within a hyper redundant network might well be in the range of 10 to 20 or more. As is apparent when it is considered that a hyper redundant network may comprise hundreds of images, the concept is only applicable in practice to fully automatic vision metrology systems, where it proves to be a very effective means of enhancing measurement accuracy at the cost of minimal additional work in the image recording phase. This paper briefly reviews the network design and accuracy aspects of hyper redundancy and illustrates the technique by way of the photogrammetric measurement of surface deformation of a radio telescope of 26 m diameter. This project required an object point measurement accuracy of σ  = 0·065 mm, or 1/400 000 of the diameter of the reflector.     

Visibility Analysis In Vision Metrology Network Design

The aim of this paper is to present a method whereby accuracy enhancement of an existing photogrammetric network is achieved through the automatic selection of additional camera stations. The determination of the positions of these 'accuracy fulfilment' camera stations is based upon what has been termed 'visibility uncertainty prediction modelling' of visibility constraints derived from the existing network geometry. Following a review of vision constraints in network design, the concepts of visibility uncertainty prediction and visibility uncertainty spheres are introduced. These provide a mechanism to predict the visibility of current object target points for the new accuracy fulfilment images. This in turn aids in network design improvement. The visibility uncertainty modelling is then illustrated for two close range photogrammetric network configurations, for which the test results demonstrate that the proposed model can reliably predict target visibility with an overall certainty of 75%.     

RECIPROCAL OBSERVATIONS IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY

The paper discusses a method of photogrammetric control for engineering problems which relies on reciprocal observations between instruments. Since photogrammetric networks do not usually permit cameras to point at one another, it is proposed that at least one additional theodolite station be used to establish these observations. This results in directly measured space triangles; in a sense the photogrammetric task becomes a surveying problem. Potential advantages are a more efficient use of mixed photogrammetric and survey measurements, a stronger network geometry and a direct solution for the orientation parameters of the instruments. Special attention must be given to targeting the camera and theodolite stations.     

CE-1立体相机成像几何模型研究

传感器成像几何模型是摄影测量数据处理的关键问题.本文分析了CE-1立体相机成像几何原理、阐述了立体相机内定向以及根据探月卫星辅助数据计算外定向参数的原理和方法;提出一种快速反投影变换算法,建立了 CE-1立体相机成像几何模型.通过对CE-1三线阵影像、激光高度计数据的配准买验,验证了本文的有效性本文立体相机成像几何模型...     

面向GIS数据共享的概念模型设计研究

Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ 数据共享的主要问题是数据的语义共享。在数据共享的保障基础———技术基础、标准化体系及政策法规体系中,标准化工作最为直接,而其中面向数据共享的概念模型的设计又是最基础性的工作之一。面向数据共享的概念模型设计的主要任务是寻求一种规范化、标准化的约束法则来保障数据的共享,为了保障数据共享的安全性,所设计的概念模型应能提供用于共享的抽象概念,这些抽象概念所描述的是地理概念而非纯空间概念,并应能提供语义抽象机制。采用语义数据模型的方法,提出利用地理特征这一概念作为建模的基本概念。通过一个实例对其应用进行了初步探讨。     

Affine distortion of small GPS networks with large height differences

GPS is a promising tool for real-time monitoring of deformations of slopes or large structures. However, remaining systematic effects in GPS phase observations after double differencing and application of a priori models affect the resulting coordinates. They complicate the proper separation of the actual deformations from pseudo-deformations induced by the systematic effects. This paper shows that for small monitoring networks (baseline lengths <5 km) only affine distortions of the network geometry are generated by the remaining distance dependent systematic effects, e.g. unmodelled tropospheric and ionospheric propagation effects, or satellite orbit errors. Hence, a generic correction model is given by a three-dimensional affine transformation involving a maximum of 12 transformation parameters. For the determination of these parameters, four high quality GPS stations are necessary which are not affected by the actual deformations to be monitored. Based on the analysis of network geometries of synthetic GPS networks with large height differences and considering the physics of the GPS observations it is shown, however, that less than 12 parameters are sufficient for the computation of the corrections. The proposed 8 parameter model was applied to the GPS monitoring network of the Gradenbach landslide. For this small network with large height differences, it was shown that the distortions can be reduced by about 75%.     

A comparison of dense matching algorithms for scaled surface reconstruction using stereo camera rigs

Photogrammetric methods for dense 3D surface reconstruction are increasingly available to both professional and amateur users who have requirements that span a wide variety of applications. One of the key concerns in choosing an appropriate method is to understand the achievable accuracy and how choices made within the workflow can alter that outcome. In this paper we consider accuracy in two components: the ability to generate a correctly scaled 3D model; and the ability to automatically deliver a high quality data set that provides good agreement to a reference surface. The determination of scale information is particularly important, since a network of images usually only provides angle measurements and thus leads to unscaled geometry. A solution is the introduction of known distances in object space, such as base lines between camera stations or distances between control points. In order to avoid using known object distances, the method presented in this paper exploits a calibrated stereo camera utilizing the calibrated base line information from the camera pair as an observational based geometric constraint. The method provides distance information throughout the object volume by orbiting the object.In order to test the performance of this approach, four topical surface matching methods have been investigated to determine their ability to produce accurate, dense point clouds. The methods include two versions of Semi-Global Matching as well as MicMac and Patch-based Multi-View Stereo (PMVS). These methods are implemented on a set of stereo images captured from four carefully selected objects by using (1) an off-the-shelf low cost 3D camera and (2) a pair of Nikon D700 DSLR cameras rigidly mounted in close proximity to each other. Inter-comparisons demonstrate the subtle differences between each of these permutations. The point clouds are also compared to a dataset obtained with a Nikon MMD laser scanner. Finally, the established process of achieving accurate point clouds from images and known object space distances are compared with the presented strategies.Results from the matching demonstrate that if a good imaging network is provided, using a stereo camera and bundle adjustment with geometric constraints can effectively resolve the scale. Among the strategies for dense 3D reconstruction, using the presented method for solving the scale problem and PMVS on the images captured with two DSLR cameras resulted in a dense point cloud as accurate as the Nikon laser scanner dataset.     

星载相机轨道末期成像模型及图像复原算法

通过对光学卫星轨道末期成像面临的像移失配的研究,从能量的观点出发建立了TDI CCD (时间延迟积分电荷耦合器件)推扫成像通用模型(GMPI),基于该模型提出了一种像移失配工况下的非常规遥感成像方式,引入了信号滤波器的表示方法,将GMPI模型简化成为易于计算的TDI CCD推扫成像滤波器模型（FMPI）,对轨道末期遥感图像混叠效应进行了定量分析,并给出了基于成像机理及成像参数的图像恢复处理方法。通过实际成像实验获取了像移速度失配下的图像并通过图像恢复算法进行处理,得到了比半盲式复原算法更好的图像恢复效果。     

多视点相机联合标定及改进的PMVS重建方法

提出一种能够在强约束条件下快速进行相机标定的方法。通过相机间6个相互独立的约束,充分利用系统的几何条件,确定相邻立体相机的固有关系;再以共线方程为基础推导强约束条件下的平差模型,并应用于自检校光束法平差,从而实现多相机系统的快速标定;最后利用改进的PMVS三维重建方法开展标定后系统的人体三维重建。实验表明,通过加入强约束条件,增加平差的多余观测数,提高了标定精度和鲁棒性,对三维重建的精度亦有较大提高,并且该方法可推广到多个相机组成的多相机立体量测系统的标定中。     

OpenGL成像机理及其与摄影测量方位元素的相关分析

从射影几何的角度深入分析了OpenGL成像机理，并且分析了OpenGL与摄影测量相关的内外方位元素的表达。推导出了两种成像过程的转换公式，并建立了一套用摄影测量方法构造OpenGL透视成像矩阵的公式。实验验证了摄影测量学中共线方程与OpenGL的透视成像机理的一致性。     

Photogrammetric modeling of underwater environments

Underwater photogrammetry provides an efficient nondestructive means for measurement in environments with limited accessibility. With the growing use of consumer cameras, its application is becoming easier, thus benefiting a wide variety of disciplines. However, utilizing cameras for underwater photogrammetry poses some nontrivial modeling problems due to refraction effect and the extension of the imaging system into a unit of both the camera and the protecting housing device. This paper studies the effect that the underwater environment has on the photogrammetric process, and proposes a model for describing the geometric distortions and for estimating the additional parameters involved. The proposed model accounts not only for the multimedia effect, but also for inaccuracies related to the setting of the camera and housing device. The paper shows that only a small number of additional parameters is needed to model both elements and to preserve the collinearity relation. The results show that no unique setup is needed for estimating the additional parameters and that the estimation is insensitive to noise or first approximations. Experiments show that high levels of accuracy can be achieved.     

Digital Photogrammetry and Microscope Photographs

The feasibility of applying commercial digital photogrammetric software to the measurement of small objects photographed through an optical microscope has been examined. The objects, about 20 mm across, were photographed using a 35 mm film camera (at the lowest magnification setting of the Olympus microscope) giving photographs at a scale of 2:1. The photographs were then scanned before processing with the VirtuoZo digital photogrammetric system. Various problems needed to be overcome, some due to the limited options available with the highly automated digital system which was not designed for such measurement tasks. The unusual image scales, the uncommon pixel sizes and the unconventional and uncertain imaging geometry, all impeded immediate photogrammetric implementation. Photographic problems with the microscope were also faced, as with all microscope photogrammetry. Creating control points and independently assessing the accuracy of results at these scales were also difficult operations, but an analytical plotter was utilized for both these purposes and to verify the imaging geometry. Once such problems were overcome, image matching proceeded well and an accurate DTM could be created successfully, provided that a suitably textured object was chosen.     

辐射产品的卫星影像内部畸变几何标定

针对卫星发射以后,由于外部太空环境的变化和相机光学系统的径向畸变导致卫星成像影像的外部误差和内部畸变,须对光学遥感相机长期周期性地进行几何标定消除卫星影像系统误差和相机指向角误差提高卫星影像几何定位精度的问题,该文从简单易行的角度出发,基于相机的CCD固定偏差原理构建一种新型的模型或内标定算法消除影像的内部畸变,以经过畸变改正的卫星影像辐射产品为参考控制,采用亚像素匹配法构建内部畸变模型修正卫星遥感影像的内部畸变,并分别以不同侧摆角和影像行数的SJ9A和ZY3为实验和参考控制数据构建和验证新型标定模型的有效性和实用性。     

A Conceptual Poverty Mapping Data Model

GIS is increasingly used in poverty mapping but there is no generic data model for database development. Examples exist already of industry‐specific models. Having such a data model eases the complexity of incorporating spatial data in poverty assessments. This article raises awareness about the need for a generic poverty data model for use in poverty mapping. It seeks to stimulate a lively debate that will lead to the development and adoption of such a data model. The ultimate goal will be to get to some level of standardization for common data types that would facilitate spatial data use in poverty assessment and sharing among poverty projects. This article is a first step at developing a data model for poverty mapping at a conceptual level. Handling multidimensional social problems, such as poverty, using a spatial framework can be challenging because of the myriad of poverty indicators in use. Employing the entity‐relationship approach, a conceptual model is developed in the current article that identifies the key thematic layers, entities, and relationships. The conceptual model produced is useful for modeling the content of the database for use in assessing and monitoring poverty.     

Sensor modeling,self-calibration and accuracy testing of panoramic cameras and laser scanners

Terrestrial Linear Array CCD-based panoramic cameras have been used for purely imaging purposes, but they also have a high potential for use in high accuracy measurement applications. The imaging geometry and the high information content of those images make them suitable candidates for quantitative image analysis. For that a particular sensor model has to be established and the inherent accuracy potential has to be investigated. We developed a sensor model for terrestrial Linear Array-based panoramic cameras by means of a modified bundle adjustment with additional parameters, which models substantial deviations of a real camera from the ideal one. We used 3D straight-line information in addition to tie points to conduct a full calibration and orientation without control point information. Due to the similarity of the operation of laser scanners to panoramic cameras the sensor model of the panoramic cameras was extended for the self-calibration of laser scanners. We present the joint sensor model for panoramic cameras and laser scanners and the results of self-calibration, which indicate a subpixel accuracy level for such highly dynamic systems. Finally we demonstrate the systems’ accuracy of two typical panoramic cameras in 3D point positioning, using both a minimal number of control points and a free network adjustment. With these new panoramic imaging devices we have additional powerful sensors for image recording and efficient 3D object modeling.     

航空遥感平台通用物理模型及可变基高比系统精度评价

精度是高分辨率遥感和摄影测量的关键。影响精度的因素分为：成像系统误差和数据处理误差。航空平台系统误差较为复杂,因此本文聚焦航空成像系统设计方法,以降低航空成像系统误差为目标,从源头上为数据处理精度提供保障。目前航空数字成像系统种类繁多,但缺乏统一物理模型,使得航空相机系统采用人工拼接为多刚体（多相机）,结构复杂、体积大、成本高、精度难以刻画,容易受到震动和温度等因素影响,成像系统装机实用精度只能达到毫米量级。为此,本文构建航空遥感平台通用物理模型,由此归纳出现有航摄相机的四类对偶技术特征：一次-二次成像、外拼接-内拼接、单基线-多基线、非严格-严格中心投影;以此建立可变基高比时空模型,从而实现数字航摄相机内部光学机械参数与地表高程精度的表达,实现地表高程精度-光机参数贯通;进一步设计二次成像数字航摄相机原型系统及宽波段临边成像光谱仪,为目前多刚体拼接的一次成像航摄相机构建向精密光机单刚体、折反式同光路构建提供原型依据,为数字航摄系统构建和工业化奠定理论基础和原型实例参考。     

面向区域成像任务的环月卫星侧摆角优化方法

面向月表大区域成像任务需求,提出了拼接成像侧摆角优化方法。针对区域覆盖率计算,提出了基于矢量多边形逻辑运算的成像覆盖率快速计算方法,可在保证计算精度的同时降低计算复杂度;构建拼接成像任务侧摆角优化模型,采用基于sigmoid函数的自适应遗传算法求解;并采用两组仿真数据验证了该优化算法的可行性。     

Research and implementation of a universal workflow model to evaluate the soil fertility based on OGC Web Service

ABSTRACT

A method based on workflow technology and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specification is proposed to establish a universal workflow conceptual model in the network environment. In this paper, the soil fertility evaluation conceptual model was developed as an evaluation method of soil fertility by analyzing the GIS-based fertility evaluation method and extracting the dynamic variable to verify the feasibility model. This validation process involves determining the instantiation of the conceptual model. The proposed conceptual model achieved the following goals. All data acquisition and processing functions were packaged into an OGC-compliant service model; these service models were organized into a processing chain in a certain order on the workflow platform by Petri-Net; the fertility evaluation was realized on the workflow platform by calling the processing chain. Results showed that processing functions and data can be shared in the network environment, and the network workflow model can be realized by the workflow technology. The successful implementation of fertility evaluation proved the feasibility of the network-based universal workflow conceptual model. In addition, the flexibility of our modeling method is demonstrated by reconstructing the workflow model.     

立体视觉的摄影测量理论

从引入空间投影变换的概念入手,证明了体积之交比为一般的投影不变量,从而将其作为描述物体的度量。通过对基础矩阵进行合适的分解,导出了确定投影变换模型之齐次坐标和投影坐标的方法。提出了三维直接线性变换用于由物体的投影变换模型进行物体重建。实验分析证实了所述理论和方法的正确性。     

TDI CCD交错拼接推扫相机严格几何模型构建与优化

时间延迟积分电荷耦合器件(TDI CCD)交错拼接推扫相机,是指焦平面上交错成两行排列多个TDI CCD阵列,并采用推扫成像方式的光学相机。为兼顾空间分辨率与地面覆盖宽度,当前较多的高分辨率光学遥感卫星都搭载了此类相机。本文总结了此类相机的成像原理和特点,基于成像瞬间多片CCD共享一套外方位元素的特点构建了该类相机的"整体几何模型"。针对定位过程中的外部误差和内部误差,基于整体几何模型设计了相应的内外误差补偿方案,对该类相机几何模型的优化进行了研究。以8片TDI CCD交错拼接的天绘一号(TH-1)卫星高分相机原始影像为试验数据设计了多组试验对本文方法进行验证。结果表明:本文的整体几何模型可严格描述该类相机的原始几何物像关系;仅进行外部误差补偿时,影像定位精度显著提升,但各分片CCD影像残留有不同的系统误差;仅进行内部误差补偿时,影像定位精度没有显著提升,但各分片CCD影像定位精度的一致性得到明显改善;对内部、外部误差均补偿后,影像在X、Y、Z方向的定位精度皆优于2m,且各分片CCD影像定位精度具备一致性;将计算出的内部误差补偿参数应用于成像时间间隔22d的其他多景影像时仍达到了同样的定位精度。