The critical rainfall characteristics for torrents and debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake stricken area

Critical rainfall assessment is a very important tool for hazard management of torrents and debris flows in mountainous areas. The Wenchuan Earthquake 2008 caused huge casualties and property damages in the earthquake-stricken area, which also generated large quantities of loose solid materials and increased occurrence probabilities of debris flows. There is an urgent need to quantify the critical rainfall distribution in the area so that better hazard management could be planned and if real time rainfall forecast is available, torrent and debris flow early-warning could be issued in advance. This study is based on 49-year observations （1954-2003） of up to 678 torrent and debris flow events. Detailed contour maps of 1 hour and 24 hour critical rainfalls have been generated （Due to the data limitation, there was insufficient 10 minute critical rainfall to make its contour map）. Generally, the contour maps from 1 hour and 24 hours have similar patterns. Three zones with low, medium and high critical rainfalls have been identified. The characteristics of the critical rainfall zones are linked with the local vegetation cover and land forms. Further studies and observations are needed to validate the finding and improve the contour maps.     

THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GLACIAL DEBRIS FLOW IN THE DUKU HIGHWAY OF TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS，

ＴＨＥＯＲＩＧＩＮＡＮＤＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＴＨＥＧＬＡＣＩＡＬＤＥＢＲＩＳＦＬＯＷＩＮＴＨＥＤＵＫＵＨＩＧＨＷＡＹＯＦＴＩＡＮＳＨＡＮＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮＳ，ＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＸｉｏｎｇＨｅｉｇａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ...     

Comparison of different sampling strategies for debris flow susceptibility mapping: A case study using the centroids of the scarp area,flowing area and accumulation area of debris flow watersheds

The quality of debris flow susceptibility mapping varies with sampling strategies. This paper aims at comparing three sampling strategies and determining the optimal one to sample the debris flow watersheds. The three sampling strategies studied were the centroid of the scarp area(COSA), the centroid of the flowing area(COFA), and the centroid of the accumulation area(COAA) of debris flow watersheds. An inventory consisting of 150 debris flow watersheds and 12 conditioning factors were prepared for research. Firstly, the information gain ratio(IGR) method was used to analyze the predictive ability of the conditioning factors. Subsequently, 12 conditioning factors were involved in the modeling of artificial neural network(ANN), random forest(RF) and support vector machine(SVM). Then, the receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC) and the area under curves(AUC) were used to evaluate the model performance. Finally, a scoring system was used to score the quality of the debris flow susceptibility maps. Samples obtained from the accumulation area have the strongest predictive ability and can make the models achieve the best performance. The AUC values corresponding to the best model performance on the validation dataset were 0.861, 0.804 and 0.856 for SVM, ANN and RF respectively. The sampling strategy of the centroid of the scarp area is optimal with the highest quality of debris flow susceptibility maps having scores of 373470, 393241 and 362485 for SVM, ANN and RF respectively.     

沂蒙山区典型断陷盆地岩溶地下水系统特征:以莱芜盆地为例

2011年以来,中国地质调查局在沂蒙山区组织实施了1∶5万标准图幅水文地质调查4万余km²,并在严重缺水村镇开展了大量的找水打井示范工作,获得了较为丰富的地质数据,对断陷盆地地下水流系统取得了新认识。受中新生代构造影响,沂蒙山区发生断裂褶皱、伸展滑脱及岩浆侵入活动,形成一系列“南超覆北断陷”的地堑—半地堑盆地,并最终形成现今典型的“盆—山”岩溶水文地质结构,及以盆地为单元的相对独立的岩溶地下水流系统。为研究沂蒙山区地下水流系统发育特征,选择莱芜盆地为典型研究区,基于野外地质调查,通过综合分析盆地南北两侧地貌单元、含水岩组立体空间分布及地下水水位、水化学及同位素结果等,探讨了沂蒙山区典型“盆—山”结构塑造的多级岩溶地下水流系统特征。结果表明,莱芜盆地岩溶地下水由盆地外围向盆地中心呈“向心式”径流;受人类活动影响、地质构造控制和含水层分布制约,盆地南北两侧地下水流系统特征存在差异：盆地南部发育中间和局部两级地下水流系统;盆地北部则仅发育单一的局部地下水流系统,但占有已勘查论证的近1/2的地下水水源地。此外,研究发现在大汶河最低侵蚀基准面,区域滑脱构造及热液混合作用拆离...     

Debris flows risk analysis and direct loss estimation: the case study of Valtellina di Tirano,Italy

andslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step because it provides essential data upon which judgments can be made and policy can be formulated. This study aims at quantifying direct economic losses from debris flows at a medium scale in the study area in Italian Central Alps. Available hazard maps were the main inputs of this study. These maps were overlaid with information concerning elements at risk and their economic value. Then, a combination of both market and construction values was used to obtain estimates of future economic losses. As a result, two direct economic risk maps were prepared together with risk curves, useful to summarize expected monetary damage against the respective hazard probability. Afterwards, a qualitative risk map derived using a risk matrix officially provided by the set of laws issued by the regional government, was prepared. The results delimit areas of high economic as well as strategic importance which might be affected by debris flows in the future. Aside from limitations and inaccuracies inherently included in risk analysis process, identification of high risk areas allows local authorities to focus their attention on the “hot-spots”, where important consequences may arise and local （large） scale analysis needs to be performed with more precise cost-effectiveness ratio. The risk maps can be also used by the local authorities to increase population’s adaptive capacity in the disaster prevention process.     

Debris flow susceptibility assessment using a probabilistic approach: A case study in the Longchi area,Sichuan province,China

The Longchi area with the city of Dujiangyan, in the Sichuan province of China, is composed of Permian stone and diorites and Triassic sandstones and mudstones intercalated with slates. An abundance of loose co-seismic materials were present on the slopes after the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, which in later years served as source material for rainfall-induced debris flows or shallow landslides. A total of 48 debris flows, all triggered by heavy rainfall on 13th August 20l0, are described in this paper. Field investigation, supported by remote sensing image interpretation, was conducted to interpret the co-seismic landslides in the debris flow gullies. Specific characteristics of the study area such as slope, aspect, elevation, channel gradient, lithology, and gully density were selected for the evaluation of debris flow susceptibility. A score was given to all the debris flow gullies based on the probability of debris flow occurrence for the selected factors. In order to get the contribution of the different factors, principal component analyses were applied. A comprehensive score was obtained for the 48 debris flow gullies which enabled us to make a susceptibility map for debris flows with three classes. Twenty-two gullies have a high susceptibility, twenty gullies show a moderate susceptibility and six gullies have a low susceptibility for debris flows.     

中国东部典型裂谷盆地构造活动特征及演化:以松辽盆地孤店断陷为例

孤店断陷为松辽盆地南部深层天然气勘探的有利区带,同时也记录了中国东部中-新生代板块运动和盆地演化的丰富信息。利用钻测井资料及高分辨率三维地震资料,并结合区域构造背景,对孤店断陷的地质结构及构造演化特征进行分析。结果表明孤店断陷在纵向上可以划分为基底构造层、下构造层、中构造层及上构造层。由于受到晚中生代以来太平洋板块向东亚板块的俯冲作用及区域构造应力场的影响,孤店断陷的构造演化过程可以划分为断陷期、断坳转换期、稳定坳陷期及构造反转期。孤店断陷的边界大断层(孤店断层)在断陷初始发育期(火石岭组-沙河子沉积期)表现为6段走向各不相同的小型孤立断层,在断陷晚期(营城组沉积期)经过生长、连接而形成统一的断陷边界,并在断坳转换期(登娄库组-泉头组沉积期)和坳陷期(青山口组-嫩江组沉积期)发生广泛而强烈的张扭活动,以及在构造反转期(嫩江组沉积末期)发生强烈反转和分段差异逆冲活动。研究结果可以为松辽盆地以及中国东部地区的构造活动及演化研究提供参考,并进一步指导油气勘探。     

深水碎屑流与浊流混合事件层沉积特征及分布——以鄂尔多斯盆地西南长7油层组为例

采用岩石学、深水沉积学等方法,解剖野外露头及重点钻井岩心,结合测井、分析化验等资料,研究鄂尔多斯盆地西南延长组长7油层组深水碎屑流与浊流混合事件层的沉积特征及分布。结果表明:研究区长7油层组发育下部砂质碎屑流上部浊流混合事件层、下部浊流上部泥质碎屑流混合事件层(分为下部浊流上部富泥质碎屑和下部浊流上部贫泥质碎屑混合事件层)、泥质碎屑流和浊流频繁互层混合事件层3种类型。其中,下部砂质碎屑流上部浊流、下部浊流上部富泥质碎屑混合事件层发育于重力流沉积区的近端和远端,下部浊流上部贫泥质碎屑、泥质碎屑流和浊流频繁互层混合事件层主要分布于重力流沉积区的远端。研究区长7油层组深水重力流沉积具有近端呈条带状分布、水道化特征显著,远端相邻朵体沉积物相互叠置、连片、呈环带状分布的特征。该结果对完善深水重力流沉积理论及开展非常规油气勘探、开发具有指导意义。     

Soil erosion and its basic characteristics at karst rocky-desertified land consolidation area: A case study at Muzhe Village of Xichou County in Southeast Yunnan,China

Xichou County of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southeast Yunnan is one of the karst mountainous areas in southwest China showing typical rock desertification. During this study, we set up three soil erosion contrast test spots at Muzhe Village, Benggu Township, Xichou County, which was the birthplace of the Xichou rock-desertified land consolidation mode. The three spots included the terrace land spot (already consolidated land), sloping land spot (unconsolidated sloping land under rock desertification), and standard runoff spot (bare land spot). In 2007, a whole-year complete observation was conducted during the rainy season and "rainfall-erosion" data were obtained for 32 times. Our analysis showed that during the entire observation period, the number of the rainfalls that led to soil erosion accounted for 34.04% of the number of all rainfalls and the amount of the rainfalls that led to soil erosion accounted for 84.17% of the total amount of all rainfalls. The average erosive rainfall standard in the three test spots was 11.0 mm, slightly higher than the 10 mm standard that has been adopted all over China, but lower than the 12.7 mm standard of the US and the 13.0 mm standard of Japan. According to single-factor analysis, the soil loss in the sloping land spot (L2) and that in the bare land spot (L3) are correlated to certain extent to many other factors, including the single precipitation (P), rainfall intensity during the maximum ten minutes (I10), rainfall intensity during the maximum 20 minutes (I20), rainfall intensity during the maximum 30 minutes (I30), rainfall intensity during the maximum 40 minutes (I40), and rainfall intensity during the maximum 60 minutes (I60). Among these factors, they are of the highest relativity with I60. According to double-factor analysis, both L2 and L3 are of good relativity with P and I60. According to multi-factor analysis, L2 and L3 are also of good relativity with seven rainfall indexes, namely, P, Ia (average rainfall intensity), I10, I20, I30, I40, and I60, with their related coefficient R reaching 0.906 and 0.914, respectively. The annual soil losses in the three test spots are widely different: 1030.70 t/km2·a in the terrace land spot, which indicates a low-level erosion; 12913.22 t/km2·a in the sloping land spot (unconsolidated spot), some 12.5 times than that in the terrace land spot, which indicates an ultra-high-level erosion; and 19511.67 t/km2·a in the bare land spot, some 18.9 times than that in terrace land spot, indicating an acute erosion. These figures fully show that the Xichou rock-desertified land consolidation mode plays a significant role in soil conservation.     

The contribution of trace elements from seawater to chimneys： a case study of the native sulfur chimneys in the sea area off Kueishantao, northeast of Taiwan Island

Hydrothermal fluid containing abundant matter erupts from seafloor, meets ambient cold seawater and forms chimneys. So the main matter origins of chimneys are seawater and matter which are taken by hydrothermal fluid from deep reservoir. However, because of seawater’s little contribution to the forming of chimneys, it is usually covered by the abundant matter which is taken by hydrothermal fluid. Therefore, chimneys formed in ordinary deep seawater hydrothermal activity, containing complex elements, cannot ...     

西北内陆盆地浅层地下水温度场及动态类型:以酒泉东盆地为例

温度是地下水的固有属性,地下水温度场和动态特征是地下水流系统的外在表现。为揭示地下水开采等人类活动影响下西北内陆盆地浅层地下水温度场特征与地下水流系统的关系,基于多点位、长序列、高精度的地下水温度监测数据,在酒泉东盆地开展了地下水温度场及动态特征研究。结果表明：酒泉东盆地浅层地下水温度9.33～20.77℃不等,平均水温为13.54℃,自地下水补给区至排泄区,沿地下水径流方向,浅层地下水温度逐渐升高;循环深度相近的不同地下水流系统对比表明,浅层地下水温度与地下水动力条件呈负相关,地表水入渗补给大、水动力条件强的水流系统地下水平均温度低,入渗补给小、水动力条件弱的地下水平均温度高;浅层地下水温度动态受自然地下水循环和地下水开采等人类活动共同影响,从山前地下水补给区到中游绿洲区再到下游排泄区,浅部地下水温度动态可划分为4种基本类型,依次分别为河流补给型、水温稳定型、开采相关型、正弦波动型。     

Soil erosion and its causes in high-filling body: A case study of a valley area on the Loess Plateau,China

Large-scale land consolidation projects(LCPs) have been carried out on the Loess Plateau to increase the area of agriculture land. The newly created land is prone to soil erosion under the effects of water and gravity. Taking a typical high-filling body(HFB) formed by LCPs in Yan’an, China as the subject, this study comprehensively investigated the types and causes of soil erosion with multiple methods of field investigation, on-site monitoring and laboratory tests. Results showed that the HFB p...     

上斜坡区筇竹寺组沉积环境及其页岩气勘探潜力:以四川盆地威远地区威207井为例

为深入分析早寒武世(541～509 Ma)海洋化学状态、有机质富集机制,积极评价四川盆地西南部下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气资源潜力,基于四川盆地威远地区威207井筇竹寺组岩石学、地球化学、主微量元素、孔隙结构与吸附特征,对寒武纪早期上斜坡区古海洋环境、有机质富集控制因素及页岩含气潜力进行了探讨。沉积旋回显示筇竹寺组细粒沉积期发育多个海平面升降控制下深水-浅水陆棚交互转换旋回,但以浅水陆棚相为主,发育典型斜坡浊积体(扇)、重力流沉积。以威远地区为代表的上斜坡区未长期处于深水区,富有机质黑色泥页岩沉积厚度受限。有机地球化学测试结果显示,威207井筇竹寺组有机质以Ⅰ型干酪根为主,热演化程度高,残余烃较少,生烃能力偏低。氧化还原参数指示地处上斜坡的威远地区寒武纪初期海洋环境处于中等限制程度,仅存在一定程度的上升流,海水经历了“缺氧-氧化-缺氧-次氧化-氧化”的转变过程,致使上斜坡区古海洋生产力水平整体较低,由下至上呈明显下降趋势。微观孔隙结构与氮气吸附曲线指示筇竹寺组储层以复杂的、无规则狭缝型孔为主,甲烷吸附量和w(TOC)呈正相关性,但与温度呈负相关性,表明筇竹寺组现今普遍面临的高压高温条件不适于...     

不同物源体系致密储层微观结构特征及成因分析:以陇东地区樊家川和南梁长6段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油气资源丰富,其中陇东地区长6储层的发育受多物源体系的控制,成为当前研究热点,但目前对不同物源控制的砂体微观结构特征差异等缺乏深入了解,制约了该地长6储层的勘探与评价。通过铸体薄片鉴定、镜下观察、X衍射及恒速压汞分析等实验手段,开展了不同物源体系控制下的储层微观结构特征研究,对比分析了沉积微相对储层发育的影响,建立了对应的孔隙演化模型,并探讨了主要成岩作用对储层致密化的控制。结果表明：(1)喉道是控制储层渗透率的主要因素,北东部物源沉积区较西部物源沉积区的喉道发育状况更好,渗透率更高;(2)随着渗透率升高,受北东部物源控制的南梁地区半径大于0.50μm的较大喉道对渗透率的贡献明显增加;(3)沉积微相是控制不同物源体系砂体物性的重要因素,受北东部物源控制的南梁地区的砂质碎屑流和浊流砂体物性均好于受西部物源控制的樊家川地区;压实作用是造成储层致密化的主要原因,受不同物源体系储层伊利石和绿泥石含量差异的影响,北东部物源沉积区压实减孔量(19.29%)小于西部物源沉积区(22.32%)。该研究成果对不同物源体系致密油的后期评价具有指导意义。     

高温热泉中稀土元素的地球化学行为及其指示意义:以西藏搭格架水热区为例

西藏搭格架水热区位于拉萨-冈底斯地块南缘,毗邻印度河-雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段,区内出露酸性泉、中性泉和弱碱性泉,为不同类型地热水中REE分布特征及其地球化学成因研究提供了理想场所。通过在搭格架采集不同类型热泉样品,开展了样品REE浓度测试、配分模式分析和赋存形态计算,旨在揭示高温地热环境中REE地球化学行为的指示意义。研究结果表明,搭格架热泉中REE的地球化学行为呈非保守性,其ΣREE浓度受热泉环境中富Fe, Al矿物(或无定形态固体)而非硫酸盐矿物的吸附过程的影响;热泉REE配分模式和形态分布则主要受热储内氧化-还原条件及流体-岩石相互作用的控制,是其地质成因和总体水化学特征的反映。虽然搭格架热泉中宏量组分水化学特征指示热储围岩应主要为长英质岩石,但中、碱性热泉呈现的Ce负异常意味着热储中也可能存在碳酸盐岩。本研究为高温热泉稀土元素地球化学研究提供了典型范例。     

Characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of eastern China: A case study of Yucheng City,Shandong Province

Rural off-farm employment, rapid loss of agricultural land, and advanced technology popularization had led agricultural production in Chinese typical rural areas come at a critical transformation and upgrade stage. Based on sample survey data gathered from 401 households in Yucheng City, Shandong Province, this paper focuses on the characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of the eastern China. It was found that 74.3% of households surveyed kept at least one member engaging in off-farm employment, and 57.1% looked forward to expanding the operational scale of arable land, while just 13.7% had actually transferred their agricultural land. Since growing off-farm employment does not result in the collapse of traditional subsistence agriculture, therefore, agricultural production in Yucheng City is at an incomplete transformation phase from traditional small-holder farming to modern scale economy. It is caused by both macro environments and family characteristics, while urban-rural dual structure, imperfect rural development policy and agricultural technology popularization make peasant economy strengthen upon maintenance, and small-holder farming becomes peasant’s natural response owing to pluriactivity, local off-farm employment, reverse elimination, etc. In order to achieve smooth agricultural transformation of typical rural areas in the eastern China, it needs to promote professional differentiation among peasants, under clear policies adopted by central government. Providing comprehensive services for agricultural production and improving production skills and knowledge of farmers who are still living in the countryside will effectively stimulate the process of agricultural transformation.     

A CASE STUDY ON CONCENTRATION AND DECENTRALIZATION：BEHAVIOR AND DYNAMIC MECHANISM OF SPATIAL EVOLUTION IN METROPOLITAN AREA，NANJING，CHINA

In rapid socio-economic development,the process of concentration and dispersal of various elements tends to be more dramatic,tremendously influencing the shaping and transformation of the space in metropolitan area.Survey of spatial concentration and decentralization has thus become a basic method in examining metropolitan spatial evolution.In this research,three elements were selected as the essential indicators of the process:demographic density distribu-tion,employment density distribution and business office location.Performance of these elements in Nanjing City was exam-ined historically.As Nanjing City could be regarded as a representative of metropolitan areas in China,its situation large-ly suggestes the general characteristics in similar areas of China.Hence based on the investigation of Nanjing City,four general implications were highlighted.First ,metropolitan areas in China are in a violent process and shift of spatial concentra-tion and decentralization.Second,from now to at least the near future,concentration will continue to be the central fea-ture.Third,the landscape of metropolitan areas basically exhibits a dual structure character.The gap in environmental and ecological qualities among different districts will continue for a long time.Fourth,Central Business District (CBD) is playing an important role in helping to convert the traditionally single-centered city structure into a polycentric one.     

A method of catchments health assessment under value-pressure model and its application in urbanized river network area: A case study in Shanghai,China

Catchments health assessment is fundamental to effective catchments management. Generally, an as-sessment method should be selected to reflect both the purpose of assessment and local characteristics. A trial in Shanghai was conducted to test the method for catchments health assessment in urbanized river network area. Seven indicators that described four dimensions of river, river network, land use and function, and local feature were used to assess catchments values; while possible change rate of urbanization and industrialization in the next 3 years were chosen for catchments pressure assessment in the value-pressure model. Factors related to catchments classi-fication, indicators measurement and protection priority have been considered in the development strategies for catchments health management. The results showed that value-pressure assessment was applicable in urbanized catchments health management, particularly when both human and catchments had multiple demands. As a result of over 30-year rapid urbanization, more than 70% of Shanghai river network area was still in a healthy condition with high catchments values, among them, 39.3% was under high pressure. Poor water quality, simplified river system and weakened local feature of river pattern had largely affected catchments health in Shanghai. Lack of long-term monitoring data would seriously restrict the development and validity of catchments health assessment.     

塔西北地区下寒武统碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及其古环境意义: 以舒探1井为例

近年来,塔里木盆地盐下已成为深层油气勘探最重要的领域之一。下寒武统肖尔布拉克组是最主要的勘探层位,目前该层段地球化学特征和古环境的分析主要集中在柯坪露头区,而盆内缺乏相关研究。以盆内巴楚隆起舒探1井为例,对下寒武统肖尔布拉克组岩石学和地球化学特征(主、微量元素,稀土元素及碳氧同位素)进行了高精度分析,重建了其沉积时期的古环境及其变化特征。研究表明:舒探1井肖尔布拉克组发育多种类型的白云岩。下部以厚层藻云岩为主,中部为薄层泥岩夹白云质灰岩,上部以细-粉晶白云岩为主。样品La_n/Yb_n均值为1.09,下部和上部呈现出Eu的正异常,薄片中可见硅质胶结、硅质碎屑和溶蚀现象,表明研究区可能受到了热液作用的影响。该组中部沉积物粒度较细并富集氧化还原敏感元素,V/Cr和Ni/Co分别介于2~4.25和5~7之间,表明沉积水体为次氧化环境,而上部和下部沉积物粒度较粗,氧化-还原敏感元素含量及其比值均较低,表明沉积水体为氧化环境。肖尔布拉克组δ13C值在-1.3‰~2.7‰之间,由下自上先降低后升高,下部和中部存在2个显著的正异常及1个负异常。古环境恢复表明肖尔布拉克期古盐度先降低后升高,古温度显示出逐渐上升的特点;肖尔布拉克组顶部古盐度较高,藻云岩发育,伴随着后期的淋滤和改造作用,是优质白云岩储层发育的有利部位。研究成果可以为该区的油气勘探提供依据。      

低渗透碎屑岩储层孔隙结构分形维数计算方法——以川中地区须家河组储层41块岩样为例

为对比基于含水饱和度和汞饱和度2种方法计算低渗透碎屑岩储层孔隙结构分形维数的优劣性,分别采用2种方法对川中地区须家河组41块储集岩的毛细管压力曲线进行分形维数计算.结果表明:采用汞饱和度计算的孔隙结构分形维数与排驱压力、分选因数等表征储层孔隙结构的参数相关性较好.随着岩样分形维数增大,排驱压力增大、分选因数减小,相关性明显.采用含水饱和度计算的孔隙结构分形维数与排驱压力、分选因数等相关性较差.在条件许可时,可利用恒速压汞实验计算储集岩孔隙结构分形维数.