咸水湖盆沉积物原始有机碳定量恢复的新方法——以青海湖布哈河口区沉积物为例

烃源岩中原始有机碳(TOC)总量的恢复是烃源岩评价的重点和难点,以青海湖西北部的布哈河口区沉积物为研究对象,探讨一种全新的利用沉积物中硼元素含量对原始TOC含量进行恢复的方法.布哈河口区沉积物主要为泥、粉砂、细砂及其过渡类型,黏土矿物含量总体较低,沉积物中干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型,有机质大部分来自陆源生物,少量来自水生生物.布哈河口区沉积物中TOC含量介于0.02%~4.29%之间,其中半深湖及前三角洲环境TOC含量总体较高.有机质对部分微量元素有明显的富集作用,沉积物中TOC含量与硼、钪、钴、镍、锌、镓、铷、铯、铅及铀等微量元素存在明显相关性.有机质对微量元素的富集能力和强度受沉积物和水体接触时间控制,因此微量元素与TOC含量的相关性在不同沉积环境存在明显差异:在河流、三角洲平原、前三角洲、浅湖及半深湖沉积区较高,而在滨湖区较低.硼元素对TOC含量变化的反映最灵敏,即便是在间歇暴露的滨湖沉积中硼含量与TOC含量呈明显的正相关性,因此硼可以作为反映烃源岩原始TOC含量的有效指标.根据布哈河口区沉积物中硼含量与TOC含量之间极好的线性相关性,建立了利用烃源岩中的硼含量对原始TOC含量进行定量计算的公式,该公式主要适用于陆相微咸水、半咸水及咸水环境泥质岩类原始TOC总量的恢复.     

繞射波的动力学特性与介质物理参数間的关系

本文是利用三維液体-固体超声頻脉冲振动的模型試驗,来研究均勻介貭中断块繞射波的动力学特性（頻譜、振幅及波形）与介貭物理参数ρV（ρV为断块的声阻抗）,d/λ（d和λ分別为断块的厚度与波长）,H/λ0（H和γ0分别为断块上面复盖层的厚度与波长）間的关系和它随着入射角αпад及出射角ψвых的改变而急剧变化。 繞射波的振幅及頻譜的极大值頻率随着ρV的增高而增大。比值d/λ是繞射波动力学特性中重要的因素之一。在d/λ0时,在同一接收点繞射波的周期減小,其强度亦略有减弱。文中还詳細討論了繞射波的振幅,頻譜与αпад和ψвых的关系。     

繞射波的动力学特性与介质物理参数間的关系

本文是利用三維液体-固体超声頻脉冲振动的模型試驗,来研究均勻介貭中断块繞射波的动力学特性（頻譜、振幅及波形）与介貭物理参数ρV（ρV为断块的声阻抗）,d/λ（d和λ分別为断块的厚度与波长）,H/λ₀（H和γ₀分别为断块上面复盖层的厚度与波长）間的关系和它随着入射角α_пад及出射角ψ_вых的改变而急剧变化。 繞射波的振幅及頻譜的极大值頻率随着ρV的增高而增大。比值d/λ是繞射波动力学特性中重要的因素之一。在d/λ<0.3（薄层）和d/λ≥≥1.2（厚层）时,繞射波的振幅随距离变化曲綫、頻譜极大值頻率以及波形都很相似。在d/λ=0.35-1.2时則不同,繞射波波形为一延伸很长的多相位振动（3-4个周期）,頻譜的极大值頻率較低,振幅变化亦較复杂。增大比值H/λ₀时,在同一接收点繞射波的周期減小,其强度亦略有减弱。文中还詳細討論了繞射波的振幅,頻譜与α_пад和ψ_вых的关系。     

地震预测的物理基础与可能性

地震不是随机发生的，在地震发生之前，震源区存在介质弹性减弱，密度减小，体积膨胀的孕震过程，它将引起各种地球物理方法的前兆观测手段出现形形色色的变化，只要坚持实践－研究－再实践，反复不断地加深规律认识，不断地积累探索，就能循着渐进式预测之路，逐渐实现地震预测。     

地球的化学成因

大量的地球化学资料充分地说明地球和隕星的化学成分属于同一类型.隕星中的隕石相和地壳上的超基性岩石的化学成分很相近似.二者之間的同位素比值,如He~3、C~(13)、S~(34)、Fe~(54)、Fe~(57)、F~(58)、K~(40)等都属于同一数量級.地球起源于隕星的假說有其一定的化学根据. 为了探索地球的成因,我們首先探索隕星的化学成因,第二步再探索地壳的化学成因. 本文采用热力学或物理化学的方法,这些方法在近代文献中多次被指出和試用.     

地球的化学成因

大量的地球化学资料充分地说明地球和隕星的化学成分属于同一类型.隕星中的隕石相和地壳上的超基性岩石的化学成分很相近似.二者之間的同位素比值,如He~3、C~(13)、S~(34)、Fe~(54)、Fe~(57)、F~(58)、K~(40)等都属于同一数量級.地球起源于隕星的假說有其一定的化学根据. 为了探索地球的成因,我們首先探索隕星的化学成因,第二步再探索地壳的化学成因. 本文采用热力学或物理化学的方法,这些方法在近代文献中多次被指出和試用.     

中亚近期气候变化的湖泊响应

本世纪以来,气候的暖干化趋势在北半球中纬度地区表现突出,对该地区水资源造成了一系列的影响,基于这一事实,本文主要考察了中亚干旱和半干旱地区内陆湖泊对气候变化的响应。研究表明,气候变化对湖泊影响主要有二种途径,其一是通过热量平衡影响湖泊水量收支中的支出项,即蒸发量;其二是影响湖泊收入项,即降水与地表径流。伊塞克湖以前者为主,青海湖以后者为主。在相同的气候变化背景下,不同湖盆形态的湖泊对此作出的响应不尽相同:湖盆浅平,以面积变化为主;湖盆深凹,则以水位变化为主。     

柴达本盆地沙下盐湖的卤水化学及矿物沉积特征——以察尔汗盐湖区北部外围地带为例

对柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖区外围沙下盐湖的卤水及沉积进行了综合研究。沙下盐湖卤水化学组成与地表径流和开放性盐湖卤水之间存在明显的差异性,具有高Na~++Cl~-、低Mg~(2+)+Ca(2+)+SO_4~(2-)、贫K~++CO_3~(2-)+HCO_3~-等特征。沙下盐湖析盐层位含有新生矿物并夹带碎屑矿物,其盐类矿物组合为:石盐+羟氯镁铝石+光卤石。25℃等温蒸发相图表明,其卤水演化方向往光卤石析出区迁移,在穿越上覆盖层通道中卤水发生的物理化学反应与独特的沉积特征,可以作为继续寻找沙下盐湖的指导。     

岩石层物理与动力学研究的进展

以当代国内外岩石层物理与动力学研究的主要成就和最新动向为背景,对该学科领域的发展方向、目标和问题进行了综合研究,突出地讨论了以下四个方面:(1)当代岩石层物理与动力学发展的主导趋势和总特点;(2)岩石层物理与动力学研究的现状和趋势;(3)中国岩石层与动力学研究在全球范围内的战略地位和在发展进程中的作用;(4)中国在岩石层物理和动力学发展中的方向,目标和问题.岩石层物理与动力学研究在地球科学发展中是十分关键的领域.21世纪将是地球科学的世纪,它必将会对人类生存,科技进步和社会经济发展作出重大贡献!     

福建晋江市前港湖、龙湖等四湖泊的成因机理

对前港湖、龙湖、虺湖、(氵丙)州湖的地理环境进行了实地考察,对钻孔和钻孔岩心沉积相及微体古生物进行了分析,对14C样品进行了年代测定,特别是通过对龙湖湖内和沿岸共78个钻孔岩心的分析,揭示了龙湖及沿岸残坡积层和晚更新世以来的沉积层展布,进而得到了龙湖成湖前的凹陷和发育在凹陷内的古河流环境,最终推断这4个湖泊为全新世晚期地震断塞湖.主要理由是:这4个湖沿衙口-(氵丙)州隐伏断裂(控制深沪湾地堑NW侧边界的断裂)呈线状展布,都为淡水湖;都发育在晚更新统含砾砂黏土及残坡积层构成的凹陷内,成湖前凹陷内有古河流;已发现龙湖湖盆SE近隐伏断裂处的下游古河床被抬高,且高出上游河床3m以上;前港湖、龙湖的最早成湖年龄都为距今2.4ka左右,这个年龄处于全新世晚期的强古地震发生的可能时间区间内,该地震同时导致了深沪湾海底古森林更深沉没于海底;都存在湖坝和可能的地震沉积相.推断上述湖泊是在该古地震时衙口-(氵丙)州断裂NW侧地块翘起掀升堵塞河流形成的地震断塞湖.湖泊形成后,当地盛行的风沙在湖坝处的加积和在地堑内的填积,导致湖坝变宽增高并和地堑沉积连成大致等高的一体,阻挡了湖水的外流,这是使湖泊继续发育并留存至今的重要原因.     

中国湖泊综合分类原则、级别划分及分类程序之初探

在略述了国内外湖泊分类研究现状的基础上.探讨了开展我国湖泊综合分类的原则、级别划分以及综合分类所应遵循的程序。主导因素与综合因素相结合,建立分类的主导标志,是湖泊综合分类系统中高层次分类的关键;区域相似性(相对一致性)与差异性的对比分析是低层次分类的重要环节。在此基础上.还应充分考虑到人类经济活动的方式与强度对湖泊诸自然因素的影响,以便使湖泊综合分类工作既具有理论上的意义,同时又具有实用价值。级别划分应从以下标准衡量:分类结果是否能充分揭示或反映出湖泊所具有的区域综合特性以及地貌、水文、化学、生物等各因子之间的有机联系和相互影响;能否展示出湖泊的动态变化和今后的演变趋势;是否简明扼要,便于实际应用。工作程序可大致分解为四个相对独立又彼此有着紧密联系的阶段,即系统搜集与占有资料、资料分析整理与单因子分类、综合分类、理论诠释。     

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON AQUATIC SYSTEMS: LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES AND PRECAMBRIAN SHIELD REGION

The region studied includes the Laurentian Great Lakes and a diversity of smaller glacial lakes, streams and wetlands south of permanent permafrost and towards the southern extent of Wisconsin glaciation. We emphasize lakes and quantitative implications. The region is warmer and wetter than it has been over most of the last 12000 years. Since 1911 observed air temperatures have increased by about 0·11°C per decade in spring and 0·06°C in winter; annual precipitation has increased by about 2·1% per decade. Ice thaw phenologies since the 1850s indicate a late winter warming of about 2·5°C. In future scenarios for a doubled CO₂ climate, air temperature increases in summer and winter and precipitation decreases (summer) in western Ontario but increases (winter) in western Ontario, northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Such changes in climate have altered and would further alter hydrological and other physical features of lakes. Warmer climates, i.e. 2 × CO₂ climates, would lower net basin water supplies, stream flows and water levels owing to increased evaporation in excess of precipitation. Water levels have been responsive to drought and future scenarios for the Great Lakes simulate levels 0·2 to 2·5 m lower. Human adaptation to such changes is expensive. Warmer climates would decrease the spatial extent of ice cover on the Great Lakes; small lakes, especially to the south, would no longer freeze over every year. Temperature simulations for stratified lakes are 1–7°C warmer for surface waters, and 6°C cooler to 8°C warmer for deep waters. Thermocline depth would change (4 m shallower to 3·5 m deeper) with warmer climates alone; deepening owing to increases in light penetration would occur with reduced input of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from dryer catchments. Dissolved oxygen would decrease below the thermocline. These physical changes would in turn affect the phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and fishes. Annual phytoplankton production may increase but many complex reactions of the phytoplankton community to altered temperatures, thermocline depths, light penetrations and nutrient inputs would be expected. Zooplankton biomass would increase, but, again, many complex interactions are expected. Generally, the thermal habitat for warm-, cool- and even cold-water fishes would increase in size in deep stratified lakes, but would decrease in shallow unstratified lakes and in streams. Less dissolved oxygen below the thermocline of lakes would further degrade stratified lakes for cold water fishes. Growth and production would increase for fishes that are now in thermal environments cooler than their optimum but decrease for those that are at or above their optimum, provided they cannot move to a deeper or headwater thermal refuge. The zoogeographical boundary for fish species could move north by 500–600 km; invasions of warmer water fishes and extirpations of colder water fishes should increase. Aquatic ecosystems across the region do not necessarily exhibit coherent responses to climate changes and variability, even if they are in close proximity. Lakes, wetlands and streams respond differently, as do lakes of different depth or productivity. Differences in hydrology and the position in the hydrological flow system, in terrestrial vegetation and land use, in base climates and in the aquatic biota can all cause different responses. Climate change effects interact strongly with effects of other human-caused stresses such as eutrophication, acid precipitation, toxic chemicals and the spread of exotic organisms. Aquatic ecological systems in the region are sensitive to climate change and variation. Assessments of these potential effects are in an early stage and contain many uncertainties in the models and properties of aquatic ecological systems and of the climate system. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late Cretaceous paleoenvironment and lake level fluctuation in the Songliao Basin,northeastern China

Study of Late Cretaceous lacustrine sedimentary strata in the eastern Songliao Basin, China revealed that the paleoclimate was relatively arid and hot during sedimentation of the upper Santonian of the Yaojia Formation, but became relatively humid and warm during deposition of the lower Campanian Nenjiang Formation. The upper Yaojia Formation was deposited in a freshwater lake environment, while the lower Nenjiang Formation was deposited in a slightly brackish to brackish environment. The average total organic carbon content in the upper Yaojia Formation is 0.15%, while the hydrogen index is 36 mg_HC/g_TOC, implying poor source rock for oil generation and the organic matter comprised of a mixture of woody and herbaceous organic matter. In contrast, the hydrogen index of oil shale and black shale of the lower Nenjiang Formation is 619 mg_HC/g_TOC, and total organic carbon content on average is 3.37%, indicating a mixed algae and herbaceous source of kerogen and an increase in aquatic bioproductivity. The black shale and oil shale have low Pristane/Phytane and C₂₉ 5α,14α,17α(H) ? stigmastane 20R/(20R + 20S) ratios, with maximum concentration of n‐alkanes at n‐C₂₃, implying an anoxic depositional environment with algae, bacteria and higher plants providing most of the organic matter. Relatively abundant gammacerane and a higher Sr/Ba ratio in the oil shales suggest the presence of brackish water and development of salinity stratification in the lake. During sedimentation of the upper Yaojia through the lower Nenjiang Formations, the level of Songliao lake increased and a deep‐lake environment was formed with bottom waters being oxygen depleted. Concomitantly, as the lake deepened bottom conditions were changing from oxic to anoxic, and the input of organic matter changed from predominantly higher plants to a mixture of bacteria, algae and higher plants providing favorable conditions for oil source rock accumulation.     

震源物理:进展和趋势

本文根据第二十届IUGG大会交流的情况和提供的材料,结合作者以往的文献积累,评述了近四年震源物理的主要进展和趋势.主要内容分为地震动力学破裂复杂性的研究,摩擦本构行为和失稳机制的研究,线弹性断裂力学的应用,分形和混沌等四个方面.     

青藏高原湖泊涨缩的新构造运动意义

青藏高原位于我国的西南部,平均海拔4000—5000m。第四纪以来强烈的新构造运动,引起地壳大幅度的隆起,迫使湖泊出现了大规模的退缩及迁移。新的湖泊不断产生或扩大,古老的湖泊又不断消亡或缩小,形成了湖泊变化与构造活动周期的对应性。本文在分析了青藏高原的地貌、第四纪地质,特别是活断层及地震活动性研究的基础上,对于高原≥4km~2的367个湖泊进行了卫片解译,并取得了较好的效果。     

地热开发对王3、王4井水化学动态的影响及其原因分析

王3、王4井是首都圈地区两口重要的水化学观测井,京津新城地热开发对王3、王4井有无影响,对震情监视有重要意义。依据2004年7月后京津新城地热开发与王3、王4井井压急剧下降,氡、汞等测项相应变化的相关分析,认为尽管地热开发的含水层和地震观测层位不同、埋深不同,但地热开发仍然是影响王3、王4井地震观测的根本原因。从地质构造、岩溶裂隙的发育、水动力条件及地下水物理-化学平衡等方面,论述了地热开发对王3、王4井水化学动态影响的原因,并在此基础上对地热异常区内水化学观测井选择、建设的有关问题提出了建议