1960~2018年成都地区极端气温变化及城市化贡献分析

基于1960~2018年成都地区地面气象站气温数据,分别使用绝对阈值法和百分比阈值法定义了极端气温事件,分析了温度的空间分布特征、线性倾向以及城市化对极端气温指数的贡献。结果表明:成都地区气温分布具有明显的空间差异,东部金堂平均气温最高,其次为新津,西北部由于海拔高度较高,气温低;1960~2018年成都地区霜冻日数逐渐减少,高温日数逐渐增多,整体气温呈现上升趋势;近20 a来,成都地区极端高温事件显著增多,冷日指数以及冷夜指数均呈下降趋势,暖日指数以及暖夜指数均呈上升趋势;城市化对最低气温、冷夜指数和暖夜指数的贡献率分别为34.00%、45.81%和26.88%,与最低气温相关的指数对城市化的响应更为敏感。      

城市化对山东省极端气温事件的影响

根据山东省气温观测资料,综合利用人口格网、土地利用和夜晚灯光数据划分了城市站和乡村站,采用基于观测资料的对比分析法研究山东省极端气温事件的城市化影响。结果表明:①除暖夜日数,暖(冷)事件在城市化的推动下会增加(减少);其中,暖指数的城市化影响贡献率分别是40.66%(高温)、19.32%(暖昼)、1.02%(暖夜),冷指数的城市化影响贡献率分别是2.31%(低温)、5.72%(冷昼)、5.55%(冷夜),可见暖事件(除暖夜日数)的城市化影响贡献率与冷事件相比更显著,且由最高气温计算得出的极端气温指数的城市化影响贡献率更大。②城市化会促使极端气温暖事件平均场的强度变大,同等强度暖事件的发生范围较之前更广,而冷事件受城市化发展的影响在强度和范围的表现却与暖事件的表现刚好相反;相同的是城市化促使极端气温冷暖事件平均场分布的空间差异性较之前均变大。③极端气温冷暖事件的突变时间会受城市化发展的影响,使其突变时间提前1～3年。④冷暖事件的持续时间会随着城市的不断发展而变化,其中由最高气温计算得出的指数受影响更大。⑤极端气温冷暖指数之间的城市化非对称性影响具有复杂的差异性。     

1955—2016年甘肃定西地区极端气温变化特征

利用甘肃省定西地区岷县、临洮和华家岭3个站点的气温数据,应用线性趋势拟合等方法,基于10个气温指数,研究了1955—2016年定西地区极端气温变化趋势和特征。结果表明,霜冻日数、结冰日数、冷日日数和冷夜日数4个指数呈下降趋势,而极端最高气温、极端最低气温、夏日日数、热夜日数、冷日日数和冷夜日数6个指数均呈上升趋势。气温变化的第一主周期为30 a,第二主周期为17 a。夏日日数、热夜日数、暖日日数和暖夜日数的变化在气温总体变化中起主要作用。极端最低气温与霜冻日数、冷日日数、冷夜日数显著相关,极端最高气温与夏日日数、暖日日数、暖夜日数显著相关,暖夜日数与霜冻日数也具有较高的相关性。气温指数突变大多发生在1993—1999年。     

1961~2015年青藏高原极端气温事件的气候变化特征

利用1961~2015年CN05.1高分辨率的逐日最高、最低气温格点资料,计算6个极端气温指数（极端最高气温、极端最低气温、结冰日数、霜冻日数、暖日日数、冷夜日数）,通过趋势分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验,考察青藏高原极端气温事件的时空变化规律。结果表明:青藏高原极端最高气温、极端最低气温的总体分布呈现西冷东暖的特征,与地形西高东低一致;该地区极端最高气温、极端最低气温及暖日日数均呈上升趋势,倾向率分别为0.25℃/10a、0.42℃/10a、2.14d/10a,极端最低气温的线性增温趋势较极端最高气温更为明显;而结冰日数、霜冻日数及冷夜日数均呈下降趋势,倾向率分别为?3.09d/10a、?4.75d/10a、?2.31d/10a;从空间分布看,青海地区极端最高气温的增温趋势最为显著,柴达木盆地是明显的升温中心;在时间变化上,极端最高气温、结冰日数、暖日日数均在1997年发生了突变。      

云南不同气候带极端气温变化趋势

利用1975-2008年云南6个气候代表站的最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,分析了气温序列的变化趋势,探讨了可能的形成原因.结果显示,各代表站的气温总体上呈上升趋势,但气温变化率的大小与其所处的气候带之间没有明显的规律性差异.代表高原气候的香格里拉站其气温增暖趋势最突出,代表北亚热带、中亚热带和南亚热带站点的气温与其有相似的变化趋势,主要表现为最低气温增温速率最大,平均气温次之,最高气温最小,而气温日较差(DTR:Differenceof Temperature Range)有明显减小趋势.温带和北热带代表站气温的变化则有不同的特征,温带的变化表现为最高气温显著上升,最低气温上升速率略小于平均气温的上升速率,DTR变化不显著;北热带的变化表现为平均气温增温速率最大,最低气温次之,最高气温最小,DTR变化不显著.对各站相对暖日、冷日、暖夜、冷夜和霜日的逐年统计分析表明,总体上云南的冷事件在减少,而暖事件增多.     

石家庄气象站记录的城市热岛效应及其趋势变化

利用石家庄市区站和4个郊区站1962—2009年的气温资料,采用城乡气温对比和线性趋势分析方法,探讨了石家庄站地面城市热岛(UHI)强度特征及其随时间变化情况,以及城市化因素对城市站地面气温长期变化趋势影响.结果表明:石家庄站地面UHI效应明显,且UHI效应在最低气温上表现更突出;UHI强度冬季1月最大,夏季7月最小;UHI强度具有明显的日变化,最高值出现在早晨7—8时,最低值出现在午后14—16时;近48 a,石家庄站附近UHI强度呈显著增加趋势,且最低气温UHI强度比最高气温的增加趋势更明显;从UHI强度增加对地面气温观测记录的影响来看,石家庄站附近1962—2009年期间年平均UHI增温率达到0.19 ℃/(10 a),UHI增温贡献率为67.9％,即该站近48 a记录的年平均地面气温上升趋势,有2/3以上可归因于城市化因素影响.     

湖南省55a极端气温事件变化特征

利用1960—2014年湖南省88个地面气象站日最高和最低气温的均一化资料,运用百分位阈值法统计暖日、暖夜、冷日和冷夜数,采用线性回归、M-K突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,研究湖南省55 a以来极端气温事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)湖南省暖日和暖夜呈上升趋势,其年际变化倾向率分别为0.68 d/10 a、2.73 d/10 a,冷日和冷夜呈下降趋势,其年际变化倾向率分别为-0.45 d/10 a、-2.46 d/10 a,夜间增暖显著;(2)湖南省大部分地区的暖日、暖夜呈上升趋势,冷日、冷夜呈下降趋势,其中湘西北、湘西南、湘东南部分地区变化趋势明显;(3)暖日、暖夜、冷夜有明显的阶段性变化,暖日、暖夜分别在2008、2003年突变增加,冷夜在1986年突变减少;(4)湖南省极端气温日数在不同的时间段存在着长短不同的振荡周期。     

1976—2015年乌鲁木齐市极端气温变化特征分析

根据乌鲁木齐市1976—2015年逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势法、距平法、累计距平法、主成分分析法和Morlet复数小波法,计算并分析极端气温指数的变化趋势、指数相关性及周期性等。结果表明:1、极端最高、最低气温,夏季、热夜、暖昼和暖夜日数呈上升趋势,冰冻、霜冻、冷昼和冷夜日数呈下降趋势。2、极端最高、最低气温距平呈波动变化,其中极端最高在1992-1994年快速下降,2003-2008年较明显上升;极端最低在1991-1999年快速上升。3、夏季和热夜日数相似,1996年之前减少,之后快速增长。冰冻和霜冻日数与前者趋势相反。4、冷昼和冷夜日数在90年代中期之前缓慢上升,暖昼和暖夜缓慢下降。90年代中期后,情况相反。5、暖夜、冷夜、热夜和霜冻日数的变化对乌鲁木齐气温总体变化起到主要作用。6、各暖指数、冷指数间呈正相关,而暖指数与冷指数之间呈负相关。7、极端最高气温存在准6年周期,还存在准32年的年代际振荡周期;极端最低气温存在准3年、6年、12年周期,其中准12年周期贯穿始终。     

呼和浩特市气温变化及最高、最低气温的非对称变化

采用线性倾向估计方法计算了呼和浩特站四季及年平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温及极端最高、极端最低气温、气温日较差多年来的变化趋势,并用最优二分割方法、Mann-kendall非参数统计检验方法对平均气温、平均最高、平均最低气温进行气候阶段划分和突变检验.结果表明各个季节和年平均气温都存在显著的增高趋势,其中冬季和年平均气温增温趋势非常显著;最高、最低气温存在明显的非对称变化,增温主要发生在夜间,无论平均最低气温还是极端最低气温都存在显著的增高趋势,气温日较差都呈显著下降趋势.平均气温、平均最低气温、平均最高气温在1986年前后发生了明显突变.     

1961-2015年华东地区极端气温变化研究

基于华东399个气象站点逐日最高、最低气温数据，利用极端气候指数软件RClimdex和线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、概率密度函数等气候统计诊断方法，分析了华东极端气候的时空变化特征。结果表明，1961-2015年期间，华东最低气温极大值和极小值分别以0.2℃/10a和0.6℃/10a的趋势显著增加，最高气温极小值以0.3℃/10a的趋势显著增加，结冰、霜冻、冷夜和冷昼日数分别以0.5d/10a、3.7d/10a、2.0%/10a和0.7%/10a显著减少，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数分别以2.9d/10a、2.8d/10a、1.8%/10a和0.8%/10a显著增加。期间华东最低和最高气温极值均发生升高突变，霜冻和结冰日数、冷夜和冷昼日数分别在20世纪80年代中后期和90年代发生减少突变，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数则在2000年发生增多突变。与1961-1990年期间相比，1991-2015年间华东最低和最高气温极值的概率密度函数分布均右移，峰值多增大；霜冻、结冰、冷夜和冷昼日数的分布函数左移，峰值升高，形状变窄，而夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数恰好相反。     

Changing Trends of Daily Temperature Extremes with Different Intensities in China

By comparing two sets of quality-controlled daily temperature observation data with and without the inhomogeneity test and adjustment from 654 stations in China during 1956-2004 and 1956-2010, impacts of inhomogeneity on changing trends of four percentile temperature extreme indices, including occurrences of cold days, cold nights, warm days, and warm nights with varying intensities, were discussed. It is found that the inhomogeneity affected the long-term trends averaged over extensive regions limitedly. In order to minimize the inhomogeneity impact, the 83 stations identified with obvious inhomogeneity impacts were removed, and an updated analysis of changing trends of the four temperature extreme indices with varying intensities during 1956-2010 was conducted. The results show that annual occurrences of both cold nights and cold days decreased greatly while those of warm nights and warm days increased significantly during the recent 20 years. The more extreme the event is, the greater the magnitude of changing trends for the temperature extreme index is. An obvious increasing trend was observed in annual occurrences of cold days and cold nights in the recent four years. The magnitude of changing trends of warm extreme indices was greater than that of cold extreme indices, and it was greater in northern China than in southern China. Trends for summer occurrence of cold days were not significant. Decreasing trends of occurrences of both cold nights and cold days were the greatest in December, January, and February (DJF) but the least in June, July, and August (JJA), while increasing trends of warm nights were the greatest in JJA. Cold nights significantly decreased from 1956 to 1990, and then the decreasing trend considerably weakened. The decreasing trend also showed an obvious slowdown in recent years for occurrence of cold days. However, increasing trends of warm nights and warm days both have been accelerated continuously since the recent decades. Further analysis presents that the evolution of the trends for occurrences of the four temperature extreme indices was dominated by the changes in northern China.     

Changes in daily climate extremes in the arid area of northwestern China

There has been a paucity of information on trends in daily climate and climate extremes, especially for the arid region. We analyzed the changes in the indices of climate extremes, on the basis of daily maximum and minimum air temperature and precipitation at 59 meteorological stations in the arid region of northwest China over the period 1960–2003. Twelve indices of extreme temperature and six indices of extreme precipitation are examined. Temperature extremes show a warming trend with a large proportion of stations having statistically significant trends for all temperature indices. The regional occurrence of extreme cool days and nights has decreased by ?0.93 and ?2.36 days/decade, respectively. Over the same period, the occurrence of extreme warm days and nights has increased by 1.25 and 2.10 days/decade, respectively. The number of frost days and ice days shows a statistically significant decrease at the rate of ?3.24 and ?2.75 days/decade, respectively. The extreme temperature indices also show the increasing trend, with larger values for the index describing variations in the lowest minimum temperature. The trends of Min Tmin (Tmax) and Max Tmin (Tmax) are 0.85 (0.61) and 0.32 (0.17)?°C/decade. Most precipitation indices exhibit increasing trends across the region. On average, regional maximum 1-day precipitation, annual total wet-day precipitation, and number of heavy precipitation days and very wet days show insignificant increases. Insignificant decreasing trends are also found for consecutive dry days. The rank-sum statistic value of most temperature indices exhibits consistent or statistically significant trends across the region. The regional medians after 1986 of Min Tmin (Tmax), Max Tmin (Tmax), warm days (nights), and warm spell duration indicator show statistically more larger than medians before 1986, but the frost days, ice days, cool days (nights), and diurnal temperature range reversed. The medians of precipitation indices show insignificant change except for consecutive dry days before and after 1986.     

Observed Trends in Extreme Temperature over the Klang Valley,Malaysia

This study investigates the recent extreme temperature trends across 19 stations in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, over the period 2006-16. Fourteen extreme index trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test, with Sen’s slope as a magnitude estimator. Generally, the annual daily mean temperature, daily mean maximum temperature, and daily mean minimum temperature in the Klang Valley increased significantly, by 0.07°C yr~(-1), 0.07°C yr~(-1)and 0.08°C yr~(-1),respectively. For the warm temperature indices, the results indicated a significant upward trend for the annual maximum of maximum temperature, by 0.09°C yr~(-1), and the annual maximum of minimum temperature, by 0.11°C yr~(-1). The results for the total number of warm days and warm nights showed significant increasing trends of 5.02 d yr~(-1)and 6.92 d yr~(-1),respectively. For the cold temperature indices, there were upward trends for the annual minimum of maximum temperature,by 0.09°C yr~(-1), and the annual minimum of minimum temperature, by 0.03°C yr~(-1), concurrent with the decreases in the total number cold days (TX10P), with-3.80 d yr~(-1), and cold nights (TN10P), with-4.33 d yr~(-1). The 34°C and 37°C summer days results showed significant upward trends of 4.10 d yr~(-1) and 0.25 d yr~(-1), respectively. Overall, these findings showed upward warming trends in the Klang Valley, with the minimum temperature rate increasing more than that of the maximum temperature, especially in urban areas.     

基于均一化资料的中国大陆极端温度的长期趋势

近百年来,全球气候变暖。这与暖日和暖夜增加,冷日和冷夜减少相关联。文章研究结果进一步证实了这一发现。本文基于1960-2012年中国大陆542个台站均一化气温资料,通过将中国大陆划分为8个次区域,利用百分位定义法计算了极端温度指数序列,同时,运用时间趋势分析法,对中国大陆各区域极端温度和极端温度指数的时空分布及变化趋势特征进行了分析。结果表明:在全球变暖的背景下,从地理分布而言,中国大陆在过去53年除西南地区外,大部分地区最低和最高温度有显著的升高趋势,其中,东北温度升高最为明显;从季节而言,冬季极端温度升高最为明显,夏季升高最少;最低温度明显升高,最高温度也有所升高,但是最低温度的升高幅度更大。冷夜和冷日出现频率呈减少趋势,暖夜和暖日出现频率呈增加趋势,其中以冷夜指数变化最为突出,均呈现一种区域差异的现象。本文利用更新的资料验证了前人的工作,也进一步分区分析,结果可为更多地区评估以及进一步的相关研究提供参考。     

基于ETCCDI指数2017年中国极端温度和降水特征分析

利用中国1961—2017年2419站均一化逐日气候数据,计算了气候变化检测和指数联合专家组定义的26个极端气候指数,分析2017年中国极端温度和降水特征。结果表明：2017年中国区域平均的所有极端高温指数均高于1961—1990年30年平均,所有极端低温指数均低于1961—1990年30年平均。中国区域平均的多个极端温度指数达到或者接近历史极值,其中年最小日最高气温(TXn)和年最小日最低气温(TNn)均达到历史最高值,冷夜(TN10p)、冷昼(TX10p)和持续冷日日数(CSDI)达到历史最低值。年最大日最高气温(TXx)、年最大日最低气温(TNx)、暖夜(TN90p)、霜冻(FD)、冰冻(ID)、热夜(TR)、生长期长度(GSL)排在1961年以来的第2或第3位,其余极端温度指数全部排在了1961年以来前10位。2017年中国区域平均的10个极端降水指数中,有7个指数值处于1961—2017年1个标准差范围内,指示2017年的极端降水接近正常年。     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

Spatial and temporal variation in daily temperature indices in summer and winter seasons over India (1969–2012)

Spatial and temporal variations in summer and winter extreme temperature indices are studied by using daily maximum and minimum temperatures data from 227 surface meteorological stations well distributed over India for the period 1969–2012. For this purpose, time series for six extreme temperature indices namely, hot days (HD), very hot days (VHD), extremely hot days (EHD), cold nights (CN), very cold nights (VCN), and extremely cold nights (ECN) are calculated for all the stations. In addition, time series for mean extreme temperature indices of summer and winter seasons are also analyzed. Study reveals high variability in spatial distribution of threshold temperatures of extreme temperature indices over the country. In general, increasing trends are observed in summer hot days indices and decreasing trends in winter cold night indices over most parts of the country. The results obtained in this study indicate warming in summer maximum and winter minimum temperatures over India. Averaged over India, trends in summer hot days indices HD, VHD, and EHD are significantly increasing (+1.0, +0.64, and +0.32 days/decade, respectively) and winter cold night indices CN, VCN, and ECN are significantly decreasing (−0.93, −0.47, and −0.15 days/decade, respectively). Also, it is observed that the impact of extreme temperature is higher along the west coast for summer and east coast for winter.

     

1961—2018年陕西极端气温时空变化特征

基于陕西1961—2018年94个气象台站逐日气温资料,选取世界气象组织(WMO)提出的10种极端气温指数,分陕北、关中和陕南三个气候区,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall突变分析和Morlet小波分析,分析了陕西极端气温事件的时空变化特征.结果表明:陕西各极端气温指数在近60 a发生了显著变化,热指数的增加趋...     

区域气候模式CWRF对我国极端温度时空变化的模拟评估

基于中国均一化气温数据集CN05.1的观测数据,结合暖昼指数(TX90)、冷昼指数(TX10)、暖夜指数(TN90)、冷夜指数(TN10)、暖日持续指数(WSDI)和冷日持续指数(CSDI)6个极端温度指数,从气候平均、概率分布、年际变率和年际趋势方面,系统评估区域气候模式(Climate–Weather Resear...