西北地区地震综合预报探讨

本文初步总结了西北地区近十几年来地震综合预报的探索与进展。结果表明,在中长期趋势预测方面,对多数5级以上破坏性地震已具有测震学监测基础,综合预测结果基本上通过了统计检验;在短临预测方面仅对乌鲁木齐地区和兰州、银川、西安和武都范围以内发生的6 1/2级以上地震具有初步的监测基础。由19个震例获得以测震学资料为主的中长期趋势异常共73项,以地下水位、水氧、地电和地磁资料为主的短临异常共59项。本文概述了有关异常的特征和综合预报思路,讨论了有关问题和动向。     

晋冀内蒙交界区中强地震前测震学预报指标的研究

以晋、冀、内蒙交界区４次中强震为研究对象,通过多项预报方法对震例的统一检验,找出了４次地震前地震活动异常的共性特征,以此为统计对象,制定了该区域的地震学预报指标。     

基于震例的测震学异常辅助判定系统

基于《中国震例(1966-2012)》涉及到的266次震例资料,建立了具有开放性的异常信息数据库。数据库包含了在地震前普遍存在的可量化统计的11项(地震条带、空区、平静、b值、前震、频度、震群、震情窗口、波速比、视应力与震源机制解一致性)测震学异常信息。采用轻量化的GIS平台编制了"基于震例的测震学异常辅助判定系统",该系统具有3大功能:(1)查询功能。查询11项异常的定义、基本原理、适用范围、主要参考文献等信息;查询在某次震例前某个异常的图件;查询关于11项异常的重要研究成果图件;查询完整的《中国震例》PDF版;查询190余篇与11项异常相关的研究论文PDF版。(2)统计与绘图功能。统计并绘制包括中国大陆、省界、构造分区及自定义多边形、矩形等不同区域内所有震例前出现的11项异常信息与主震震级、发震时间与地点间的统计关系图。(3)存储功能。可将图件保存到目标文件夹。该系统为地震预测人员开展测震学异常判定及预测指标提取等工作提供了辅助决策平台。     

综合异常指数方法在华北地区地震短期预测中的应用研究

在系统分析并筛选出华北地区地震频度、地震活动标度、mf值、调制比、b值、D值、η值、地震活动强度熵和地震活动时间熵等映震较好的9项测震学参数基础上,应用综合异常指数方法,分别计算了它们各自的地震异常指数时序值,进而合成得到华北地区测震学综合异常指数时序曲线,通过研究其地震短期异常特征,给出了华北地区ML≥5.8地震短期综合预测的判据指标,经R值评分检验表明,该指标具有较好的地震预测效能。     

阶段递进地震预报思路及其应用

首先提供了１９９８年１０月云南宁蒗５．３级地震前所确认的孕震过程和主要前兆异常,以此为例阐述阶段递进的预报思路;这一项预报思路首先根据历史震例中区域应力场的活动轨迹,跟踪其当前加载区域和活动构造,以被加载区域预释放大于２倍均方差及３．０～４．９级地震时空丛集图象认孕震区的存在;以此孕震区为载体思考近源区各种前兆异常的内在相关性,利用发震概率计算模型和各种短临预报指标对发震概率Ｐ进行具体计算,以Ｐ≥     

安徽中西部地区震源及介质参数在地震预报研究中的应用

针对安徽中西部地区近年来出现多项测震学指标异常情况。利用震主介质参数方法进行也跟踪分析,结果认为该区域,尤其是两条小震活动带交汇区域,存在着发生中等地震的震源与介质背景。     

滇西地震的短临综合预报决策研究

本文在短临预报指标研究的基础上，综合考虑各指标在综合预报中的作用，并用层次分析法计算出了参与滇西地震综合预测的各指标的综合权重值，最后进行系统合成，从而对滇西地区的地震的发震时间、地点进行定量化的预测，而对强度预测，而在发震时间预测的前提下，综合考虑指标异常出现的项次及持继时间长短（孕报期的长短），来综合判定预测强度。所得结果，通过１９７５年以来滇西地区２３次Ｍｓ≥５．０级地震检验，时间预测对应率     

唐山7.8级地震震后异常综合分析

本文对唐同山７．８级地震各前兆学科共１８９个测项的震后变化进行了归类统计与分析，讨论了震后变化的５种类型数量上的差异特征与后续地震的关系，分析了震后异常的分布特征与后续地震区及其地震活动异常的对应关系，认为利用前兆学科的震后变化的某些综合特征配合测震学进行了震后趋势判断有实用价值。     

华北地区强震前兆空间动态场中短期综合预报研究

通过８０多种测震学指标的筛选和多种稳定性试验,探索以一种新的指标筛选法－“对比筛选法”选取地震学单参数,在此基础上提取地震学综合预报指标Ｐ值。由此,发展了一种新的测震学的定量综合预报方法ＳＱＩＰ。同时研究了非测震学前兆综合指标ＰＰ值的确定和应用效果检验及其空间扫描的动态显示,尝试了震兆指标和前兆指标联合应用于地震预报的研究。以动态的思维逻辑不断追踪地震活动的异常行为,判定地震在中短期的危险地点。就     

预测发震时间的水氡滑动变化率值及其检验

介绍了水氡滑动变化率的计算公式，滑动变化率的演化与地震时间的统计关系，据此给出了水氡滑动变化率值发震时间预测的步骤、判断指标和方法。结合震例，对预测效能进行了评价。检验性预测结果表明，预测的发震期限为1－12个月，平均5．1个月。该方法可以用于强震中短期预报。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.