达来诺尔的变迁

达来诺尔是在汗克拉源水头两个新生代断陷盆地、古地貌、新构造运动的影响下,几经变迁发育而成.中更新世中期该湖出现在好鲁厍一带,末期湖面扩大;晚更新世中期湖水占据现代分水岭两侧宽广地带,末期湖水越过分水岭超复全区;全新世地壳上升,湖水退缩在区内景低位置.     

封面图片:茶卡盐湖

正茶卡盐湖位于柴达木盆地乌兰县境内,地理坐标N 36°18'~36°45',E 99°02'~99°12',湖面海拔3 059 m,面积154 km~2;气候干旱、温凉,交通便利。湖盆属新生代断陷盆地,南有鄂拉山,北有青海南山,与青海湖相隔;盆内全新统风积、湖积粉细砂、     

玉龙雪山—苍山地区第四纪沉积与层状地貌的新构造分析

本文通过断陷盆地第四纪地层层序与沉积间断、盆地早期地层下伏红色风化壳的层位、山地古夷平面的变形、金沙江阶地与洱海湖滨阶地发育的构造分析,提出新构造期的下限为330×104aBP左右、新构造运动的波动具有明显的递进性并呈现波动周期逐渐缩短、频率增大和晚第四纪断块差异性运动增强的基本趋势,探讨了新构造运动对地貌发育的控制作用。     

柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖硼矿特征及成因研究

柴达木盆地是我国最大的盐湖产业基地,大柴旦盐湖为盆地内重要的固液相硼矿床,其卤水中富含硼、锂、钾、镁、钠、溴、碘等。通过勘查大柴旦地质背景和卤水储层地质特征,分析大柴旦湖水（地表卤水）、潜卤水、承压卤水水文地质特征、水化学特征,结果表明大柴旦地区硼、锂来源于地球深部,断裂构造为导卤构造,钾、钠、镁等盐类来源于周缘花岗岩,新构造运动形成大柴旦断陷盆地接受沉积,干旱的气候条件下沉积盐类地层,随着地下水补给增加,岩盐层溶解,形成高矿化度卤水,相应的硼、钾、锂等溶解于卤水之中,形成卤水（液体硼矿）。     

伊勒门断陷盆地富水成因及其特征浅析

伊勒门断陷盆地地下水的赋存与分布,受地质构造、岩性、地貌、古地理及气候等多种因素控制。由于受燕山运动影响,经多期构造运动和岩浆活动形成了伊勒门断陷盆地。盆地内分布有第三系、白垩系地层,为内陆湖相沉积的泥岩、砂岩、砂砾岩层,泥岩可塑性强,是良好的隔水层,砂岩、砂砾岩是半胶结状态,为良好的含水层,赋存有连续分布的孔隙裂隙水。     

红花尔基含煤盆地沉积环境分析

红花尔基盆地位于海拉尔盆地群东南部,白垩系下统大磨拐河组、伊敏组为主要含煤地层。红花尔基盆地为大型断陷型含煤盆地,盆地的总体走向近北北东向。早白垩纪持续稳定的盆缘同沉积断裂活动与沉积补偿相对平衡,在长期温暖潮湿的气候条件下,形成了巨厚的煤层。盆地内的沉积岩层具明显的旋回特征,反映了在区域地质背景下盆地沉积演化的历史。     

新疆苦水湖锂矿水文地质特征简析

苦水湖锂矿为近年来在新疆西昆仑地区发现的大型高原盐湖型卤水锂矿床,该矿区地貌为封闭山间盆地,处于区域地下水运移系统的末端,周边高山区的含锂地下水补给至该盆地内,并在盆地内干旱多风的气候条件下蒸发浓缩为富锂地下水。     

安徽怀宁火山岩盆地找矿前景分析

怀宁盆地是长江中下游地区晚中生代发育的一系列断陷型火山岩盆地中的一个,盆地内的火山岩主体以高钾和相对富碱为特征,属橄榄安粗岩系列。晚期出现玄武质——流纹质双峰式火山岩组合,盆地内火山岩的母岩浆来自富集型地幔的部分熔融,在上升定位过程中受到不同比例地壳物质的混染。盆地内火山岩岩浆活动的时限约120~135Ma之间,火山岩均为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。怀宁火山岩盆地中生代火山岩与长江中下游地区其它断陷盆地火山岩的喷发时代基本一致,火山岩源区性质也较为一致。本文通过对该区内地质条件的总结,分析该火山岩盆地的找矿前景。     

贵德盆地地貌演化与黄河上游发育研究

贵德盆地是黄河上游所流串的重要新生代断陷盆地之一，早第三纪开始呈现堆积洼地形态；晚第三纪是其发育的鼎盛时期，其内的水体与共和、兴海、青海湖和西宁等盆地的水体相连，构成一浩瀚的“青东古湖”，堆积了上千米厚的含三趾马（Hipparionsp）等动物化石的贵德群。早、中更新世，盆地有所收缩，但仍为河湖环境。大约14×104年前开始的构造运动使盆地抬升，黄河在这里出现，自那以来黄河累计下切了900－1000m。     

横断事件:亚洲东部晚新生代的一次重大构造事件

新近研究结果表明,吉尔伯特世与高斯世的界面附近(距今约340万年)存在着一次重大构造事件,主要证据在横断山系,故称横断事件。由它引发我国第四纪断陷盆地的发育与青藏高原的块状隆起,使横断山系新的地貌过程得以起步,从此我国地壳构造演化进入一个崭新的阶段,青藏高原隆起是横断事件以来亚洲大陆新构造运动的代表性显现,建议以该事件为起点的地壳构造运动称为青藏高原运动。     

A new water-level history for Lake Ontario basin: evidence for a climate-driven early Holocene lowstand

Piston cores from deep-water bottom deposits in Lake Ontario contain shallow-water sediments such as, shell-rich sand and silt, marl, gyttja, and formerly exposed shore deposits including woody detritus, peat, sand and gravel, that are indicative of past periods of significantly lower water levels. These and other water-level indicators such as changes in rates of sedimentation, mollusc shells, pollen, and plant macrofossils were integrated to derive a new water-level history for Lake Ontario basin using an empirical model of isostatic adjustment for the Great Lakes basin to restore dated remnants of former lake levels to their original elevations. The earliest dated low-level feature is the Grimsby-Oakville bar which was constructed in the western end of the lake during a near stillstand at 11–10.4 (12.9–12.3 cal) ka BP when Early Lake Ontario was confluent with the Champlain Sea. Rising Lake Ontario basin outlet sills, a consequence of differential isostatic rebound, severed the connection with Champlain Sea and, in combination with the switch of inflowing Lake Algonquin drainage northward to Ottawa River valley via outlets near North Bay and an early Holocene dry climate with enhanced evaporation, forced Lake Ontario into a basin-wide lowstand between 10.4 and 7.5 (12.3 and 8.3 cal) ka BP. During this time, Lake Ontario operated as a closed basin with no outlets, and sites such as Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte, Henderson Harbor, and a site near Amherst Island existed as small isolated basins above the main lake characterized by shallow-water, lagoonal or marsh deposits and fossils indicative of littoral habitats and newly exposed mudflats. Rising lake levels resulting from increased atmospheric water supply brought Lake Ontario above the outlet sills into an open, overflowing state ending the closed phase of the lake by ~7.5 (8.3 cal) ka BP. Lake levels continued to rise steadily above the Thousand Islands sill through mid-to-late Holocene time culminating at the level of modern Lake Ontario. The early and middle Holocene lake-level changes are supported by temperature and precipitation trends derived from pollen-climate transfer functions applied to Roblin Lake on the north side of Lake Ontario.     

柴达木盆地那棱格勒河流域表层沉积物中锂的分布特征

柴达木盆地四湖区卤水锂资源极为丰富,那棱格勒河是其最重要的补给源,查清那棱格勒河流域表层沉积物中锂的分布和赋存特征对深刻理解卤水锂富集成矿过程具有重要意义。以那棱格勒河流域表层沉积物为研究对象,探讨了其中锂的赋存特征及分布规律。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物以砂和粉砂为主,锂主要赋存在粉砂和黏土粒级沉积物中;黏土矿物组成以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主,高盐度卤水环境有利于黏土矿物形成。元素地球化学分析显示,锂主要赋存在伊蒙混层矿物中,较高含量的K对于Li进入伊利石矿物晶格具有一定的抑制作用,Li和B在地质过程中应具有相似的地球化学行为。     

柴达木盆地北缘水量增补对盐湖资源及生态环境的影响

柴达木盆地是我国盐湖资源集中分布区,受21世纪暖湿化气候和水量增补的影响,盆地多个盐湖呈现湖面扩张趋势,该过程开始影响盐湖资源离子含量和湖泊生态环境,也对湖区沿线公共基础设施造成一定影响。为了研究湖泊水量增补对盐湖资源及生态环境的影响,选取了柴北缘山前5个湖泊(苏干湖、德宗马海湖、巴仑马海湖、小柴旦湖和托素湖)作为研究对象,开展了2017~2021年湖泊扩张、典型盐湖矿化度和资源元素变化趋势以及对周边基础设施影响的研究。结果表明:1)资源型湖泊湖水淡化和资源品位下降;2)生态型湖泊周边植物群落发生变化(水生植物芦苇扩张、旱生植物白刺和梭梭衰退);3)淹没湖区房屋和旅游道路,危及周边的高速公路等公共基础设施。该研究结果不仅具有为柴达木盆地乃至青藏高原盐湖资源开采和生态环境治理提供科学依据的理论意义,而且具有为青海省基础设施保护和建设提供决策依据的现实意义。     

晚冰期以来河西走廊花海古湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应

通过分析河西走廊花海古湖泊沉积物中的盐类矿物组成,结合年代序列,重建了花海晚冰期以来湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：晚冰期及新仙女木时期,花海湖泊以芒硝沉积为主,属硫酸盐型湖泊,湖水的盐度较高且周期性波动频繁;全新世早期（10.47 cal ka BP以前）,湖泊以洪泛堆积和风成沉积为主,揭示了湖泊萎缩、甚至干涸;全新世早期至全新世中期（10.47～8.87 cal ka BP）盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,为碳酸盐型湖泊,湖水淡化,湖泊水位开始逐渐回升;全新世中期（8.87～5.50 cal ka BP）盐类矿物呈现一定的波动变化,其中,8.8 cal ka BP 时期盐类矿物以硫酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由碳酸盐型转化为硫酸盐型,湖水咸化,盐度升高;随后盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由硫酸盐型转化为碳酸盐型,湖水盐度降低、湖泊扩张;全新世中晚期（5.50 cal ka BP以来）出现沉积间断,表明中晚全新世时期湖泊逐渐萎缩。在全新世期间,花海湖泊千年尺度演化过程揭示了该区域气候干湿状况受亚洲季风和西风共同控制的影响。     

Sedimentological and stratigraphic investigations of a sequence of 106 varves from glacial Lake Assiniboine,Saskatchewan

Sediments retrieved from a long core on the floor of glacial Lake Assiniboine, Saskatchewan, expose 106 couplets, consisting of thick, light coloured, silt-rich beds and thin, dark, clay-rich beds. The couplets contain sharp lower and upper contacts of the silt bed, silty and clayey laminations within both the silt and clay beds, and ice-rafted debris in the silt beds, which are features characteristic of glacial varves.Seasonal variations in runoff are reflected in grain size profiles of individual silt beds in the varves. Mean grain size maxima in the lower portion of the silt bed suggest that snow accumulation during the previous winter had been substantial and that a warm spring combined with a rapid melting rate generated significant volumes of nival meltwater runoff. Coarse laminae higher in the silty part of the couplet imply that substantial meltwater inflow was produced by summer melting of glacier ice.Vertical trends in clay bed thicknesses, silt bed thicknesses, and total couplet thicknesses were strongly influenced by the proximity of meltwater inflow channels and lake depth. These interpretations, and correlation of the core to varve exposures at the surface, formed the framework for a paleohydrological reconstruction. Close to 11,000 BP, ice dammed the outlet of glacial Lake Assiniboine and the water depth rose about 2 m yr^–1. Eventually the lake became deep enough for couplets to form. Varve years 1–40 contain thick clay beds, silt beds, and couplets as a result of the proximal inflow of meltwater. A decline in silt bed and couplet thicknesses from varve years 41–85 occurred in response to ice retreat and more distal inflow. Varve deposition ceased in the shallow part of the basin probably because underflow currents from the distal source were redirected. Varve years 86–106 are distinguished by an increase in silt bed and couplet thicknesses and a decrease in clay bed thickness caused by a reduction in water depth and a return to proximal inflow. Varved sedimentation terminated when Lake Assiniboine drained through the Assiniboine valley to Lake Agassiz.     

艾比湖水盐变化原因及影响研究

从湖泊水文要素出发,基于湖泊和流域的关系,对半个世纪来艾比湖面积、矿化度等水文要素变化趋势进行了分析,并对变化原因进行了探讨,结果表明,相对封闭及较小尺度的流域面积等自身特性,决定了其水资源系统自我调节能力的脆弱性;而近年来流域上的人类活动,增大了降水径流滞留时间和蒸发作用,加大了对水资源的利用量,最终导致汇入湖泊的水量不断减少,矿化度在湖水量不断减少的情况下浓缩升高,最后就艾比湖水盐趋势变化及影响进行了讨论。     

Paleochemistry and paleohydrology of Ceylon Lake,a salt-dominated playa basin in the northern Great Plains,Canada

In the western part of the Canadian Prairies, there are thousands of small, closed-basin saline lakes. Most of these lakes are ephemeral, filling with water during the spring and drying completely by late summer. Ceylon Lake, located in southern Saskatchewan, is typical of many of these shallow ephemeral lacustrine basins. The stratigraphic sequence recovered from this salt playa can be subdivided into six distinct facies types: (a) icelaid gravelly clay loam diamicton; (b) fluvial massive bedded to laminated sand; (c) lacustrine laminated calcareous clay and silt; (d) lacustrine laminated gypsiferous clay and silt; (e) lacustrine black, anoxic, nonlaminated, organic-rich mud; and (f) lacustrine salt. The crystalline salt facies, which can be up to 9 meters thick, is comprised mainly of sodium and sodium + magnesium sulfates, with smaller and more variable proportions of other sulfates, halides, carbonates, and insoluble clastic detritus.Although a variety of postdepositional processes have significantly altered the nature and stratigraphic relationships in the basin, the sediment fill does record, in a general way, the fluctuating depositional, hydrological, and geochemical conditions that existed in the basin since deglaciation. The Ceylon Lake basin originated about 15 000 years ago as meltwater from the retreating glacial ice cut a major spillway system in the drift and bedrock. The initial (early Holocene) phases of lacustrine sedimentation in Ceylon Lake occurred in a relatively deep freshwater lake. By about 6000 years B.P., the lake had become much shallower with numerous episodes of complete drying and subaerial exposure. The most recent 5000 years of deposition in the basin have been dominated by evaporite sedimentation. The composition of the soluble salts deposited during this time indicates some degree of cyclic sedimentation superimposed on an overall gradual shift from a sodium dominated brine to one of mixed sodium and magnesium.     

新疆主要尾闾湖演变的构造环境

亚洲中部大地构造格局及地貌轮廓均以山盆体系为特征，所有封闭性盆地中都发育有尾闾湖。晚第三纪以来印度大陆与欧亚大陆强烈碰撞和右旋挤压，将板内构造激活并以冲断、走滑方式将早第三纪晚期准平原化的大部分山地和相关地段再次抬升，形成了现代亚洲中部的山盆体系，同时导致了湖盆的形成演化和湖泊的变迁。湖盆演化包括湖盆联合、分解、迁移和变形等。湖泊不仅随湖盆的构造演化而变迁，而且构造对水系的调控也直接影响湖泊的物理、化学、水文和生态特性。亚洲中部尾闾湖在新构造作用下的演变具有区域同步性和地域差异性。许多尾闾湖，如艾丁湖、艾比湖、玛纳斯湖等都明显受活动构造的影响。     

可可西里盐湖湖水外溢可能性初探

2011年9月可可西里地区卓乃湖溃决后,关于盐湖湖水能否外溢进入楚玛尔河继而成为长江的最北源是公众及学界普遍关注的话题。本研究基于2010-2015年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像、SRTM 1弧秒数据、Google Earth高程数据和五道梁气象台站观测数据,首次对盐湖变化、湖水外溢条件及其可能性进行分析。结果表明：卓乃湖溃决后,盐湖在2011年10月至2013年4月期间面积急剧增加,之后湖泊进入稳定扩张期,2015年10月27日盐湖面积为151.38 km²,是2010年3月3日湖泊面积的3.35倍。盐湖发生湖水外溢的条件是湖泊面积达到218.90~220.63 km²。由于SRTM和Google Earth高程数据间的差异,盐湖湖水外溢时的水位将比当前高12 m或9.6 m,相应湖泊库容增加23.71 km³或17.27 km³,届时湖水将由湖泊东侧流入清水河流域。尽管盐湖在未来10年内不可能发生湖水外溢,但是随着盐湖集水区的扩大及预估的区域未来降水量的增加,在更长时间尺度内盐湖发生湖水外溢并成为长江支流的可能性依然存在。     

The glacilacustrine sedimentary environment of Bowser Lake in the northern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada

Bowser Lake, a fiord lake in the northern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, contains a thick Holocene fill consisting mainly of silt and clay varves. These sediments were carried into the lake by proglacial Bowser River which drains a high-energy, heavily glacierized basin. Sedimentation in the lake is controlled by seasonal snow and ice melt, by autumn rainstorms, and by rare, but very large jökulhlaups from glacier-dammed lakes in the upper Bowser River basin which complicate environmental inferences from the sedimentary record. Sediment is dispersed through the deep western part of the lake by energetic turbidity currents. The turbidity currents apparently do not overtop a sill that separates the western basin from much shallower areas to the east. Large amounts of silt and clay are deposited from suspension in the eastern part of the lake, but sediment accumulation rates there are much lower than to the west. Several strong acoustic reflectors punctuate the varved fill in the western basin; these may be thick or relatively coarse beds deposited during jökulhlaups or exceptionally large storms. The contemporary sediment yield to Bowser Lake, estimated from sediments in the lake, is about 360 t km^-2a^-1. This is a relatively high value, but it is less than yields insome other, similar montane basins with extensive snow and ice cover.The most likely explanation for the difference is that large amounts of sediment have been, and continue to be, stored on the Bowser delta andin small proglacial lakes.