地层学的三次重要革命

<正> 围绕地质时间坐标的建立和优化,地层学经历了三次重要革命,形成了三种具有代表性的地层学形态:斯坦诺地层学(1669)、史密斯地层学(1817)和高分辨率地层学(1968)(表1)。高分辨率地层学的显著特色是划分、对比出的主体地层单元的持续时间必须小于百万年级,十万年级至千万年级高分辨率地层划分对比和高分辨率地质时间坐标的建立可望通过对地层记录中 Milankovitch 旋回和 ENSO 事件沉积的高分辨率地层学研究实现。     

地质事件与高分辨率事件地层学

简要介绍了传统地层学的发展及其局限性,认为传统的生物地层学的相对低分辨率已不适应目前的生产、科研要求;阐述了高分辨率事件地层学的研究对象与研究内容,认为地质事件的广泛性、瞬时性与相对等时性是高分辨率事件地层学的存在基础。通过全方位地开发出地层记录中的各种事件信息,建立综合事件地层剖面和高分辨率事件地层信息数据库,有可能使地层划分对比的精度提高10-50倍。     

高分辨率地层学的特点、应用范围及研究意义

着重对高分辨率地层学的主要特征进行阐述 ,高分辨率地层学的主要特色 ,就是提高对地质时限的划分 ,也即小于 1Ma地质时限的划分 ,与传统生物地层方法相比 ,其精度可提高数十倍 ,其研究对象主要是旋回层和事件层。高分辨率地层学应用广泛 ,不但能够极大提高划分和对比的精度 ,而且能够满足当代地层学、盆地深入研究的需要。     

古生代地层的时间分辨率属性

围绕地质时间坐标的建立和优化,地层学经历了３次重要革命,形成了３种有代表性的地层学形态（表１）。由于生物演化的不可逆性和较强的迁移能力,在小于或等于百万年级时间尺度分辨率上化石是最好的地质时间标志,也是被人们开发利用得最早、最能够揭示地层时间信息的资...     

旋回地层学：地层学解读时间的第三里程碑

围绕对地质时间的认识,地层学取得了从岩石地层学、生物地层学和旋回地层学3次里程碑性的重大进展.以生物地层学为基础并与放射性同位素定年技术相结合建立的、以百万年为计时单位的地质年代表既创造了地层学的辉煌,也在一定程度上降低了地质学对精确数字定年的不懈追求和为人类社会服务的功能.本文以时间为线索,简要回顾了地层学解读时间的漫长过程,阐述了旋回地层学概念的起源、形成和发展,以及旋回地层学与层序地层学在科学目标、研究内容和研究方法上的异同.以广西晚泥盆世弗拉期-法门期之交海相碳酸盐地层为例,从理论与实践的结合上剖析了旋回地层学的研究方法以及在岩石地层学和生物地层学基础上构建高分辨率,并能与人类社会时间接轨的地质时间坐标的广阔前景和科学意义.     

甘肃地层研究现状、存在问题及今后方向

地层学是地质学重要的基础性学科,是地质工作的基础和支撑。近年来甘肃省地层古生物研究取得重大进展,积累了一批为全省地层研究修史立典的材料,及时总结这些成果素材,按照最新的理论、方法对区域地层进行划分、对比和精准化研究,是一个省区基础地质工作的重要内容。本文通过系统总结和梳理近年来甘肃地层学研究的最新成果,按照时间顺序和学科特点,系统性提出了按照多重地层划分对比理论和《中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明书》（2016年版）和《中国地层表》（2014）的框架和序列,全面提高甘肃地层研究精准度,为全省地质调查和相关研究提供基础支撑;对全省不同地区和不同地质单元地层界线层型和单位层型进行对比研究和厘定,建立新一代甘肃地层表的建议和路径。     

全国地层工作和地层学研究“十三五”发展规划

正(2014年5月17日)前言党的"十八大"提出了把生态文明建设纳入中国特色社会主义"五位一体"的基本布局,对地质工作提出了新的更高要求。地层是地球发展历史过程中分布最广、时代跨度最大、意义最为重大的地质记录。地层学是地质科学奠基性的学科,其主要任务是研究构成地壳的所有层状或似层状岩石体的特征和属性,据此将它们划分为不同类型和级别的单位,并建立它们之间的时间顺序和空间关系。地层学经历了初创、统一地层、多重地层划分等阶段,目前正朝着建立全球标准年代地层系统和从区域地层对比逐渐扩展到全球地层对比的方向发展。地层学在地球科学体系的建立与发展方     

王府凹陷扶余油层的高分辨率层序地层及沉积特征研究

王府凹陷扶余油层河道砂体发育,地层等时划分对比存在较大难度。以高分辨率层序地层学原理为指导,依据岩心、录井和测井等资料对王府凹陷扶余油层各级次基准面旋回进行划分、对比和沉积特征分析,将其划分为2个中期（MSC1、MSC2）、6个短期（SSC1~SSC6）和17个超短期基准面旋回（FIII5~FI1）,并建立层序地层对比...     

地层学的几个基本问题及中国地层学可能的发展趋势

对地层学的几个基本问题,包括地层分类、国际地层表的建立、全球地层标准剖面及剖面点进行了讨论。在各种地层分类体系中,年代地层学和岩石地层学是分类中的主体,其他系统都居于补充或从属的地位。国际地层表是地质学的基本文件和地学研究的主要参照,其建立的基础应是地史上关键性地质事件的记录,其方法应是多学科的综合研究。前寒武纪与显生宙划分的建立标准应是一致的。国际地层委员会制订的GSSP做出了重大贡献,但所定点位不够稳定,点位以外无法对比,在实践上和认知上都有不足。可考虑用多学科综合研究,寻觅接近等时的物理界面取代剖面点作为地层界面。在中国地层研究方面,以三次全国地层会议为准,分阶段概括论述了半世纪以来做出的主要成果。对今后中国地层研究的可能趋势提出了一些看法。主要是:应从系统论、整体观和复杂性观点的高度开展多学科的融合,共同解决地层的时空关系和划分对比等复杂问题;应当扩大服务面和扩展研究面,着重开展以古环境和古气候为中心的地层研究,协助解决与经济建设中的资源与环境两大主题有关的地质课题;制订2008年后的中、长期规划,改进GSSP程序,持续完善《国际地层表》这一永恒任务;开展高分辨率、高精度地层学研究,建立融合及协调多种分支学科的综合地层学;扩大地层学对整个地球科学的服务,使中国地层学研究进入一个新的阶段。     

高分辨率事件地层学和高分辨率地导

高分辨率事件地层学提高了年代地层划分和对比精度，其分辨率可达20－50ka，甚至更高。这就导致了高分辨率地层学的发展，是未来地层学的发展趋势。高分辨率地层研究结果的巨大潜力可以在年代地层学中引发一场革命。该文简要介绍了高分辨事件地层学的基本概念和研究方法，以及与高分辨率地层学的关系。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861