THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISM RESOURCES IN JILIN PROVINCE

This paper comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the tourism resources in Jilin Province,China.And it consists of three parts.The first two parts are on the resources evaluation and analysis.Based on the results of evaluation about the structural and spatial distribution of the tourism resources,it is found that ,the natural resources play fundamen-tal roles in Jilin,while the human and cultural resources are important complementary parts as well .In the spatial distribu-tion analysis,the resources show the characteristic of “six clusters“and “three belts “spatial relations.Four clusters are centered on the cities,which are Changchum,Jilin,Baicheng,Tonghua and Jiˊan;one cluster is around the Changbai Moutains and one cluster nears the frontier at Tumen between China,Russia and P.D.R.Korea.And the three belts are;1)The west belt.It contains Xianghai and Momoge natural protection region.The evident of this zone is its ecologi-cal and ethical tourism resources.2)The middle belt characterized by urban traveling and recreation,including Jilin and Changchum,together with their nearby Nongˊan and Siping.3)The last belt is also the most important one,which is the east zone.It covers the Changbai Mountains,the golden triangles of Tonghua and the Tumen River.This zone is remark-able for its abundant natural landscapes and unique folk-customs.In the last part the concept planning is briefly construct-ed for the tourism resources in Jilin Province according to the above evaluation and analysis.     

2001—2017年中国不同耕作区重建MODIS LAI时空动态

叶面积指数Leaf Area Index （LAI）作为植被生物量指标之一,耕作区LAI不仅能反映作物的长势动态,且与农业生态、作物产量密切相关。本文通过对2001—2017年中国农田区域的MODIS-LAI长时序数据进行重建,利用Mann-Kendall检验、变异系数、重心迁移模型等方法分析了中国耕作区LAI的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 中国耕作区LAI在2001—2017年显波动式上升,且与农作物单产相关系数高达0.91;② 不同耕作区季节差异显著,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,夏季平均为1.54,生长季平均为1.13,秋季平均为0.78,春季平均为0.63,冬季平均为0.31;③ 2001—2012年二熟、三熟区LAI变化平缓,2012年后有上升趋势但未发生明显突变;一熟区2006年之前处于平稳上升状态,2006年之后发生突变上升趋势显著;④ 研究时段内我国长江以北的耕作区LAI变异程度较为突出,最高达4.12; 农田面积重心经历了先向西南迁移,后再向西北迁移过程,农田生长季LAI重心相对于农田面积重心变幅较大,经历了南北波动式向西部迁移过程,迁移距离分别为82.78 km、90.53 km。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE DURING THE PAST 50 YEARS IN JILIN PROVINCE OF CHINA

Based on the monthly mean temperature, the changing processes and tendencies of temperature during1951 -2000 in Jilin Province, which is in Northeast China, are analyzed. And the spatial characteristics of the changeare submitted. In the past 50 years the temperature of Jilin Province was increasing just like the other areas in the world.Since 1990, the increasing of temperature has been more obvious than that in the previous 40a. From the west to theeast, the province has larger temperature rising. According to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of temperature field,Jilin Province is divided into 3 regions and the degree of becoming warmer is different from region to region. During theperiod of 1951 to 2000, the annual temperature in Jilin Province has been rising, so has the temperature in winter andsummer. The average temperature in the 1990s was 0. 5 - 2. 0℃ higher than that in the 1950s. From the west to theeast, the increasing of temperature became smaller.     

A STUDY ON DESERTIFICATION OF WEST JIJLIN PROVINCE BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES

“West Jilin Porovince” in ths paper means Zhenlai,Baicheng,Taonan,Da‘an,Tongyu,Fuyu,Songyuan,Qian‘an ,Chandling,also includes Gongzhuling,Shuangliao,Lishu,Siping and Nong′an which have been suf-fered from desertification.In west Jilin Province there are three sand zones passing through,they are Xiang(Xianghai)-Wu(Wlan Tug)sand zone,Hai-Fent sand zone,and Tao′er River right band sand zone.The desertification area of west Jilin Province is 819 100ha,making up 12.5% of the total land area.Among desertification types,in Jilin Province light desertification is the major,then is medium dersertification,hevey desertification is the least.According to the compare-son of the interpretation results of the Landsat images of the 1980s and 1990s by remote sensing and GIS techniques,it can be seen that the diesertification area in west Jilin Province basically didn′t change on the whole,only increased 6130ha,making up 0.8% of the desertification area,change scale is less than 1%.Evidently,desertification is con-trolled mostly,but some areas are continuing deterioration.The desertification process of China can be divided into three types according to origin nature,they are sandy steppe desertification,fixed sand area(sand land) activation and dunes transfer invasion.Reasons of desertification of West Jilin Province are analyzed,they include natural factors(such as material source factors,chimate factors) and artificial factors(such as destroying grass to reclaim,steppe decreasing greatly,illegally feeling shelter forest stands,constructing reservoir to influence eco-environment etc.).Some sugges-tions are put forward as follows:establishing the social project for ecological reconstruction of degenerated land;intensify-ing planning and management of land use,reverting farmland into forestland or pasture in a planned way.The key desertifica-tion control is to depend mainly on policy and management,then control techniques.     

Urbanization of Jilin Province and Its Spatial Pattern

1 Introduction It is indisputable that the urbanization has been consid- ered as an important indicator for evaluating a nation’s or a region’s modernization and industrialization. Therefore, the issue of urbanization will arouse wide and remarkable concern in both domestic and international geography in the 21st century. From a comprehensive survey of the development of urbanization all over the world, some successful modes of urbanization, such as the American mode and the Japanese mode, …     

The Interaction of Population,Industry and Land in Process of Urbanization in China: A Case Study in Jilin Province

Urbanization is a complex process that covers a wide range of topics, of which population, industry and land urbanization are three important aspects. Jilin Province is an important agricultural province in China. The contradiction between population, industry and land urbanization is especially prominent here, and its coupling development is of great practical significance. In this paper, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province in 1990, 2000 and 2010 is measured by coupling mode. The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is analyzed by trend surface analysis and global and local spatial autocorrelation. The influence factors and their spatial differentiation are discussed using multiple linear regression (MLR) model and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model. The results show that: 1) the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province is at a low level. Judging from the change of time scale, the urbanization of most research units is becoming more and more coordinated. From the comparison of spatial scales, there is significant spatial difference in the research units of different administrative levels. 2) Judging from the global change trend, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in the central region is higher than that in western and eastern regions. The coordination of urbanization in the central region is relatively good, and the distribution of the cold and hot spots is basically the same as that overall. 3) The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is related to the cold and hot spot distribution of the influence coefficient of urban population density and per capita urban construction land. The variation of the coupling degree spatial pattern is synchronous with the spatial change of the urban population density influence coefficient. 4) The degree of agglomeration of the urban population is the main factor promoting the coupling pattern of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province, and the extent of its influence is gradually increasing. In addition, the level of city administrative, the efficiency of urban expansion and the capacity of market consumption also have an important influence on the coupling pattern.     

Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Continental Margin of North China Platform in Middle Proterozoic

An orogenic belt developed in late middle Proterozoic in the northern margin of North China Plate extends from Inner Mongolia to Western Liaoning Province and Eastern Jilin Province. It is over 2000km long. The orogenic belt was formed by collision between North China Platform and Siberia Platform during the Rodinian Super- Continent period. From sedimentary formation, magmatic activity and crustal tectonic deformation, it is suggested that along the tectonic belt the paleocontinental margin experienced four stages of tectonic evolution in middle Proterozoic, they are: continental margin rift,passive continental margin, active continental margin and collisional orogenic stages.     

Seismogenic fault and topography control on the spatial patterns of landslides triggered by the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake

Jiuzhaigou National Park, located in northwest plateau of Sichuan Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the most popular scenic areas in China. On August 8, 2017, a Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of a major scenic area, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525, and the Park was seriously affected. The objective of this study was to explore the controls of seismogenic fault and topographic factors on the spatial patterns of these landslides. Immediately after the main shock, field survey, remote-sensing investigations, and statistical and spatial analysis were undertaken. At least 2212 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified, covering a total area of 11.8 km~2. Thesewere mainly shallow landslides and rock falls. Results demonstrated that landslides exhibited a close spatial correlation with seismogenic faults. More than 85% of the landslides occurred at 2200 to 3700 m elevations. The largest quantity of landslides was recorded in places with local topographic reliefs ranging from 200 to 500 m. Slopes in the range of ~20°-50° are the most susceptible to failure. Landslides occurred mostly on slopes facing east-northeast(ENE), east(E), east-southeast(ESE), and southeast(SE), which were nearly vertical to the orientation of the seismogenic fault slip. The back-slope direction and thin ridge amplification effects were documented. These results provide insights on the control of the spatial pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides modified by the synergetic effect of seismogenic faults and topography.     

1961-2013年东北与华北气温变化速度空间差异

全球气候的不断变化使得生物生境受到极大影响。气温作为最基本的气候要素,其变化迁移会胁迫生物对此做出响应,造成生物群落的迁徙。气温变化速度将气温看作物质的运动,能够直观地表示气温时空变化特征,对研究生物分布地理界限变化具有重要的指导意义。本文利用1961-2013年的全国每月平均温度数据集,分析了过去50多年中国东北与华北地区之间气温变化速度的区域差异。结果表明：东北与华北两地区整体气温变化速度均值为5.60 km/year,速度范围主要集中于0~9 km/year之间,约占总数的90%。东北地区气温变化速度均值大于华北地区。其中,东北速度均值为5.85 km/year,华北为5.41 km/year。从区域内部来看,东北地区气温变化速度整体较高,三省中黑龙江与吉林速度较高,辽宁省速度变化相对较小。华北气温变化速度高值区域主要分布在内蒙古高原与河北、天津的小部分地区,其他地区的气温变化速度则相对较小。     

Analysis on spatial difference of land use change based on physical and cultural landscape attributes

Land use changes are regarded as landscape pattern change driven by many interactive natural and social-economic factors. Different combination of physical geographical elements induced the difference of spatio-temporal pattern of land use change. There are four physical geographical regions in Mongolian Autonomou County of Qian Gorlos of Jilin Province. Based on spatial analysis and statistical analysis, we conclude that the primary pattern of land use and the tendency of land use changes are all different in four physical geographical regions. During 1987 – 1996, the dominant land use change processes were from grassland or forest to arableland, from unused land to paddy and grassland to unused land. Though land use change is mainly affected by social and economic condition in short period, the composite characters of physical geographical elements controls land use dynamic process. The relationship between land use dynamic process and the character of physical geographical units differ in different regions. Possible human impacts on land use change are explored with application of buffer areas of series distance along main roads and radius around main settlements. A few models are built to describe the relationship between land use spatial change rates and distance to road and settlements. According to our result, the relationship with the proximity to roads was a negative liner function, with the change rate decreasing rapidly when moving away from roads. Within a distance of less 7.5km from main traffic lines, land use changes occur red more. The bulk of grassland was apt to be opened up for cultivation around the settlements and the transformation from dryland to paddy occurred within the distance of 1km away from settlements. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of sciences (KZCXI - Y - 02); the Key Ninth Five-Year Plan (96 - B02 - 01); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49901017). Biography: HUANG Fang (1971 – ), female, a native of Jilin Province, Ph. D. candidate of Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Her research interests include application of remote sensing and GIS.     

Deep Metallogenic Speciality of Lithosphere in Amur Province, Russia

The spatial connections of endogenous deposits with anomalies of the vertical density gradient in lithosphere,calculated on the formulas for the spherical gravity sources are analyzed for Amur Province. The spatial parameters of tin-bearing, tungsten-bearing and gold-bearing regional ore-magmatic systems (ore regions, belts, zones and areas) are characterized by correlation of deep gradient density anomalies in the crust and upper mantle with the extensivity of superficial ore mineralization. Tin-ore deposits are mainly connected with density heterogeneities of the upper crust layer (up to a depth of 20 km), and tungsten, molibdenium and polymetallic deposits-with anomalies of the density gradient in the low crust layer (at a depth of 30 km) and in the upper mantle (at a depth of 60～70 km). Gold-ore regions are characterized by the greatest vertical range of fluid-magmatic systems (about 100 km from the surface) and arethrough ones in relation to mantle and crust tectonic structures. Opportunity is shown for the 3D density gradient model of the Amur Province lithosphere to be applied for constructing the forecast metallogenic models.     

Quantitative assessment of impacts of climate and economic-technical factors on grain yield in Jilin Province from 1980 to 2008

Climate change is one of the most important challenges threatening agricultural grain yield and food security. Determining the factors influencing grain yield in Jilin Province and the weights of their contribution are a very important task, because Jilin Province is an important agriculture base in China. In this study, the accumulation factor sequence evaluating data method was used to analyze the climate and economic-technical factor contribution weights to grain yield and grain yield changes in each city of Jilin Province. Climate yield was also estimated to study the climate effect on the grain yield, and it was calculated in two ways:an improved algorithm and a traditional quadratic method. The results show that the climate and economic-technical factors have different contribution weights to grain yield in different cities in Jilin Province. The contribution weight of the climate factor to grain yield was 0.212-0.349, while that the economic-technical factor was 0.651-0.788. Furthermore, the changes of the climate factor contributing to grain yield changes accounted for 0.296-0.546, and the changes of the economic-technical factor accounted for 0.454-0.704. The weights of climate and economic-technical factor contributing to grain yield are very different between the eastern and western cities in Jilin Province, but their weights contributing to the grain yield change are similar in these cities. In general, the amount of fertilizer used per hectare (FUPH) is the main factor affecting grain yields and yield changes from 1980 to 2008. It is noted that when the FUPH growth rate stabilized after 1995, the effects of the climate factor on the grain yield become more obvious than before. The improved algorithm is effective for estimating climate yield in Jilin Province, and the climate yields were mostly between-500 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha, and showed a slightly rising trend in most cities.     

Regional Characteristics and Causes of Haze Events in Northeast China

Northeast China experiences severe atmospheric pollution, with an increasing occurrence of heavy haze episodes. However, the underlying forces driving haze formation during different seasons are poorly understood. In this study, we explored the spatio-temporal characteristics and causes of haze events in Northeast China by combining a range of data sources(i.e., ground monitoring, satellite-based products, and meteorological products). It was found that the ‘Shenyang-Changchun-Harbin(SCH)'city belt was the most polluted area in the region on an annual scale. The spatial distribution of air quality index(AQI) values had a clear seasonality, with the worst pollution occurring in winter, an approximately oval-shaped polluted area around western Jilin Province in spring, and the best air quality occurring in summer and most of the autumn. The three periods that typically experienced intense haze events were Period I from mid-October to mid-November(i.e., late autumn and early winter), Period II from late-December to February(i.e., the coldest time in winter), and Period III from April to mid-May(i.e., spring). During Period I, strong PM_(2.5) emissions from seasonal crop residue burning and coal burning for winter heating were the dominant reasons for the occurrence of extreme haze events(AQI 300). Period II had frequent heavy haze events(200 AQI 300) in the coldest months of January and February, which were due to high PM_(2.5) emissions from coal burning and vehicle fuel consumption, a lower atmospheric boundary layer, and stagnant atmospheric conditions. Haze events in Period III, with high PM_(10) concentrations, were primarily caused by the regional transportation of windblown dust from degraded grassland in central Inner Mongolia and bare soil in western Jilin Province. Local agricultural tilling could also release PM_(10) and enhance the levels of windblown dust from tilled soil. Better control of coal burning, fuel consumption, and crop residue burning in winter and autumn is urgently needed to address the haze problem in Northeast China.     

Spatiotemporal Variations and Influencing Factors Analysis of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> Concentrations in Jilin Province,Northeast China

High PM_2.5 concentrations and frequent air pollution episodes during late autumn and winter in Jilin Province have attracted attention in recent years. To describe the spatial and temporal variations of PM_2.5 concentrations and identify the decisive influencing factors, a large amount of continuous daily PM_2.5 concentration data collected from 33 monitoring stations over 2-year period from 2015 to 2016 were analyzed. Meanwhile, the relationships were investigated between PM_2.5 concentrations and the land cover, socioeconomic and meteorological factors from the macroscopic perspective using multiple linear regressions (MLR) approach. PM_2.5 concentrations across Jilin Province averaged 49 μg/m³, nearly 1.5 times of the Chinese annual average standard, and exhibited seasonal patterns with generally higher levels during late autumn and over the long winter than the other seasons. Jilin Province could be divided into three kinds of sub-regions according to 2-year average PM_2.5 concentration of each city. Most of the spatial variation in PM_2.5 levels could be explained by forest land area, cultivated land area, urban greening rate, coal consumption and soot emissions of cement manufacturing. In addition, daily PM_2.5 concentrations had negative correlation with daily precipitation and positive correlation with air pressure for each city, and the spread and dilution effect of wind speed on PM_2.5 was more obvious at mountainous area in Jilin Province. These results indicated that coal consumption, cement manufacturing and straw burning were the most important emission sources for the high PM_2.5 levels, while afforestation and urban greening could mitigate particulate air pollution. Meanwhile, the individual meteorological factors such as precipitation, air pressure, wind speed and temperature could influence local PM_2.5 concentration indirectly.     

Spatio-temporal Pattern and Driving Forces of Comprehensive Agricultural Productivity in Jilin Province,China

Improving comprehensive agricultural productivity is an important measure to realize agricultural modernization.Based on the data from Jilin Statistical Yearbook,this study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of comprehensive agricultural productivity discrepancy in the main agricultural production areas of Jilin Province,China.The comprehensive agricultural productivity of 25 county-level administrative units were evaluated by a comprehensive index system based on five aspects which included 20 indicators from 2004 to 2017.The pattern of the discrepancy was analyzed by the spatial differentiation indices and spatial convergence theory.The results were as follows:1) the overall comprehensive agricultural productivity was in a 'W-type' rising trend;2) the discrepancy was in'inverted W-type' trend;3) the spatial distribution characteristics were mainly discrete plaque and 'inverted V-type';4) the formation of differences was forced by a combination of internal and external driving forces.Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of rising agricultural productivity and the level of economic and social developments in different counties in Jilin Province.     

ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF REGULATED WATER RESOURCES OF GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR

Groundwater reservoir is a kind of important engineering, which can optimize water resources arrangement by means of artificial regulation. Regulated water is the blood and value performance of groundwater reservoir. To resolve the problem of real-time quantification of regulated water, the paper analyzed sources and compositions of regulated water in detail. Then, under the conditions of satisfying water demand inside research area, the paper analyzed quantity available and regulation coefficient of different regulated water and established a formula to calculate regulated water. At last, based on a pore groundwater reservoir in the middle reaches of the Yinma River,Jilin Province, the paper calculated regulated water with the formula and the result shows that the method is feasible.With some constraint conditions, the formula can be adopted in other similar areas.     

APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL PARAMETER DATABASE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIT POPULATION DATABASE

Now GIS is turning into a good tool in handling geographical, economical, and population data, so we can obtain more and more information from these data. On the other hand, in some cases, for a calamity, such as hurricane, earthquake, flood, drought etc., or a decision-making, such as setting up a broadcasting transmitter, building a chemical plant etc., we have to evaluate the total population in the region influenced by a calamity or a project. In this paper, a method is put forward to evaluate the population in such special region. Through exploring the correlation of geographical parameters and the distribution of people in the same region by means of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, unit population database (1km× 1km) is established. In this way, estimating the number of people in a special region is capable by adding up the population in every grid involved in this region boundary. The geographical parameters are obtained from topographic database and DEM database on the scale of     

Spatial distribution modeling of temperature increase for the uplifted mountain terrains and its characteristics in Southwest China

Local temperature changes in mountain areas are significantly affected by the uplifted mountain terrains. Understanding how temperature increase with mountain terrains is an important component in accurately modeling the spatial distribution of temperature. The study, after minimizing the effect of elevation and latitude, quantitatively simulated the temperature increase in the uplifted mountain terrains, described the characteristics in the spatial distribution of warming areas with different magnitudes, and identified the correlated indices of mountain bodies for warming. Selecting Yunnan Province in southwest China as the study area, we simulated the warming field on a baseline surface at the average elevation of 2000 m and average latitude of 24.96°. The results indicated that the warming magnitudes in different local areas varied with the change in the spatial locations, and the warming process concentrated in the mountainous regions. Throughout the entire study area, the warming field presented a general pattern of three terraces from the regions of high mountains to middle mountains and then low mountains. The areasof high warming magnitude mainly surrounded large mountain bodies and were distributed on the upper part. The areas of low warming magnitude clustered in the valleys and basins of the middle mountain region, mostly on the lower part of the large mountain bodies and its branches. The areas with zero warming magnitude occurred in the low mountains and broad valleys, which were distributed largely on the lower parts of the middle mountains and in most of the valleys. Quantified sampling analysis demonstrated good positive correlation between the warming magnitudes in uplifted mountain terrains and the volume index of the mountain body, as well as elevation difference, with the coefficients corresponding to 0.82 and 0.91, respectively.     

Research on the spatial structure of karst massif

Eight spatial structure types are determined through morphology, hydrogeology, hydrology and impulse response in karst districts, with the well studied Houzhai subterranean stream in Puding, Guizhou Province as a sample research area. These types contain peak-forest basin, peak-forest laterite platform, resurrected peak-forest basin, old peak-forest-funnel depression, peak-forest-funnel, peak-forest-funnel depression, peak-cluster valley and peak-forest-doline. In the area, each of them has its respective surface and subterranean structural feature, and morphology, hydrogeology, hydrology and impulse response as well. The difference of responses of subsurface system in different spatial structure types are obtained by time series analysis, frequency spectrum research and decline curve calculation of material current. According to the analysis of the aquifer feature, the upper reaches of suburfall stream is dominated by pipeline flow, the lower reaches is characterized by braided fissure flow drainage system and mixed characteristic exists in the middle reaches. The result of the impulse test shows that the large ascending range of stage in the test on swash condition is in fissure system. However, in pipeline type, especially in the subterranean stream where there is waterfall or incomplete fill of underground water, the ascending range of stage is one quantity level less than the impulse range of stage at some fissure types, showing that change range of stage can indicate the spatial structure characteristics of certain area upper the station. The main direction of karst geomorphic evolution there is positive course except in the west area. It can be seen that karst geomorphological evolution direction can change when discharge datum plane influences some part of a relatively large drainage. In certain time unit, the upper reaches are controlled by old datum plane and the lower reaches by new datum plane. Two opposite geomorphological evolution directions can exist in one drainage.     

我国长江中下游农业区冬闲田的遥感监测分析

 近20年以来,随着我国经济结构的调整和农村劳动力的转移,部分地区冬闲田的面积呈明显增长态势。为了科学、合理及高效地利用冬闲田资源,本研究以长江中下游农业区为实验区,利用长时间序列NDVI数据,结合研究区耕地空间分布和农作物在出苗期和成熟期NDVI变化特征,构建了NDVI动态阈值法的冬闲田遥感监测方法,进而对研究区2007至2008年冬闲田的空间分布和闲置时间进行了提取分析。研究发现,2007至2008年,我国长江中下游农业区冬闲田总面积为20.55万km²,占耕地总面积的45.49%。冬闲田集中分布于研究区北部和西北部的江苏、安徽、河南、湖北、湖南和江西的西北部地区,其中,湖北、湖南和江苏是冬闲田分布面积最多的省份,3省冬闲田面积占了研究区冬闲田总面积的53.41%。