山西省传统村落空间特性研究

以住建部公布的山西省传统村落为研究对象,使用ArcGIS软件,利用核密度分析、方向分布分析、空间相关性分析等空间分析方法,分析山西省传统村落在空间上的分布特征与影响因素。通过建立村落基础数据库,试图提取传统村落空间分布特点,对今后的传统村落遴选、保护和规划工作提供帮助。经过分析,可以得出:①山西省传统村落呈聚集形态,不同市中传统村落的数量差距显著;②主要以东北西南的方向分布在阳泉、晋城、晋中;③山西省传统村落的分布主要受到地形与水文条件的影响,交通路网密度与社会经济对传统村落的影响不明显。     

Spatial structure of central places in Jilin Central Urban Agglomeration,Jilin Province,China

Using the radius of gyration from fractal theory, this paper describes the calculation of fractal dimensions for the four tiers of central places in the Jilin Central Urban Agglomeration(JCUA), Jilin Province, China and the structural characteristics of each tier: 1) the 1st tier central place, Changchun Proper(not including Shuangyang District), provides the most service functions and has the most stable primate position; 2) the 2nd tier central places, Jilin Proper, Siping Proper, Liaoyuan Proper and Songyuan Proper have unclear statuses and do not provide certain functions; 3) the 3rd tier central places comprise 23 county-level cities, counties and urban districts(including Shuangyang District of Changchun), exhibiting a dense spatial structure that agrees with theory; 4) the 4th tier contains the largest number of central places(248 designated towns), but they are loosely distributed. In this study, a spatial image of the JCUA was created, based on vectorized data of the urban settlement distribution, which was then modified and abstracted to create a hexagonal network covering the JCUA. Compared to the traditional central place model, the modified spatial image conforms to the K = 3 principle. In reality, however, the growth of some 3rd tier central places should be increased with the cities being upgraded to the 2nd tier so as to overcome that tier′s functional deficiency. The loose distribution in the 4th tier should also be changed. This apparent anomaly can be explained by the fact that the classic hexagon model used to describe the way market areas layout does not exist in the real world. However, this should not be viewed as an obstacle to using central place theory. If its assumptions are properly applied, it can still assist research into the spatial structure of regions.     

Spatial correlation and ecological characteristics analysis of management area for biodiversity conservation and relevant regionalization

Formulation of different ecological zone plans according to the corresponding protection targets and the necessity of proper conservation policy is one of the measures to achieve the goal of ecological conservation in China.In order to clarify the interrelation among key ecological zone plans,this paper carried out the research on spatial relation of priority areas of biodiversity conservation and three key ecological areas（key ecological function areas,key regions of ecological service function,national nature reserves） and the research on ecological conditions,based on multi-scale ecological spatial theme information,which incorporates elements like ecologi-cal quality and type,and by the aid of spatial information analysis and GIS modeling.The results showed a contrastively fine spatial consistency with 68.8% of priority areas of biodiversity conservation overlapping with three key ecological areas.Although the envi-ronment in priority areas of biodiversity conservation were in good conditions,protection pressure is also increasing,powerful supervi-sion and protection should not be ignored.The environmental conditions in the overlapping areas,as a whole,were superior to those in the non-overlapping areas.Since two areas have different characteristics,targeted protection measures should be formulated based on this difference,which will be very important for biodiversity conservation in priority areas of biodiversity conservation.     

THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISM RESOURCES IN JILIN PROVINCE

This paper comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the tourism resources in Jilin Province,China.And it consists of three parts.The first two parts are on the resources evaluation and analysis.Based on the results of evaluation about the structural and spatial distribution of the tourism resources,it is found that ,the natural resources play fundamen-tal roles in Jilin,while the human and cultural resources are important complementary parts as well .In the spatial distribu-tion analysis,the resources show the characteristic of “six clusters“and “three belts “spatial relations.Four clusters are centered on the cities,which are Changchum,Jilin,Baicheng,Tonghua and Jiˊan;one cluster is around the Changbai Moutains and one cluster nears the frontier at Tumen between China,Russia and P.D.R.Korea.And the three belts are;1)The west belt.It contains Xianghai and Momoge natural protection region.The evident of this zone is its ecologi-cal and ethical tourism resources.2)The middle belt characterized by urban traveling and recreation,including Jilin and Changchum,together with their nearby Nongˊan and Siping.3)The last belt is also the most important one,which is the east zone.It covers the Changbai Mountains,the golden triangles of Tonghua and the Tumen River.This zone is remark-able for its abundant natural landscapes and unique folk-customs.In the last part the concept planning is briefly construct-ed for the tourism resources in Jilin Province according to the above evaluation and analysis.     

大柳塔采煤塌陷区土壤含水量的空间变异特征分析

通过研究采煤塌陷区土壤水空间分布及动态变化特征,查明了采煤塌陷对土壤含水量的影响,这对矿区生态环境保护、塌陷区土地复垦等具有重要指导意义。以大柳塔双沟采煤塌陷区为试验区,利用传统统计学和地统计学方法分析了采煤塌陷条件下的包气带土壤水空间变异特征。研究结果表明:由于采煤塌陷造成塌陷区土壤层位在垂向上倒置、重组,引起土壤粒度、容重、孔隙度等土壤物理特性的改变,使塌陷区土壤含水量比非塌陷区显著降低,在不同深度层（0~60 cm）分别减少14.2%~21.9%;在垂向分布上塌陷区土壤水分也表现出较强的变异性,其离散系数在不同深度（0~60 cm）与非塌陷区的差值在19.2%~50%之间。根据试验区0 cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm四个层面土壤含水量的Kriging插值等值线图显示,土壤含水量低值区均位于塌陷区内的塌陷坑部位,证明地表的地裂缝、塌陷坑、塌陷洞等塌陷形态对土壤持水能力的影响颇为显著。采煤塌陷区土壤含水量降低、空间变异性增强直接导致了地表植被生存环境的恶化,地表景观被严重破坏。     

Quantitative assessment of impacts of climate and economic-technical factors on grain yield in Jilin Province from 1980 to 2008

Climate change is one of the most important challenges threatening agricultural grain yield and food security. Determining the factors influencing grain yield in Jilin Province and the weights of their contribution are a very important task, because Jilin Province is an important agriculture base in China. In this study, the accumulation factor sequence evaluating data method was used to analyze the climate and economic-technical factor contribution weights to grain yield and grain yield changes in each city of Jilin Province. Climate yield was also estimated to study the climate effect on the grain yield, and it was calculated in two ways:an improved algorithm and a traditional quadratic method. The results show that the climate and economic-technical factors have different contribution weights to grain yield in different cities in Jilin Province. The contribution weight of the climate factor to grain yield was 0.212-0.349, while that the economic-technical factor was 0.651-0.788. Furthermore, the changes of the climate factor contributing to grain yield changes accounted for 0.296-0.546, and the changes of the economic-technical factor accounted for 0.454-0.704. The weights of climate and economic-technical factor contributing to grain yield are very different between the eastern and western cities in Jilin Province, but their weights contributing to the grain yield change are similar in these cities. In general, the amount of fertilizer used per hectare (FUPH) is the main factor affecting grain yields and yield changes from 1980 to 2008. It is noted that when the FUPH growth rate stabilized after 1995, the effects of the climate factor on the grain yield become more obvious than before. The improved algorithm is effective for estimating climate yield in Jilin Province, and the climate yields were mostly between-500 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha, and showed a slightly rising trend in most cities.     

新疆阿克苏河流域降水空间变异特征分析

根据阿克苏河流域降水空间观测数据,其降水稀疏且分布不均匀的特点,选取不同模型对降水空间变化规律进行研究,其结果精确性差异很大。通常应用地统计理论研究降水空间变异性,一般只涉及单个变量,传统的多元回归分析虽然涉及多个变量的影响,但缺乏区域化的空间结构特征。揭示具有协同区域化特征的降水空间变异现象及建立其空间分布模型,既要考虑多元信息的空间位置关系,即同一变量在不同地理位置上的相关性,又要考虑多元信息由于空间重复性引起的协同关系,即同一地理位置上不同变量的相关性。本文用阿克苏河流域范围内的降水观测数据建立析取-协克立格模型,考虑高程变量对降水量空间分布的影响,定量地揭示降水区域化变量的空间变异规律,并将其结果用于降水量的空间最优插值。     

Urbanization of Jilin Province and Its Spatial Pattern

1 Introduction It is indisputable that the urbanization has been consid- ered as an important indicator for evaluating a nation’s or a region’s modernization and industrialization. Therefore, the issue of urbanization will arouse wide and remarkable concern in both domestic and international geography in the 21st century. From a comprehensive survey of the development of urbanization all over the world, some successful modes of urbanization, such as the American mode and the Japanese mode, …     

基于空间抽样的区域地表覆盖遥感制图产品精度评估——以中国陕西省为例

地表覆盖数据是研究气候变化、生态环境、地理国情和人文经济等方面不可或缺的基础信息,因此其质量的优劣将直接影响相关决策的可靠性。本文针对我国研制的首套30 m分辨率全球地表覆盖数据产品,通过分析其海量、多维、非均质等空间特点,对传统的制图产品精度评估方法提出了改进：以地表类型进行分层抽样,样本量的计算采用优化模型并以地类所占面积比为权重逐层分配,样本的布设则考虑层内对象之间的空间相关性,在地表数据自然分布的基础上,通过分析空间相关性指数来提高样本的代表性和精度评估结果的可靠性。因此,本文提出针对区域地表覆盖遥感制图产品的空间分层抽样方法,其将精度评估分成抽样方案（样本的定量估计）和布设方案（样本的空间布设）2个部分,并以中国陕西省地表覆盖产品为例进行区域精度评估实验分析,从全区7大类地表类型数据中抽取1467个样本,经过样本检验与精度计算,该区域产品的总体精度为79.96%,Kappa系数为0.74。实验结果表明,本文提出的基于空间抽样的精度评估方法可行可靠,实验区域产品质量较好,并为后续针对全球范围的地表覆盖产品精度评估方法提供了参考。     

福州市农田土壤养分空间变异特征

研究农田土壤养分空间分布特征及变异规律,分析地形因子对土壤养分空间分布的影响,对土壤养分的有效利用与管理具有重要意义。本文采用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,揭示东南丘陵区福州市农田土壤养分（有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾）的空间分布特征和变异规律,并进一步探讨土壤养分含量与地形因子（地形起伏度、高程、地形湿度指数、沉积运输指数和坡度）之间的相关性。结果表明：福州市农田有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量范围分别为1.10~89.5 g/kg、 1.00~461 mg/kg、0.300~298 mg/kg、和4.00~399 mg/kg,其变异系数范围为35.3%~99.0%,均属于中等变异水平;区域内耕地土壤养分存在明显的空间丰缺差异,大部分地区有机质和有效磷含量较为丰富,碱解氮含量处于中等偏上水平,速效钾含量相对较低;有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的块金系数分别为32.0%、37.3%、50.0%和50.0%,均呈中等强度空间自相关,表明同时受到结构和随机因素控制;有机质和碱解氮空间自相关尺度较大,且在步长小于0.3 km时,各方向（0°、45°、90°和135°）变化平稳,为各向同性,而有效磷和速效钾变程较小,且各方向变化较复杂,为各向异性。这些结果表明,政府需加强施肥指导,保持氮肥施用量的同时,合理增加钾肥,适当降低有机肥和磷肥施用。此外,在后续调查采样时,样点布设要考虑密度和方向性,适当加密有效磷和速效钾的采样,而有机质和碱解氮采样可以在此基础上适当减少样点。     

Impact of climate on grain yield per unit area in China during the years of 1949–1992

The grain yield per unit area in China has been increasing from 1949 to 1992 with annual fluctuations, which was caused by both policies and monsoon climate. The total grain yield is divided into trend yield, which reflects the influence of economic factors, and climate yield, which reflects the impact of climate factors. The results of grain and climate yield by EOF (empirical orthogonal function) method show that the grain yield in the eastern China is higher and more fluctuating than that in the western region. The spatial and temporal distributions of climate yield were divided into four patterns. Regional unanimity of climate-yield variation is the first and main spatial pattern, and then there are the spatial patterns of north-south difference and east-west difference in some years. Generally, climate conditions are good for grain yield during the 1950s and 1980s all over the country. Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China.     

A STUDY ON DESERTIFICATION OF WEST JIJLIN PROVINCE BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES

“West Jilin Porovince” in ths paper means Zhenlai,Baicheng,Taonan,Da‘an,Tongyu,Fuyu,Songyuan,Qian‘an ,Chandling,also includes Gongzhuling,Shuangliao,Lishu,Siping and Nong′an which have been suf-fered from desertification.In west Jilin Province there are three sand zones passing through,they are Xiang(Xianghai)-Wu(Wlan Tug)sand zone,Hai-Fent sand zone,and Tao′er River right band sand zone.The desertification area of west Jilin Province is 819 100ha,making up 12.5% of the total land area.Among desertification types,in Jilin Province light desertification is the major,then is medium dersertification,hevey desertification is the least.According to the compare-son of the interpretation results of the Landsat images of the 1980s and 1990s by remote sensing and GIS techniques,it can be seen that the diesertification area in west Jilin Province basically didn′t change on the whole,only increased 6130ha,making up 0.8% of the desertification area,change scale is less than 1%.Evidently,desertification is con-trolled mostly,but some areas are continuing deterioration.The desertification process of China can be divided into three types according to origin nature,they are sandy steppe desertification,fixed sand area(sand land) activation and dunes transfer invasion.Reasons of desertification of West Jilin Province are analyzed,they include natural factors(such as material source factors,chimate factors) and artificial factors(such as destroying grass to reclaim,steppe decreasing greatly,illegally feeling shelter forest stands,constructing reservoir to influence eco-environment etc.).Some sugges-tions are put forward as follows:establishing the social project for ecological reconstruction of degenerated land;intensify-ing planning and management of land use,reverting farmland into forestland or pasture in a planned way.The key desertifica-tion control is to depend mainly on policy and management,then control techniques.     

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL EROSION AND NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION BASED ON GIS IN ERLONG LAKE WATERSHED, JILIN PROVINCE

Data collection, factor composition, nappe analysis and integrative simulation of natural geographical factors in Erlong Lake watershed have been carried out based on GIS. The risk areas where non-point source pollution may occur were compartmentalized and assessed, and the total soil erosion and the runoffs of N and P with rainfall in this valley were worked out by experiment and GIS mapping. The study indicated that the main type of soil erosion was moderate (erosion modulus is 1000–2500t/(km²·a)) at present, and the intense erosion areas are located in dry land with variable slope east of the lake and the middle-south parts of steep slope mountainous region (erosion modulus is more than 5000t/(km²·a)). Though the area is small, it should be paid attention to. The trend of non-point source pollution (NSP) of nitrogen and phosphorus loss was corresponded with the soil erosion. Spatial distribution and the reasons of the distribution difference have been presented and it was emphasized that the human activities among the influence factors was the most important. It surely offers a scientific basis to control and prevent non-point source pollution in the watershed. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50139020-5-2) and Science & Technology Committee of Jilin Province (No. 20010602) Biography: WANG Ning (1952–), female, a native of Beijing, associate professor, Ph.D., specialized in water and soil conservation and pollution control. E-mail: nwang@nenu.edu.cn     

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES IN CHINA

Cropgermplasmresourcesaretheindispensablematerialbaseforcropbreedingandagriculturalproduction.Theresearchondistributionofcropgermplasmr~urcesisofgreatimportanceinstudyingonorigin,evolutionandclassificationofcrops,expeditingandcollectinggermplasm,ascertainingofcentersofdiversity,protectinggermplasmr~urcesandmakingagriculturalproductiondivision.Since1949,researchesofexploration,collection,preservation,cha-racterizationandevaluationofcropgermplasmresourceshavebeendoneinChina.Atpresent,thenational…     

旅游产业空间分布及关联性分析方法——以常州市为例

旅游产业的空间分布及关联性分析对于区域旅游产业的发展具有重要意义,而目前大多旅游产业空间格局分析的对象局限于A级景区,忽略了旅游产业综合性的特点。以"吃、住、行、游、购、娱"6种旅游要素为研究对象,从旅游产业空间分布特征、空间分布格局、空间关联性3个方面构建了旅游产业空间分布及关联性分析的方法体系。并以常州市旅游产业为例,进行方法验证。结果表明,当前常州市旅游产业呈集聚型分布,形成了"一主核两次核"的空间分布格局,各旅游产业之间空间关联程度较高。较好的数据基础以及合适的空间分析尺度提高了方法的应用效果,分析结果与《常州市"十三五"旅游业发展规划》中相关内容匹配,验证了本文提出方法的可行性。     

地理空间数据的空间性分析应用

“空间性”是地理空间数据有别于其他数据的显著特征,因此地理空间数据研究过程中必须反映和遵从其地理空间特性。本文将集中于两个领域,即统计分析和遥感图像分析领域,来论述地理空间数据分析中必须加强对空间异质性、空间结构和尺度的探讨。     

河南省电子政务空间信息服务系统建设与典型应用

介绍了河南省电子政务空间信息服务系统的项目背景、系统总体设计，论述了数据处理与集成建库所涉及的一些关键技术，并以中原城市群空间信息服务系统为典型应用，作了进一步的探讨。     

福建省生态环境空间格局图谱分析

本文基于地学信息图谱的理论,采用地学信息系统和遥感技术,编制了福建省生态环境综合评价等级图,并在定义区域生态环境质量指数基础上,编制出基于多种空间要素为背景的生态环境质量指数空间格局图,以构成福建省生态环境空间格局图谱。最后分析了福建省生态环境空间分布格局的形成、变化规律。     

江浙典型茶园土壤有机质空间异质性分析

茶园土壤有机质分布有明显的空间性,如何凭借有限的采样点数据预测研究区的有机质分布,对了解茶叶种植区土壤状况、指导茶园经营管理、提高茶叶品质和产量有重要意义。本文对江浙4种名茶种植区,利用描述性统计,以及地统计学中的半方差函数模型、空间插值等方法对比分析了茶园土壤有机质的空间异质性。研究结果表明:(1)4个研究区的土壤有机质平均水平均较高,适合茶叶生长,且浙江省2个茶叶种植区的有机质平均水平高于江苏省2个茶叶种植区的有机质水平;(2)半方差函数模型拟合表明,溪龙乡种植区有机质含量表现出中等空间相关性,而其他3个种植区表现出强烈的空间相关性;(3)各种植区土壤有机质的空间分布以结构性因子(土壤理化性质、地形地貌)为基础,受人类活动、经营模式、茶园管理等随机性因子影响,整体趋势上表现出局部变异的特征。     

内蒙古贫困地区生态安全评价及空间格局分析

在压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response, PSR)模型确立指标体系的基础上,采用灰色关联度分析和熵值赋权相结合的方法,测算出2012年内蒙古贫困地区生态安全综合,压力,状态和响应指数,对研究区生态安全状况进行综合评价;并利用地理空间分析方法和空间分析软件GeoDA对生态安全综合状况进行空间相关性分析,同时结合研究区自然地理特征和社会经济状况,对其生态安全空间格局特征及成因进行诊断性分析.研究发现:(1) 内蒙古贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于一般状态,等级布局具有大聚集,小分散的特点;(2) 生态安全状况分布并非完全随机性,而是表现出空间相似值之间的空间聚集,具有正相关性;(3) 生态安全等级分布状况呈现出区域分异的特点,总体表现为内蒙古西部和东部贫困地区处于一般状态,而中部贫困地区生态安全水平整体处于良好状态,区域内部生态安全水平具有明显的县域差异;(4) 生态安全水平较好的县域和生态安全处于一般水平的县域,压力,状态,响应指标方面差距明显,且影响因素各异.