基于融入-隔离双向对比的流动人口主观社会融合及其影响因素研究——以福厦泉城市群为例

基于2017年流动人口动态监测数据,选取福厦泉城市群,构建融入-隔离对比的指标体系,探讨了流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合及其影响因素。研究发现：① 流动人口在流入地的主观社会融合程度较高,但融入与隔离并存,且以融入为主。② 流动人口主观社会融合受流迁模式、社会网络、生计资本、制度政策和人口特征等因素综合影响：宏观上基本公共服务均等化能显著地增强融入、削弱隔离,淡化了户籍制度造成的融入障碍;中观上在流入地加强社会交往和积极参加组织活动、改善住房和提高收入确实有助于流动人口在流入地增强融入、减弱隔离,但基于流出地方向的土地预期收益、家庭困难及乡土依恋等主客观因素则增强了流动人口在流入地的主观隔离、削弱了主观融入;微观上近距离、长时段和家庭化迁移的流动人口主观融入程度较高,受教育程度的提高有助于流动人口削弱主观隔离,更好地融入流入地。研究认为应促进流动人口客观融合并使其与主观融合相匹配,改变以流动人口融入当前流入地实现市民化的单向思维,统筹考虑流入地与流出地的双向影响,将流动人口市民化工作重心由落户转向基本公共服务的无差别覆盖,实现流动人口从主观“愿意”到客观“能够”的社会融合。     

全球化背景下国际移民社会融合研究综述与展望

21世纪以来,全球化进程加速,国际移民成为研究热点问题,而当前欧美学界针对移民社会融合的研究具有三方面特征：首先,国际移民社会融合的维度呈现多样化;其次,移民社会融合的主动性及其对社区空间的塑造作用成为研究热点;最后,研究视角存在“方法论上的民族主义”和“政治正确的价值倾向”。与之相对,国内学界对国际移民社会融合的研究能够准确地把握国家背景、政治制度、移民政策对移民社会融合的影响作用;以及在全球化背景下国际移民在世界城市快速流动的旅居者特性,且充分注意到移民的多元性和融合的开放性。而不足之处在于,缺少对于社会融合多尺度、多维度的探讨;缺乏对于不同族裔、不同类型的移民群体间社会融合路径、模式、机制的比较。新形势下,国内研究有必要超越西方学者的思考,探讨国际移民社会融合的中国路径,为我国城市解决全球化带来的国际移民融合问题提供新思路。     

The role of social resource of indigenous people in local ecological resource management in China: A preliminary case in Zhangye, Northwestern China

Social resources of indigenous people are valuable wealth, including the social norms, the relational network, belief, attitude as well as the social system which is accumulated from generation to generation. Those social resources are very important for local ecological resource management, which can help diffuseness and communion of skills and traditional conservation techniques for conserving and restoring the ecological sites. Social capital is one indicator of social resources, which is accepted widely. In order to investigate the role of social resources of indigenous people in local ecological resource management, the authors studied the relation between social capital of indigenous people and local ecological resource management, taking Zhangye City as an exam-ple. In this paper, social capital of indigenous people is quantified by constructing social capital index, composed of structural so-cial capital and cognitive social capital; local ecological resource management is quantified by constructing "Grain for Green Pro-ject" performance index. Based on correlation analysis approach and logistic regression analysis approach, the authors analyzed the relation between social capital and "Grain for Green Project" performance index, as well as the relations between "Grain for Green Project" performance index and other factors such as per capita net income, medical treatment and so on. Results showed that the correlation between social capital and "Grain for Green Project" performance index was positive, the coefficient was 0.761, with P<0.01. An increase of 1 unit in social capital is associated with an increase of 1.550 units in "Grain for Green Project" per-formance. With factor, such as faction, per capita net income, medical treatment, increasing 1 unit, the "Grain for Green Project" performance index will increase 3.912, 1.039 and 1.005 units, respectively.     

郊区大型居住区邻里关系与社会空间再生——以北京回龙观为例

从社会空间的视角研究邻里关系是城市社会地理学的重要课题。本文利用针对北京回龙观居民的问卷调查数据,并结合质性研究方法,探讨了郊区大型居住区的邻里关系及其与郊区社会空间再生的有机联系。作为典型的郊区大型居住区,回龙观的邻里交往较为浅层化但居民具有较高的交往意愿,邻里互助情况较少但具有很强的互助意愿,居民整体责任意识、社区参与和维权意识强烈。入住小区初期的集体采购、日常生活中的维权和文体活动、“童子军”外交和依托社区网的互动方式使居民相互之间维持了较好的邻里关系。邻里关系与居民受教育程度、入住小区时间长度及有无互助经历等因素相关。对社区形成起到更直接作用的是居民在社会生活方面的互动,这种互动基于实体物理空间和虚拟空间提供的平台,以及通过固化居民间的联系而萌生社区文化。回龙观居民在脱离原居住地社会关系网络背景下,通过邻里关系在郊区大型居住区构建了新的社会关系,改善了郊区社会空间的破碎化状况,促使社会空间再生。     

Neighborhood-Based social capital and life satisfaction: the case of Rotterdam,The Netherlands

ABSTRACT

In this study, we examine the relationship between neighborhood-based social capital and residents’ life satisfaction by considering resident heterogeneity. Using a database of the city of Rotterdam, The Netherlands, we find a small but significant positive association between neighborhood-based social capital and individual life satisfaction. However, we also find considerable differences among residents because neighborhood-based social capital is important mainly for people who are more likely to spend considerable time in the neighborhood or who are more neighborhood dependent (i.e. less-educated people, people who live on welfare, people with poor health, retired people, and those who are divorced or widowed). Our results confirm the importance of neighborhood-based social capital for residents’ life satisfaction in terms of both actual social contacts with neighbors and the perceived social cohesion within a neighborhood. At the same time, the importance of neighborhood-based social capital varies among different groups of residents. These findings have important implications for policy-makers.     

An Epidemiology of Neighborhood Poverty: Causal Factors of Infant Mortality Among Blacks and Whites in the Metropolitan United States*

Despite overall declines in infant mortality over the past few decades, racial disparities between blacks and whites have persisted in the United States. This article considers the argument that racial differences in infant mortality are partially the result of the disproportionate concentration of blacks within extremely poor neighborhoods relative to whites. Using race‐specific measures of neighborhood‐level poverty, combined with metropolitan‐wide measures of infant mortality, it was determined that trends in infant mortality for both blacks and whites reflect the impact of an intergenerational effect associated with prolonged exposure to extremely poor neighborhoods. Racial disparities in infant mortality in the early 1980s can be accounted for by black – white differences in neighborhood poverty exposure. Results suggest, however, that black infant mortality during the early 1990s was much more strongly influenced by high‐risk natality behaviors among black women than by economic status or neighborhood influences.     

ASSURE: a model for the simulation of urban expansion and intra-urban social segregation

Numerous cities in developing regions worldwide are expanding at a tremendous rate. This requires adequate strategies to address the needs of these growing cities with diverse populations. Nonetheless, the development of urban policies is often hampered by the lack of reliable data or insight in the socio-spatial dynamics of this urban expansion. This paper therefore presents ASSURE, a spatially and temporally explicit model that can simulate urban growth and intra-urban social segregation, taking into account alternative policy strategies and expected social dynamics. The model has a flexible structure that allows incorporating specific city conditions that influence residential decision-making and adapting the simulation to the data available. This, in combination with the transparent model structure, makes ASSURE a potentially valuable decision support tool for urban planning. The potential is demonstrated with an example where the urban growth of and social segregation in Kampala (Uganda) is simulated based on (semi-)quantitative and qualitative data for ca. 800 households collected through interviews. The results of the simulations show that depending on the scenario, the spatial segregation and accessibility problems will evolve highly differently.     

Encountering a multidimensional assemblage: The case of Norwegian corporate social responsibility activities in Indonesia

A vociferous debate on socio-spatial formations is ongoing between those advocating a geography of scales and those advocating flat ontologies and assemblages, yet a middle ground has not been properly addressed. The author argues for an empirically driven, multidimensional assemblage approach whereby the processes constituting an assemblage and the different socio-spatial organisation of heterogeneous entities form the analytical basis for geographical analyses of particular empirical events. He shows how Norwegian companies in Indonesia encounter different stakeholders constituting a multidimensional (situated, scaled, and networked) ‘assemblage of national interests’ with multitudinous motivations and drivers but quite specific converged influence. He examines the territorialising forces employed during such encounters, the de-territorialising forces challenging the assemblage, and how the evolution of the ‘assemblage of national interests’ resulted in 2012 in the world's first law on corporate social responsibility (CSR), which has more or less forced Norwegian companies to make social investments in local communities within a CRS framing. The findings are that assemblages are scaled and networked, but also uncoordinated and ‘chaotic’. Norwegian companies in Indonesia are subject to a joint but dispersed, multidimensional assemblage of national interest, where stakeholders on different scales, with multiple motivations, mobilise to persuade them to run social investment programmes.     

大城市地区农村改革的政治生态学分析--以北京市农村地区为例

运用政治生态学(politicalecology)的基本观点,以北京市农村地区为对象,在对平原、丘陵、山区4个不同类型村庄多年实地调查基础上,分析了在政治体制改革、市场经济影响下北京郊区农村的组织形态、产业结构、土地利用、耕地质量、生态环境的变化过程。研究揭示,1979以来北京农村政治改革与生态环境的关系与其他的农村地区不同,国家与地方政府的政策变化使北京农村生态环境在不同时期呈现出恶化-改善的波动性过程;根据长期研究,政体改革、政策变化在总体上起到了抑制生态恶化、改善农村环境的作用。     

后现代地理语境下同性恋社会空间与社交网络——以北京为例

采用参与式观察、问卷调查和访谈相结合的方法,以北京作为实证研究地区,探讨后现代地理语境下同性恋社会空间与社交网络的发展特点。北京同性恋场所呈现出多元化的发展趋势,场所影响参与者的行为和心理,而人也对场所产生反作用,群体活动使物理空间具备性别特征,并转变为充满主观感觉的“地方”。同性恋社交网络表现出对互联网的依赖性和不稳定性特点,并与同性恋者的“日常生活”空间相脱离。社交空间的破碎化、参与者的不稳定性和政府管制的影响都促成了同性恋社交网络的不稳定性。后现代地理中打破语言中心主义、提倡多元化和权力关系反转等原理可用来诠释同性恋的社交空间,另外,同性恋空间的研究从亚文化或少数群体文化的层面诠释了社会—空间辩证法。本文还对西方文献中“同性恋聚居区”和“同性恋的城市本质”论断进行了中国的回应。     

农旅融合视角下新型乡村社会关系架构及提升路径——以浙江金华陈界村为例

农旅融合发展作为当前推进乡村建设的重要引擎,为实现乡村振兴,促进新型乡村社会关系下的旅游产业差异化、合作化、创新化发展,基于传统的乡村熟人社会关系特征,梳理乡村社会关系转型要素构架,构建农旅融合视角下亲缘、地缘、业缘、志缘、外缘关系综合作用的新型乡村社会关系“五缘增上”机理模型。通过实地调研、深度访谈,结合GIS空间分析陈界村农旅融合发展中的社会关系特征,总结得出：乡村社会的五缘关系相互支撑、相互渗透、相互反馈,亲缘关系趋向功利化,但仍占主导地位,非亲缘关系正呈现不断增强的趋势。最终,从乡村五缘互补发展路径、乡村人才凝聚振兴路径、利益联合共同信任路径三方面提出发展意见,助推乡村振兴,为乡村旅游产业发展提供借鉴和参考。     

网络社区交流中距离的作用——以新浪微博为例

信息通信技术的快速发展丰富了人们的交流方式,也逐步影响人们的社交网络。本文通过分析新浪微博用户在网络社区中与本地人/外地人、熟人/陌生人的交流差异,探讨空间距离与社会距离在网络社会空间中的作用。在问卷调研中,结合新浪微博用户的网络“痕迹”,较为可靠的获取南京成年人微博用户与本地人/外地人、熟人/陌生人在网络社区中的交流差异。研究表明：①在网络社区中,相较于外地人与陌生人,受访者更倾向与本地人以及熟人交流,网络社区中空间距离与关系距离的作用仍然存在;②受访者在网络社区中与本地人/外地人、熟人/陌生人的交流差异受社会经济属性、居住环境、微博使用频繁程度影响;③虽然理论上网络社区使得用户能够克服距离阻力,延伸其关系网络,但空间距离与关系距离的存在使得实际生活中的社会关系网络仍然扎根于用户在网络社区中的交流。     

基于个体时空邻近指数的户籍维度社会空间分异研究——以上海市郊区10个典型镇为例

社会空间分异是城市研究的经典议题。在人类移动性不断增强的背景下,传统的基于居住空间汇总的社会空间分异测度方法表现出一定的局限性,对于居住空间外的日常活动空间隔离的探讨相对缺乏,对于不同活动和不同时段间分异格局差异的考虑有所不足。因此有必要从“基于人”的视角出发,探索社会空间分异测度的新方法,探讨不同时空间维度的社会分异格局。本研究基于上海市郊区10个典型镇的活动日志调查数据,构建“个体时空邻近指数”,聚焦户籍这一反映中国城市特征的重要维度,以不同户籍类型人群之间的分异程度为研究对象,分析其时空间特征,并对结果进行可视化。研究表明：上海市不同户籍人群在活动、时间和空间维度上存在明显的社会空间分异。本研究创新了基于活动空间的社会空间分异测度方法,从活动与时空间结合的视角探讨了户籍维度的社会空间分异,为更好的理解在中国大城市日益凸显的社会空间分异问题提供了新的视角。     

"绿岛模式"研究--一个循环农业企业案例分析

指出潮州市绿岛生态农业有限公司通过先后实施“果林开发”战略、“种养结合”战略和“旅游带动”战略,经历了“绿岛名、优、稀水果产业基地”、“绿岛猪—沼—果生态农业生产基地”和“绿岛循环农业生产基地”三个阶段的发展,形成了“绿岛模式”。认为“绿岛模式”是基于循环经济理念构建的以旅游业为龙头的循环农业生产系统,在形态上表现为以生态农业旅游区为载体的循环农业生产基地,是一种资源节约型农业企业模式,属于先进的现代农业企业模式之一。     

Mothering urban space,governing migrant women: the construction of intersectional positions in area-based interventions in Berlin

In this paper, we investigate new ways of governing migrant populations in Germany brought forth by social policies on the local level of inner-city neighborhoods. In recent years, numerous initiatives on the local level have constituted the ‘migrant neighborhood’ as a site of governmental attention. One initiative that policymakers consider particularly innovative is the neighborhood mothers program in Berlin, a program that instructs migrant women as agents of neighborhood improvement and encourages them to establish peer-to-peer relations to other migrant women in order to pass on social norms. In the paper, we combine governmentality and intersectionality theory to critically examine the modes of behavior change promoted by the neighborhood mothers program and the political rationalities that are used to justify the governing of (and through) migrant women. We draw particular attention to the spatial dimensions of the neighborhood mothers program, to the ways in which it targets domestic and intimate spaces as sites of inspection and intervention and appoints migrant women as ‘door openers’ for entry of the state into the regulation of families and communities.     

全球化下"跨国移民社会空间"的地方响应——以广州小北黑人区为例

全球化下的中国城市社会空间面临新的重塑,以诸多大城市新近出现的跨国移民社会空间的发展最为突出。本文以广州小北黑人区为研究对象,采用三角检验法,综合利用问卷调查、深度访谈等研究手段,探讨全球化下中国城市所出现的新社会空间的地方响应。总体上,一个负面的黑人群体形象已经被建构起来。就居民的年龄、性别、教育水平、居住时间和宗教信仰等方面而言,各类本地居民在对黑人聚居的看法上并无太大差别;但不同职业类型的居民看法差别很大。排斥心理的产生多源于外在信息的影响,亦即本地媒体排斥、矮化性的负面响应。     

快速城镇化背景下居住空间分异与失地农民社会融合的作用机制研究——以长三角地区为例

伴随着快速城镇化进程,中国城镇化已从速度型向质量型转变,这一转变的核心是实现人的城镇化,即农业转移人口的市民化。失地农民的居住形态由原来的宅基地建房为主转变成征地补偿房、租房和自购商品房等多种形式并存,即出现了居住空间分异现象。居住空间分异对失地农民的社会融合会产生重要影响,但其作用机制的有关研究尚少。论文基于长三角地区的调研数据,以“社会—空间”为主要视角,从住房类型(含区位)和住房人均面积2个维度衡量居住空间,通过建立回归模型,分析居住空间对城郊失地农民社会融合的影响。研究发现,其作用机制为：一是不同居住空间的城郊失地农民的社会融合程度有显著差别;二是住房类型对城郊失地农民的社会融合影响最大,住房面积则影响不大;三是性别、年龄、职业、收入、获得非农户口的时间等因素也与住房类型共同产生作用。为推动失地农民的社会融合、提升新型城镇化的质量,可采取的措施有推行混合居住模式、增强就业能力以及政府增加投入提升城郊失地农民社会保障水平等。     

南京城市社会区空间结构——基于第五次人口普查数据的因子生态分析

以人口普查数据为基础,利用城市因子生态分析手段,采用聚类分析方法,对南京城市社会区类型空间结构加以分析。结果表明影响2000年南京城市社会区形成的主因子有外来人口因子、农业人口因子、城市住宅因子、文化程度/职业状况因子和城市失业人口因子五个;将2000年南京城市社会区划分为六个主要类型。南京城市社会区空间分布呈现出明显的"三圈层"结构:城市本地户口居民集中分布的老城区、在老城区渐进蔓延基础上形成的中间圈层、城市远郊区为主的外围圈层;圈层内部的城市社会区空间分布以"圈层＋扇形"的复合结构为主。     

消费端视角的中国大城市新建绅士化现象——以北京宣武门ZS小区为例

绅士化是一个基于社会阶层向上变化与演替的社会空间重构过程,以城市拆除建新为主要形式的新建绅士化是中国各大城市最主要的绅士化模式。当前对新建绅士化的研究大多从政府主导的生产端进行解析,而基于居民行为动机的消费端解析则相对较少。因此,论文以北京市宣武门新建绅士化为例,从消费端出发,分析居民的住房选择和社会空间效应,以期更好地理解中国绅士化及城市更新的多元动力和影响机制。研究发现,新建绅士化在中西方存在较大差异,这主要源于中国城市的发展背景、特殊的土地制度以及特定的社会文化环境。在绅士化群体特征方面,中国新建绅士化在社会经济特征上虽然与西方基本趋同,但在年龄和家庭结构上呈现多样化和复杂化;在住房选择上,中国绅士化群体的住房选择比较务实,都集中在追求生活便利、子女教育、改善居住环境等,这与西方追求文化要素的结果有很大不同。在社会空间效应方面,低收入阶层的原住居民在绅士化过程中被置换与动迁,虽然住房条件得到一定改善,但动迁使原住居民在日常生活和情感等方面都遭受了负面影响。文章最后呼吁,深入探讨和研究中国绅士化“本土”理论框架的建立是今后应该重点关注的主要课题。     

外部社会资本视角下的黄土高原农户生活满意度研究——以陕西省长武县洪家镇为例

基于外部社会资本视角,选取黄土高原典型农区陕西省长武县洪家镇,探讨不同生计类型农户的社会资本特征及生活满意度差异,重点讨论社会资本对不同生计类型农户生活满意度的影响。结果表明：（1）当地四种类型农户社会资本存在显著差异,整体上表现出多种生计方式并存的农户类型高于单一生计方式为主的农户。（2）当地农户生活满意度水平整体较低。（3）农户社会资本存量对生活满意度水平提高具有促进作用。社会网络、社会互动、社会信任、共同愿景均是影响农户生活满意度的重要社会因素;此外,影响不同类型农户生活满意度的首要社会资本因子各不相同,分别为社会互动（纯农型）、社会网络（农兼型）、信任（兼农型、非农型）。