Invisible homelessness: anonymity,exposure, and the right to the city

The city of Denver, Colorado recently outlawed camping in all open space. Part of a broad effort to accelerate the profit potential of prime urban land through real estate speculation and commerce, the camping ban has dislocated homeless people from the city’s marginal spaces. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in Denver, this article develops a tripartite approach to public space—prime, everyday, and marginal—to analyze challenging ways in which people who are homeless in Denver must now manage their exposure to others in everyday public spaces. In addition to eliminating places of hard-won safety and security, this singular new code disrupts hygiene, mobility, and sociability routines, thus throwing already precarious lives into further disarray by rendering housing status visible. To demonstrate how everyday social justice springs from interaction between different people co-present in public space, we foreground the voices of Denver’s homeless people, those most impacted by quality of life laws. Evicting individuals from marginal spaces and rendering them visibly homeless in everyday and prime spaces, the ban deprives them of a fundamental right to the city: anonymity.     

House broken: homelessness,housing first,and neoliberal poverty governance

Housing First (HF) is the new orthodoxy when dealing with the small, long-term, visible and recalcitrant fraction of the greater homeless population. Unlike more traditional, “treatment first” models that expect “self-sufficiency” before clients should achieve housing, this markedly cost-effective program/policy rapidly places homeless people who “consume” the most state resources into their own subsidized apartment. Many conclude that such an upending renders HF an exceptionally progressive program that ousts the disciplinary, paternalist traditions of poverty governance. Using evidence from two programs in metropolitan Phoenix, AZ, however, I argue that housing indeed comes first, but paternalism is right there behind it. Further, I argue that the program’s apartment lease – in what remains commodified housing – is no benign social relationship. It is, rather, a lever of market discipline. In HF, the abstract compulsions of the market significantly but incompletely replace the older, more paternalistic and personal models of disciplinary case management. As such, HF exemplifies a form of neoliberal poverty governance despite its relatively “progressive” platform.     

Post-revanchist cities?

This intervention focuses on how national-level rhetoric aimed at impugning “others” has thrived of late, but how concomitantly 1990s-style urban revanchism has faded in cities that were once punitive crucibles against the homeless. Using Los Angeles as case study, I argue that the recent trend has been to grudgingly support the homeless, increasingly via taxpayer initiatives, leading to a potential but stymied post-revanchist city. If the spirit of revanchism remains, it is through the persistent NIMBY opposition to housing the homeless.     

利用排序多元Logit模型研究城市居民的 居住区位选择

本文将北京、上海、广州、武汉和重庆五城市的居住区位调查数据,利用排序多元Logit模型研究城市居民对居住区位的选择行为进行了实证分析。影响区位选择的因素可归纳为家庭层面和城市层面两部分,前者包括收入、工作地点、对环境的偏好等,后者则包括住房价格、城市扩张程度、郊区市政设施便利程度等,实证结果表明这些因素的影响都是显著的,且符合理论预期。收入较高的群体仍喜好选择距离城市中心偏近的居住区位,郊区基础设施和公共服务设施的不完善是制约其向郊区转移的主要因素。这些实证结论能够对城市发展布局和居住用地的规划开发起到决策支持作用。     

A NEW TYPE OF FAMILY HOMELESSNESS: SURVEY FINDINGS,PERCEPTIONS, AND LOCAL POLITICS IN MADISON,WISCONSIN

An increasing number of homeless families in Madison, Wisconsin, have lived in other places before becoming homeless in Madison: these families are the focus of this paper. While their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics fit the generally accepted understanding of homeless families, the reasons explaining their situation differ from those most frequently cited, which suggests that a new type of family homelessness has to be considered. Most families had housing in the places from which they moved. But extremely stressful environments, like the ghettos of Chicago, and the wish to raise the children in a better place, led to the decision to move away. These families intentionally use homeless shelters as a stepping-stone to a new and better life. Families relocating in Madison's homeless shelters comprise only part of an increasing number of poor and black migrants, especially from Chicago. The expected continuation of this influx is changing the racial and class composition of the white, middle-class city. A secondary thrust of this paper examines perceptions and attitudes of Madisonians toward, and the problems of integration for, these migrants and discusses the ensuing conflicts and policy approaches.     

南京市住房困难人群职住关系及影响因素分析

居住和就业的空间关系,既是城市居民日常生活的空间反映,也是评判城市空间合理性的重要准则。新就业大学生(取得专科及以上学历且工作未满3 a,在南京无自有住房且租房居住)、外来务工人员(收入低于2016年南京市人均可支配收入4166元/月,在南京无自有住房且租房居住)和中低收入人群(南京户籍,家庭人均可支配收入低于3074元/月,人均住房面积不大于20 m ²)等住房困难人群,普遍面临住房机会不平等的问题,职住关系也呈现出特殊性。论文基于南京市这3类住房困难人群的873份问卷数据,采用两步聚类法对通勤流向模式进行划分,基于多项Logistic回归模型探究通勤时间和通勤方式的影响因素,并以南京鼓楼区为案例解析住房困难人群的职住关系。结果表明：新就业大学生通勤流向主要为内部通勤,通勤时间最短,职住关系受通勤流向和工作单位影响;外来务工人员通勤流向主要为侧向通勤,通勤方式机动化程度最低,职住关系受通勤流向、工作单位和性别显著影响;中低收入人群通勤流向主要为侧向通勤,职住分离程度最高,职住关系主要受到住房类型的显著影响。以鼓楼区为例,论文进一步发现新就业大学生以交通条件为导向、外来务工人员以工作地为导向和中低收入人群以居住地为导向的职住关系。     

经济适用房空间分布及福利损失研究——以大连市为例

通过收集整理有关大连市经济适用房和普通商品房信息,采用spss、mapinfo、surfer等软件研究经济适用房空间分布,绘制经适房位置房价等值线图、经适房距城市中心＂相对＂距离变化等值线图,结果表明大连市经济适用房以6 500元等值线为界分为普通经济适用房、单位集资建房两种类型,受成本因素、环境因素、通勤因素、基础设施和公共设施4种首要因素影响;运用AMM模型分析大连市各个经济适用房楼盘福利损失状况,发现单位集资建房均不存在福利损失而普通经济适用房除石门山经济适用房外均存在福利损失。针对存在福利损失的经济适用房楼盘,依据经济适用房距城市中心＂相对＂距离变化规律得出每个楼盘福利损失年限。     

沿海发达地区农村老龄人口的居家养老特征 ——以浙江慈溪为例

农村老龄人口是21世纪我国面临和亟待解决的一个重要问题。以浙江慈溪农村老龄人口的居家养老状况的问卷调查为基础,运用人口地理学方法研究了沿海发达地区农村老龄人口的居家养老特征。结果表明:① 农村老龄人口居住条件最突出的问题是基本生活设施的配套普及与特困户、一般拥挤户的居住面积狭小。② 农村老龄人口日常生活节奏具有一定的规律性,但休闲娱乐活动的需求层次亟需提高。③ 农村老龄人口与子女同住比例较低,"空巢"老人的生活值得关注。④ 农村老龄人口经济状况表现为低收入、低消费。⑤农村老龄人口的日常自理功能要比社会服务设施利用功能好,患病就医率低的深层次原因是经济承受能力。⑥ 农村老龄人口对居家养老服务需求较大,部分精神慰藉难以得到满足。     

Hydroelectric Infrastructure and Potential Groundwater Contamination in the Brazilian Amazon: Altamira and the Belo Monte Dam

Heavy investments in hydroelectric development are occurring throughout the Amazon Basin, which holds 42.2 percent of Brazil’s hydroelectric potential. The Belo Monte dam is the most recent and largest project in this region. The prevalence of septic systems in the Amazon, coupled with the widespread use of water wells and rising water table from filling the reservoir, create sanitation and health concerns for upstream communities. Using spatial analytical data and terrain analyses, we identify high-risk locations within the most densely populated neighborhoods in Altamira, Belo Monte’s host city. The purpose of this research is to develop a heuristic for identifying areas susceptible to groundwater and well contamination in relation to existing and proposed hydroelectric projects. Altamira’s city center persists as a high-risk location for contamination of wells because of its population density and relatively low elevation compared to other parts of the city. The methods, tools, and analyses presented in this article provide a framework that can be used to identify vulnerability to groundwater and drinking well contamination. The results presented here can guide implementation of public health and sanitation efforts in areas affected by large hydroelectric projects to avoid future water quality crises. Key Words: Belo Monte, groundwater contamination, hydroelectric infrastructure, risk assessment, spatial and terrain analyses.     

广州市居民住房条件的空间分异格局与形成机制

以广州都市区1 361个社区的第六次人口普查住房数据为基础,从住房的建成年代、建筑结构、户均建筑面积、住房生活设施4个方面构建居民住房条件评价体系,分析其空间分异格局与形成机制。结果表明：① 广州市居民住房条件由中心向外围逐渐提升,具有“圈层基础上的多核心”式空间分异结构;② 户均建筑面积和建成年代是决定其住房条件差异的2项重要指标,旧城的住房条件异质性最高;③ 城市发展的历史进程、互换效应和过滤效应、高房价和高地价影响和强化了住房条件分异格局,制度性因素、政府决策和市场力量同时起到了引导和推动作用。     

Modelling spatial heterogeneity and anisotropy: child anaemia,sanitation and basic infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa

Public interventions in support of public health and housing in developing countries could benefit from better understanding of spatial heterogeneity and anisotropy. Estimation of directional variation within geographically weighted regression (GWR) faces problems of local parameter instability, border effects and, if extended to non- spatial attributes, potential endogeneity. This study formulates a GWR model where anisotropy is filtered out based on information from directional variograms. Along with classical regressions, the approach is applied to investigate child anaemia and its associations with household characteristics, sanitation and basic infrastructure in 173 regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Based on ordinary least squares (OLS) results, anaemia prevalence rates are up to three times more responsive to child morbidity (related to malaria and other diseases) than to other covariates. GWR estimates provide similar indications, but also point to poor sanitation facilities as a cofactor of severe anaemia particularly in east and southern Africa. The anisotropy-adjusted GWR is spatially stationary in residuals, and its estimated local parameters are less collinear than GWR with no adjustment. However, similar explanatory power and lack of significant bias in parameters estimated by the latter suggest that directional variation is largely captured by modelled co-movements among the variables.     

开发区发展与西安城市经济社会空间极化分异

从阐释开发区“特区”运作机制、“新经济”型产业结构、配套住宅开发策略等特有开发模式及内在结构特性入手,以西安市为实证案例,以翔实的调研数据为支撑,剖析了开发区建设发展与城市经济-社会空间极化分异之关联及其典型过程与效应;并通过开发区与非开发区、新城与老城、新经济区与旧产业区之间在投资强度、发展速度、软硬环境、形象面貌、经济活力与潜力、人口成分与素质等诸多方面分异对比日益鲜明的一系列事实,论证了开发区建设发展已成为强化凸显当代中国城市经济-社会空间极化演变的机制之一。研究结果有助于更深入全面地认识评估“开发区”--这一机制独特、存在广泛、极富改革开放新时期特色的城市发展模式之影响与绩效。     

广州城市流浪乞讨者的空间管治与日常生活实践

以广州流浪乞讨者为研究对象,通过深度访谈等质性研究方法,解读针对流浪乞讨者的空间管治政策与手段,分析流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践与生境协商。研究发现：在地方城市政策对流动性与公共秩序限制的双重压力下,在流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践中,不仅有针对管治行动者而刻意为之的特殊营建,亦有基于程式化生活流程对自我身份认同的重塑与真情实感的展演。地方政府基于空间目标的救助与真实存在的日常生活实践存在着一种张力。研究关注了城市边缘群体日常生活对地理意义的主动塑造过程,对全面理解并规范管理中国城市流浪乞讨现象具有借鉴意义。     

Homelessness in Canada and New Zealand: A Comparative Perspective on Numbers and Policy Responses

This article provides a comparative perspective on homelessness in Canada and New Zealand, with a focus on three urban regions. It seeks to document homeless numbers in the chosen cities, to evaluate the utility of counting the homeless, and to identify common and divergent approaches in homelessness policy. Research involved document analysis, key informant interviews, and participant observation. Literal homelessness is found to be several orders of magnitude higher in the Canadian cities. In one of the Canadian centers, suburban homelessness is emerging as a significant phenomenon. Efforts to count the homeless allow such trends to be tentatively quantified, and inform policymaking. Policy differences between the countries are stark: Canadian cities are seeking to respond to an emergency, which may call for a radical change of approach in the form of "housing first." In New Zealand, a national program of social housing, combined with cultural factors, reduces pressure to act.     

THE FEDERAL RESPONSE TO HOMELESSNESS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR AMERICAN CITIES

The beginning of a dramatic rise in homelessness in American cities coincided with the election of a Republican administration under the leadership of Ronald Reagan. This paper examines the response of the Reagan Administration to the crisis of homelessness. The ideology of the Administration, its broad social-expenditure priorities, and its programs for health, housing, income maintenance, and human services which affect the homeless are investigated. The paper argues that the federal government, guided by conservative and individualist ideology, has (1 ) sought broad social-spending reductions and macroeconomic policies that have increased the risk of homelessness and (2) made minimal efforts toward directly ameliorating the situation of the homeless. The implications for American cities and their homeless populations include growth in the numbers of homeless, local fiscal stress, the expulsion of the homeless from skid-row districts, dispersion of the homeless from downtown zones, suburban exclusionary backlash, reinstitutionalization, and urban violence.     

地方城市的人口回流与移民战略——基于深圳-驻马店的调查研究

改革开放30 多年来,沿海大都市和内陆地方城市之间的发展差距不断拉大,其中人口流动是重要动因。因此,如何吸引人口回流,留住本地人才,是内陆地方城市未来发展的关键。在此背景下,以驻马店为案例地,通过实地调研和问卷访谈,探讨了在深圳市的驻马店籍人口的回流意愿,以及当前驻马店的人口回流状况,并重点对回流创业者与回流购房者的回流动因、地域选择、就业动向及预期等进行了调查分析。研究表明,以驻马店为代表的地方城市已出现了以U-turn 与I-turn 为主的人口回流现象,且回流人口大都从事或打算从事与之前就业行业相关的创业活动。已发现有两种主动回流类型,即创业回流和购房回流。其中,购房回流也可看作是创业回流的前奏,二者可理解为同一回流过程的两个阶段。如果地方政府能够做出积极的政策引导,回流人口及其带动的返乡经济可望成为地方城市摆脱发展困境的一个新战略。     

DESIGNER SHELTERS AS MODELS AND MAKERS OF HOME: NEW RESPONSES TO HOMELESSNESS IN URBAN AMERICA

As the number of homeless people grew over the 1980s, so did the number of homeless shelters. Given that these recently established shelters are smaller, more specialized, and tend to assist those segments of the homeless population more likely to be mainstreamed, they are intentionally designed to be a model of a middle-class home for the people they serve. This paper examines the process by which designer shelters became part of the contemporary urban scene. It explores the notion that in and through these institutions poor and homeless people are being told how to live. Evidence of how designer shelters have become a model of a middle-class home, and how designer shelters reproduce this model through their policies and practices, is gathered from various sources. City planning documents and shelter mission statements obtained from Wilmington, Delaware illustrate the process of creating model homemakers out of homeless people. Some of the spatial and social implications of this process are discussed.     

The politics of the possible: Making urban life in Phnom Penh

Phnom Penh, 're-entering' urban history as it did just some three decades ago becomes an important arena in which to focus on the intensifying contestation of rights, practices and development trajectories related to city making. Far from being comprehensively marginalized by emerging urban economies, residents with limited economic means, through their configurations of space, social relations and infrastructure continuously attempt to construct the conditions that enable the city to act as a flexible resource for the viable organization of their everyday lives. These issues are taken up in an analysis of some of the ways in which residents of a large low income housing tract, popularly dubbed 'Building', in the Bassac River neighbourhood collaborate to maximize their access to resources and opportunity.     

Assessing the influences of service provision on pace and short and medium term development patterns of residential housing in Dar es Salaam

The connection between city development patterns, housing and service provision is critical as it affects allocation of scarce resources in the cities of Sub Sahara Africa, where the adopted planning models and concepts seem to have minimal success. Through spatial analysis and quantitative research this study explores sequencing of servicing and housing development as it impacts city spatial growth patterns in a context of resource deficiency in Dar es Salaam City. The study finds that despite households’ land ownership being crucial in city spatial expansion process towards residential house ownership, their actual construction and occupation will depend on the accessibility of services. Moreover, it was established that as more services become available, proportionally, number of people settling in new areas increases. Since this process happens equally in planned and unplanned settlements, this study indicates that it is the availability of services and not land allocation that triggers actual development of residential housing. Thus, service provision determines the pace of change in short and medium city spatial patterns. This implies that in the context of public resource deficiency and self-help housing, strategic investments in basic services such as electricity connection, public transport and portable water is the way to influence actual city development pattern rather than providing plots.     

流出地空间资本与流动人口的住房选择分化

流动人口的住房直接关系到流动人口的市民化水平与城镇化高质量发展。基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,论文探究了流动人口的流出地空间资本对其流入地住房选择的影响及其群体差异性。研究发现：流动人口在流入地的住房选择以租住房为主,产权房和免费房为辅,流出地的空间资本是造成流动人口流入地住房选择分化的重要因素。流出地城市规模与住房选择并不是简单的线性相关关系;流出地聚落等级和流出地人文发展水平对流入地住房产权获得有促进作用,但当流出地为乡镇和县城时,流动人口倾向于通过市场途径获取住房。采用删除各流入地地级市中数量较少样本的方法做了稳健性检验,表明上述结论是稳健可信的。异质性分析结果表明,流出地空间资本对流动人口在流入地住房选择的影响在不同代际、受教育程度和收入水平间存在较为显著的差异。论文着眼于流动人口流出地空间资本的影响效应,拓展了流动人口住房选择分化研究的视角,研究结果对进一步优化面向流动人口的住房政策和推进流动人口市民化具有重要政策含义。