Low flows quantification and regionalization in North West Algeria

Low flow hydrological regimes are crucial for an efficient development of water resources management tools, especially in those areas stressed by the combination of a dry climate and an excessive water demand, such as the Mediterranean basins. A lot of effort has been made by the worldwide scientific community toward the prediction of low flows features in ungauged catchments. The aims of the present study are: (1) the quantification of low flows characteristics, in particular with regard to the BFI and (2) the application of a simple regional approach to predict the BFI at ungauged sites. The investigated area is located in North West Algeria and has an extension of about 130,000 km². The relevant extension and the poorly dense monitoring network, which consist in 24 hydrometric stations, require the identification of homogeneous regions, for further application of simple linear regional regression models. Regions delineation is accomplished through the Principal Component Analysis method (PCA) and the cluster analysis, based on physiographic and climatic data. Three significantly different homogeneous areas have been identified, and comparisons between global and local regional multiple linear regression models indicate a large percentage of BFI explained variance in each area.     

基于ICA的遥感蚀变信息提取方法的研究

在研究比较了ICA(独立成分分析)和PCA(主成分分析)方法的差异后,借鉴PCA提取遥感蚀变信息的应用方法,应用ICA的原理,提出了一种基于ICA的遥感蚀变信息提取方法.以ICA方法替代传统的PCA方法,进行遥感矿物蚀变信息提取实验.并以哈图金矿矿区为例,分别用ICA和PCA方法对ETM+影像提取羟基蚀变信息和铁染蚀变...     

基于环境相关法的土壤属性空间分布特征研究——以黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域为例

在横山县朱家沟小流域采集111个样点,分析土壤属性与地形因子相互关系,进行空间预测分析。结果表明:土壤密度与复合地形指数CTI显著正相关,土壤有机质与复合地形指数CTI、汇流动力指数SPI、沉积物运移指数STI显著负相关,全磷只与坡度β显著负相关。多元线性逐步回归模型对于土壤密度和有机质拟合较好,而对于全磷,预测结果较差;回归-克里格预测有效地减小了残差,消除了平滑效应,预测极差更宽,对于局部的变异及地形、土地利用的关系体现更为细化,提高了预测精度。     

ETM+影像IHS融合算法改进及其土地覆盖分类实验比较

在总结PCA、IHS融合算法优缺点的基础上,发展了一种改进的IHS融合算法。利用HPF、Brovery、PCA、IHS及改进的IHS融合算法对ETM+全色和多光谱影像进行了融合实验。通过定性、定量分析比较融合影像的质量,并分别对融合后影像和原始影像进行土地覆盖非监督分类实验。选取原始影像和非监督分类精度最高的一种融合影像进行监督分类实验与比较,发现无论是非监督分类还是监督分类,改进的IHS融合影像精度均较高。     

乡镇企业的地域组织模型

本文以浙江省为例,运用PCA、AHP等系统分析方法建立了一种有关乡镇企业地域组织的部门决策性模型,并从市场竞争、加工业地域配套和乡村剩余劳力地域配置等角度探讨了该模型的经济意义。     

江苏城市人居环境空间差异定量评价研究

文章首先以经济、社会和生态环境因素为基础,建立江苏省主要城市人居环境综合评价三级指标体系——指标类、指标组、单项指标。根据36个单项指标,通过主成分分析和聚类分析的方法,把江苏省13个省辖市人居环境分为3个类型:第一类是南京、无锡、苏州;第二类是连云港、常州、南通、徐州、镇江、扬州、盐城、泰州;第三类是淮安和宿迁。最后分析了该省城市人居环境空间差异的原因,并提出了建设最佳城市人居环境的建议。     

差分主成分分析法在辽河三角洲景观变化中的应用

差分主成分分析法是应用遥感数据检测景观变化的一种新方法。为了提高检测精度,我们利用TM卫星遥感数据,改进了主成分分析法和图像差值法,提出了差分主成分分析法。并以辽河三角洲地区为例,对该方法进行了验证。研究结果表明：(1) 与传统的检测法-分类后比较法相比,差分主成分分析法具有较高的检测精度,总检测精度为0.89,Kappa指数为0.82;(2) 在1984~2000年的16年间,辽河三角洲地区有近22%的景观发生了变化,主要包括芦苇湿地的减少、水稻田的增加以及城镇用地的增加。     

HIMS模型参数的不确定性及其影响因素

模型参数的不确定性及影响因素分析对无资料流域水文预报具有重要意义。本文以澳大利亚3 个流域为例,采用GLUE方法分析HIMS模型参数的不确定性,在此基础上探讨流域物理属性对参数取值的影响。研究发现:① HIMS模型9个参数的不确定性都比较大,属于敏感参数;② 降雨量、森林覆盖度和表层土壤最大有效蓄水量大的流域,土壤蓄水容量W_sm取值大;土壤饱和导水率和森林覆盖度高的流域,产流系数R、r的取值较大;温度低、森林覆盖度小的流域,实际蒸散发系数ε取值大;易透水、森林覆盖度高的流域,马斯京根汇流系数C₂取值大。这些结论能为今后在无资料流域应用HIMS模型进行水文预报提供一定参考。     

中国沙漠生态旅游资源及其竞争力分析研究

在深入探讨中国沙漠生态旅游资源特点基础上,对中国沙漠生态旅游竞争力进行了主成分分析。分析了中国沙漠生态旅游资源特点,对中国沙漠生态旅游资源进行分类研究,统计出8个主类、23个亚类、45个基本类型,资源组合特色多是自然风光与生态和环境的充分结合,景观上十分突出生态特色。为使评价具有客观的针对性,构建了沙漠生态旅游竞争力指标体系。选取沙漠分布较多的6省区为样本,得出竞争力排序从高到低依次为:内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、青海,结果符合沙漠生态旅游开发的现状。     

基于SOM的流域分类和无资料区径流模拟

无资料区的径流模拟问题是国内外水文研究的难点之一。基于相似流域的参数移植法是常用的解决方法之一,但如何判断相似流域是制约此类方法发展的难点。本文以滇池流域为例,采用自组织映射神经网络(SOM)和层次聚类分析(HCA)联合模式,选取16个流域物理特征为指标进行子流域分类,以确定相似流域。运用无分层的K-means分类的SOM法将整个滇池流域划分为7类具有水文属性的子流域组,分类情景与HCA基本一致,两者实现相互验证。采用HBV水文模型模拟子流域径流过程,并选择部分子流域进行组内参数移植交叉检验。结果显示,HBV模型可较好的模拟滇池流域径流过程;此外,子流域交叉检验结果优良,表明同组内参数可以相互移植。本文不仅为解决滇池流域无资料问题提供了可靠手段,而且由于SOM实现了高维流域特征可视化展示,有助于管理者全面、深入的把握滇池流域水文属性的空间分布特征,为进行水资源管理提供指导。     

Investigating the role of bogs in the streamflow formation within the Middle Ob Basin

A study is made of the role of bogs in the formation of the annual runoff within the Middle Ob basin and its intra-annual distribution as well as making an assessment of the swampiness of the river catchments by using Landsat space images. It is shown that the overall swampiness of the catchments of almost all rivers under investigation(except for the Shegarka, Kargat, Chichka-Yul and Bol’shaya Yuksa rivers) as determined by analyzing the space images of the study territory exceeds, on the average, he previously obtained data by a factor of 1.5–2, while the influence of the bogs on the streamflow is different and depends on the occurrence of separate groups of bog microlandscapes, the structure of bog massifs, the character of location of the bogs on the catchment, and on the course and stage of their development. The area along the left bank of the Ob is dominated by raised bogs (49%) of the central-oligotrophic course of development and shows a regular alternation of definite groups of bog microlandscapes from the middle part to the margins of the bogs, and an almost total merging of elementary bog massifs to form major bog systems, such as the Vasyugan Swamp. As a result, the influence of the bogs on the streamflow is more clearly pronounced there. Along the right bank of the Ob, in conditions of the larger dissection of the terrain, the peripheral-oligotrophic course of development of the bog massifs is dominant, almost all bogs are in early stages of their development, with transition bogs predominating (49%) so that the bogs have a smaller influence on the streamflow. In conditions of an increase in swampiness of the catchments along the right bank of the Ob, it is found that the mean long-term layers of flow increase, whereas along the left bank the inverse situation is observed. The area along the right bank of the Ob shows an increase in evenness of the discharge within a year is observed with an increase in swampiness of the river catchments. The intra-annual runoff distribution of the rivers in the area along the left bank of the Ob is characterized by a larger irregularity, and by a decrease in the runoff at the low-water period with an increase in the area of the bogs.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生境对植物群落格局的影响

沿87^o37'09"~88^o24'04"E纵穿古尔班通古特沙漠,对44^o14'04"~45^o41'52"N的范围进行11个样地的地貌景观调查、植被分布参数采集和土壤取样。研究区统计到的植物种数占古尔班通古特沙漠文献资料中植物种数的1/3,出现的植物群落构建了该沙漠大面积成片分布的荒漠植被景观。调查发现,随着宏观生境的空间变化,植物群落作相应的演替。在此基础上,利用因子分析 (PCA)和相关分析 (CA) 查明了沙漠风沙土理化属性,如土壤养分、盐分、水分、碱性 (pH) 等微生境的异质性仅对沙漠植被草本层片的多样性 (PIE草) 产生显著影响。同时,这些微生境因相互拮抗使沙漠环境处于暂时的脆弱平衡之中。     

A statistical approach to disentangle environmental forcings in a lacustrine record: the Lago Chungará case (Chilean Altiplano)

A high resolution multiproxy study (magnetic susceptibility, X-ray diffraction, XRF scanner, gray-colour values, Total Organic Carbon, Total Inorganic Carbon, Total Carbon and Total Biogenic Silica) of the sedimentary infill of Lago Chungará (northern Chilean Altiplano) was undertaken to unravel the environmental forcings controlling its evolution using a number of different multivariate statistical techniques. Redundancy analyses enabled us to identify the main provenance of the studied proxies whereas stratigraphically unconstrained cluster analyses allowed us to distinguish the “outsiders” as result of anomalous XRF scanner acquisitions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to identify and isolate the main underlying environmental gradients that characterize the sedimentary infill of Lago Chungará. The first eigenvector of the PCA could be interpreted as an indicator of changes in the input of volcaniclastic material, whereas the second one would indicate changes in water availability. The chronological model of this sedimentary sequence was constructed using 17 AMS ¹⁴C and 1 ²³⁸U/²³⁰Th dates in order to characterize the volcaniclastic input and the changes in water availability in the last 12,300 cal years BP. Comparison of the reconstructed volcaniclastic input of Lago Chungará with the dust particle record from the Nevado Sajama ice core suggested that the Parinacota volcano eruptions were the main source of dust during the mid and Late Holocene rather than the dry out lakes as has previously been pointed out. The comparison of the water availability reconstruction of Lago Chungará with three of the most detailed paleoenvironmental records of the region (Paco Cocha, Lake Titicaca and Salar Uyuni) showed an heterogeneous (and sometimes contradictory) temporal and spatial pattern distribution of moisture. Although the four reconstructions showed a good correlation, each lacustrine ecosystem responded differently to the moisture oscillations that affected this region. The variations in the paleoenvironmental records could be attributed to the dating uncertainities, lake size, lake morphology, catchment size and lacustrine ecosystem responses to the abrupt arid events.     

新疆县域产业结构转换能力综合评价

产业结构的演进和转换是经济发展的本质特征,也是促进经济持续稳定协调发展的关键。文章从影响区域产业结构转换的技术创新能力、需求能力、供给能力、对外贸易发展、经济政策等因素出发,从5个方面构建了由13个指标组成的区域产业结构转换能力评价指标体系,并在此基础上采用主成分分析、层次分析和均方差3种方法的组合评价法对新疆县域产业结构转换能力进行研究,并提出相应建议。     

中国就业的空间模式及区域划分

就业问题是中国乃至世界的重大社会问题, 关系到经济社会发展的各个方面。对中国就业空间分布进行区域划分有利于国家流动人口的引导、就业政策的制订以及和谐社会的建设。利用2000 年中国第五次人口普查数据, 采用主成分分析、聚类分析和统计分析方法, 对中国2343 个县(市)、市区的就业结构数据进行分析研究发现: ① 中国就业形成了连续型圈层、非连续型圈层、跳跃式圈层、混合型圈层、多核心圈层、带状等6 种就业空间模式; ② 中国就业区可划分为东部沿海、东北、京津、中部、西部等5 个就业区, 其中, 西部区可划分为陕甘宁青川渝、云贵藏和新疆等3 个就业亚区。     

Structural Analysis for Gold Mineralization Using Remote Sensing and Geochemical Techniques in a GIS Environment: Island of Lesvos,Hellas

Exploration for epithermal Au has been active lately in the Aegean Sea of the eastern Mediterranean Basin, both in the islands of the Quaternary arc and in those of the back-arc region. The purpose of this study was the structural mapping and analysis for a preliminary investigation of possible epithermal gold mineralization, using remotely sensed data and techniques, structural and field data, and geochemical information, for a specific area on the Island of Lesvos. Therefore, Landsat-TM and SPOT-Pan satellite images and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area were processed digitally using spatial filtering techniques for the enhancement and recognition of the geologically significant lineaments, as well as algebraic operations with band ratios and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), for the identification of alteration zones. Statistical rose diagrams and a SCHMIDT projection Stereo Net were generated from the lineament maps and the collected field data (dip and strike measurements of faults, joints, and veins), respectively. The derived lineament map and the band ratio images were manipulated in a GIS environment, in order to study the relation of the tectonic pattern to both the alteration zoning and the geomorphology of the volcanic field of the study area. Target areas of high interest for possible mineralization also were specified using geochemical techniques, such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, trace-element, and fluid-inclusion analysis. Finally, preliminary conclusions were derived about possible mineralization, the type (high or low sulfidation), and the extent of mineralization, by combining the structural information with geochemical information.     

Impact of habitat heterogeneity on plant community pattern in Gurbantunggut Desert

1IntroductionStudy on the interrelationship between vegetation patterns and their habitat heterogeneity is important to recover and rehabilitate the desert vegetation, stabilize the desert ecosystem and prevent desert expansion. Domestic and foreign researchers have carried out many studies on this topic (Archer etal., 2002; Bolling etal., 2000; Chen etal., 2003; Dasti etal., 1994; Gu etal., 2002, Li etal., 2001; Li etal., 2001; Liang etal., 2003), which have used and refined statistic tech…     

Impact of habitat heterogeneity on plant community pattern in Gurbantunggut Desert

This paper reports a geomorphologic landscape investigation, vegetation survey and soil sampling at 14 sites across the Gurbantunggut Desert between 87o37'09'-88o24'04'E and 44o14'04'-45o41'52'N. The study encountered 8 species of low trees and shrubs, 5 of perennial herbs, 8 of annual plants and 48 of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants. These species of plants represent one-third of the species found in the Gurbantunggut Desert, and their communities make up a large proportion of desert vegetation with great landscape significance. In the investigation we found that the plant communities are accordingly succeeded with the spatial variation of macro-ecoenvironment. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correlation Analysis (CA) we found that the micro-ecoenvironment heterogeneity of aeolian sandy soil's physical and chemical properties such as soil nutrient, soil moisture, soil salt, pH etc. only impacted the diversity of herb synusia (PIEherb) of the desert, with a negative correlation. Meanwhile, the impact of microhabitat on the plant community pattern with an antagonistic interaction made vegetation's eco-distribution in a temporary equilibrium.     

基于DEM的复杂地形流域特征提取

利用流域数字高程模型(DEM)构建数字水系模型并提取流域水系特征是分布式水文过程模拟的重要前提。提出了面向分布式水文过程模拟和流域特征提取的数字水系模型,并针对现有方法对复杂地形DEM中含有的平地、洼地及其嵌套情形的处理不足,提出了栅格水流分类、填洼分类与归并及有效填平处理、河谷平地的出流代价法构建栅格流向和流序等新的处理方法,并在开发的软件系统得到实现。使用该方法创建的黄土岭流域数字水系模型和提取的水系等流域特征结果表明:本文方法可有效应对复杂地形流域的处理,提取的流域水系特征与实际自然水系比较吻合,能够有效地消除现有方法在地形平坦区域容易产生的平行河道、奇异河道、河道变形等不足。     

南岭山地森林流域退水规律及影响因素

采用水文气象长期定位观测数据,结合基于事件尺度的退水速率与流量关系分析方法,对2019—2021年典型南岭山地森林流域的退水过程变化进行识别,探索退水特征与同期土壤水分、地下水埋深、潜在蒸散发和实际蒸散发的关联程度,深入了解山地森林流域退水规律及主要影响因素。结果表明：1）相同流量情况下,流域在枯水条件下比丰水条件退水速率更快;2）流域土壤入渗能力较强,降水能迅速补给土壤水和地下水,地下水对降水的响应较土壤水略有延迟;3）地下水埋深对流域退水有显著影响,土壤水分次之,与之相比潜在蒸散发和实际蒸散发的影响并不明显;4）地下水埋深是影响山地森林流域出口退水过程的最主要因素,由于地下水位低于河床位置,流域出口河段处于地下水补给区,因此地下水埋深越深,河道水向地下水渗失越快,从而导致流域出口退水速率加快。可见,地下水埋深是流域退水规律分析乃至枯水期径流模拟不可忽略的关键变量。