黔中典型喀斯特地区土壤水分时空特性分析

土壤水分是岩溶山区植被恢复和生态环境建设的关键性限制因素.利用黔中喀斯特普定石漠化研究基地的采样分析数据,用回归模型分析了不同利用类型(坡面、洼地)0～50cm土壤水分的动态变化规律;探讨了土壤水分空间变化的影响因子.结果表明,坡面和洼地土壤水分呈现弱变异特征,其中坡面土壤水分变异程度相对较大,变程分别是30.4～24.5和30.4～26.2.在剖面上,两者的垂直变异趋势大致相反,坡面土壤水分变异系数随土层的加深而增大;而洼地由于受外界自然条件的干扰相对较小,变异系数随着土层深度的增加而减小,而且其中的不同土地利用类型都是在40～50cm处达到最小.研究显示,植被覆盖度提高后土壤总体上朝着有利于水分保蓄和植被恢复的方向转变.     

Soil quality changes in land degradation as indicated by soil chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties in a karst area of southwest Guizhou, China

Not only the nutritional status and biological activity but also the soil ecological functioning or soil health has been impacted profoundly by land degradation in the karst area of southwest China where the karst ecosystems are generally considered as extremely vulnerable to land degradation under intensified land-use changes. The objectives of this study are to elucidate the changes in overall soil quality by a holistic approach of soil nutritional, biological activity, and soil health indicators in the karst area as impacted by intense cultivation and vegetation degradation. Topsoil samples were collected on selected eco-tesserae in a sequence of land degradation in a karst area of southwest Guizhou in 2004. The soil nutrient pools of organic carbon (C_org), extractable extracellular carbon (C_ext), total soil nitrogen (N_t), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (N_ah), total phosphorus (P_t), available phosphorus (P_a) were analyzed by wet soil chemistry. The soil biological properties were studied by means of measurements of microbial biomass carbon (both by fumigation–extraction, FE-C_mic, and by calculation from substrate-incubation respiration, SIR-C_mic) of respiration [respiration without addition of substrates, basal respiration (BR), and potential respiration (PR) with substrate-incubation] and of soil enzyme activities (invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase). Soil health status was assessed by simple indices of C_mic/C_org and BR/C_mic in conjunction with bacterial community structures determined by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. While the nutritional pool parameters, such as C_org and C_ext, described basically the changes in soil life-supporting capacity with cultivation interference and vegetation declined, those parameters of biological activity such as FE-C_mic, SIR, and SIR-C_mic as well as bacterial community structures measured by molecular method evidenced well the changes in soil functioning for ecosystem health with the land degradation.     

Variability of aquatic chemistry in central Guizhou karst region, China

It is necessary to understand the aquatic chemical characterstics of natural surface fresh water for water quality assessment.The chemical data from different kinds of water in the central Guizhou karst area showd that spring water from carbonate rock cracks(crack-water)is of neutrality or meta-alkalinity and [C] Ca II type.The amounts of all ions and the concentrations of HCO3^- and Ca^2 were higher in the autumn than in the spring,The crack-water was influenced by the infiltration of surface water in the process of erosion and /or trans-portation with decreasing HCO3 and increasing pH,SO4^2-,Cl^-,K^ and Na^ during running in a certain distance on the land surface .In particular,the chemical compositions of the waters at Tianxingqiao(upper-stream),Shuiliandong(mid-waterfall)and Luoshuitan(down-pool)near the Huangguoshu Waterfall were much different from those of the crack-water.The concentration of SO4^2-,Na^ ,Fe^3 and NO3^- varied closely with seasons.The CaCO3 deposited violently with CO2 release in the spring ,In Lake Hongfeng the HCO3^-/SO4^2- equivalent ratios were only 2.1-2.4 ,but Ca^2 /Mg^2 up to 2.4-4.2.The Cl^- concentration increased by a factor of 1 and Na^ by order of magnitude relative to the spring water.These indicated the increase in artificial pollutant discharge in the Lake Hongfeng watershed.In addition,Proewater in the soils covering carbonate rocks belongs to strongly mineralized water,The obvious differences in water quality were controlled by carbonate deposition,sulphate mineralization and nitrogen fixation as well as ammonification.It is indicated thaty the chemical compositions in the waters from the karst region were unstable and changeable.     

我国西南岩溶石漠化土地生态建设分区治理思路与途径探讨

论述了实施岩溶石漠化分区治理的必要性;根据岩溶石漠化土地分布特点及区域自然地理、社会经济、生物资源等差异性,将我国西南岩溶区分为中高山、岩溶断陷盆地、岩溶高原、岩溶峡谷、峰丛洼地、岩溶槽谷、峰林平原及溶丘洼地（槽谷）8个岩溶石漠化综合治理区,其建设重点与主要措施分别是:中高山区重点实施封山育林育草与营造生态防护林与薪炭林,利用自然景观和原生态文化,发展生态旅游业;岩溶断陷盆地区对盆地周边山地实施封山育林育草,盆地内修缮水利设施,建设高效经果林或中草药基地;岩溶高原区保护好现有林草植被,积极发展水源涵养林与经济林,完善生态体系结构,培育生态经济型产业,合理开展生态移民;岩溶峡谷区通过封造、乔灌治理相结合,提高岩溶植被的生态功能,积极发展生态旅游业与特色农林牧业;峰丛洼地区开展封山育林育草,发展南亚热带特色林业,适度进行生态移民;岩溶槽谷区加强对石漠化区域的生态建设,提高非石漠化土地的开发利用力度;峰林平原区合理开发利用地表和地下水资源,实施封山育林和人工造林,提高森林生态功能与景观价值;溶丘洼地（槽谷）区则围绕洞庭湖流域、岩溶景观区开展封山育林育草、人工造林,加强薪炭林与沼气池建设。      

Soil moisture dynamics under different land uses on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi,China

Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture are little known on karst hillslope with shallow soil in subtropical region. The objectives of this paper were (1) to investigate the temporal dynamics of soil moisture at depth of 0–10 cm under different land uses; and (2) to understand the relationship between mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of moisture contents on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi, China. Soil moisture contents had a moderate variation (CV 17.5–30.3%) over an 8-month period and they had a significant difference among different land uses at the 0.01 level with a decreasing order: native scrubland > abandoned cropland and sloping cropland > economic forestland. There were higher mean and lower CV of moisture contents in rainy season than those in drought season. Mean and CV of moisture contents had a significant negative linear relationship except in abandoned cropland with higher soil and vegetation heterogeneity. This suggested that spatial variability of soil moisture within sampling sites would decrease when soils were wet and increase when soils were arid. Compared with rainy season, more soil samples may be needed and the interval for sampling should be shortened in drought season. Such information provided some insights to better understand the dynamics and variability of soil moisture at a larger scale in karst region of southwest China.     

西南某岩溶区地下水系统示踪试验与解析

以西南某典型岩溶区为例,解析示踪试验在岩溶管道连通性以及获取水文地质参数中的应用。选择落水洞为投放点,分别从落水洞西侧和东侧寻找地下水出露点作为接收点,判别落水洞地下径流的实际去向以及落水洞与接收点之间的水力联系。结合Qtracer2软件对示踪试验成果进行定量解析,确定示踪剂回收率、地下水平均流速、最快流速,估算出岩溶管道结构特征和水文地质参数。结果表明：落水洞与接收点JS01、JS03之间不存在直接水力联系;落水洞与接收点JS02存在水力联系且岩溶管道极为发育,含水介质不均匀,地下水运移路径较为通畅,为典型的紊流流态;落水洞地下径流的主要方向是由西向东,但在丰水期雨量较大期间,接收点JS04能够接收到荧光素钠,说明丰水期水位上涨后两者间会有水力联系,导致部分水量向落水洞西侧排泄。     

喀斯特峡谷区不同经济林地土壤水分变化特征——以贵州花江示范区为例

选择喀斯特高原峡谷关岭—贞丰花江示范区为研究对象,在2018年5-9月采用土壤水分传感器对0~40 cm土层的土壤含水率进行监测,以分析花椒地、金银花地、火龙果地3种不同经济林地土壤储水量的季节变化特征及土壤含水量的剖面变化特征.结果表明:(1)3种经济林地土壤储水量随着降雨的季节变化明显,与降水随时间的变化趋势一致,但在时间上滞后于降水量.在观测期内不同经济林地0~40 cm土层土壤储水量表现为火龙果地(478.97 mm)>金银花地(372.64 mm)>花椒地(322.15 mm);(2)随着土层的加深,含水率总体呈增加趋势,观测期火龙果地、金银花地、花椒地的土壤含水率分别为35.97%、27.36%、23.55%,整体变异系数分别为9.64%、19.53%、24.27%,火龙果地为弱变异,花椒地和金银花地为中等变异.火龙果地的持水效果最好,金银花地和花椒地次之,因此在贵州省花江喀斯特高原峡谷区的石漠化治理过程中可适量种植火龙果以达到生态恢复效果,并推动当地产业发展.     

贵州典型喀斯特区土壤地球化学特征研究

以贵州花溪党武、遵义虾子和安龙木咱3个地区的土壤为主要研究对象,从地球化学的角度研究其土壤中相关矿物元素的含量、元素在岩-土剖面中的迁移富集特征及其风化成土系数,综合表征出研究区土壤的农业地质环境特征,并对其矿物营养元素环境质量做出初步评价。研究结果表明,石灰土中矿物营养元素的淋溶较为强烈,有10种左右元素的含量低于中国或世界土壤化学组成中值,具体表现为纯的碳酸盐岩所发育的土壤中矿物营养元素的含量较少,而安龙木咱地区由于其成土母质为白云质灰岩,且所处地质环境易于汇集周边淋溶出来的营养元素,使得其土壤矿物营养元素环境质量好于其余两地,三地土壤中营养元素达标率分别为73.7%（安龙木咱）、63.1%（遵义虾子）和68.4%（花溪党武）。总体而言,碳酸盐岩风化成土作用缓慢,土层较薄,土壤营养元素含量不足,需要施用相应的矿物肥料。      

中国西南喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的人文驱动框架构建

喀斯特山区是一种特殊的山地国土空间类型,系统识别其国土空间变化的人文驱动因素及作用机制,对于合理调控喀斯特山区人类活动的空间作用强度具有重要意义。喀斯特山区生态系统抗干扰能力差且高度脆弱,土地利用的空间异质性和尺度关联性强,非理性人类活动导致局部地区人地关系矛盾趋于尖锐化。通过论证,提出了社会经济、文化民俗、政策制度和人口变化是喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的四大人文驱动因素,解析了喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的多维人文因素作用方式。从土地管理者和土地使用者博弈的视角,遵循“驱动因素辨识—决策分析过程—行为作用结果—反馈路径环节”的思路,构建了喀斯特山区国土空间利用变化的人文驱动框架,为喀斯特山区国土空间优化和管控研究提供了新的理论视角。      

3种石生苔藓植物碳酸酐酶对石灰岩的溶蚀作用

以普定严重石漠化区域石生细叶小羽藓Haplocladium microphyllum Hedw.、银叶真藓Bryum argenteum Hedw. 和美灰藓Eurohypnum leptothollum(C. Muell. ) Ando.为研究材料,运用模拟土柱实验装置收集植物淋出液并测定其电导率、pH值、CA活性、钙镁元素含量并对石灰岩试片溶蚀进行估算。结果表明：岩溶生态系统中不同植物的碳酸酐酶活性差异较大,其中细叶小羽藓的溶蚀效果最为显著,产生的碳汇量最大;CA活性最高为美灰藓,为272.99 U·g-1·FW;最小的为细叶小羽藓的CA活性较低,为38.31 U·g-1·FW。淋出液均检测到CA的存在,银叶真藓淋溶6 d的CA活性最高,随着时间的推移,3种植物CA总体表现出先略降,然后升高,最后趋于平稳的趋势;pH值呈上升趋势;电导率呈下降趋势;淋出液中Ca2+和Mg2+浓度随淋溶时间的延长浓度逐渐降低,一定时间后趋于动态的平衡;说明石生植物对石灰岩有明显的酶促溶蚀驱动作用,且溶蚀率与CA活性成正相关。     

西南岩溶石山地区生态承载力的演变及动力机制——以贵州省为例

生态可持续发展是区域永续发展的重要条件,西南岩溶石山地区生态承载力供给状况及其支撑社会经济发展的水平是地区发展关注的重要问题。文章以贵州为例,采用基于生态足迹理论下的生态承载力计算方法,利用贵州1978-2013年各类型土地利用面积数据计算并分析了贵州生态承载力的演变特征和动力机制。结果表明:贵州多年平均的生态承载力总量为2 690.560万hm2;经历了1978-1986年的低值期（年均2 440.734万hm2）、 1987-1989年的提高过渡期,到1990-2013年达到较高水平（多年平均值2 899.654万hm2）;但贵州的人均生态承载力总体上呈降低趋势（多年平均值为0.796 hm2）;各类土地提供的承载力中,耕地的生态承载力最大,占65.9%,其次是林地占25.4%,建筑用地占7.2%,牧草地占1.4%,水域约占0.13%;1978-1985年,贵州生态有盈余,但逐年减少,从1986年开始出现亏损,并呈逐年增大趋势;贵州生态承载力的演变主要受土地利用方式、土地生产能力和人口数量的驱动。      

黔中地区浅覆盖型岩溶塌陷成因机制与防治对策--以紫云县白云小学为例

黔中地区处于贵州省第二阶梯,平均海拔800~1600 m。具有可溶岩分布面积广、岩溶极其发育、第四系土层覆盖薄、地下水埋深浅、地下水动力条件强等特点。岩溶地面塌陷是该区主要地质灾害之一。为了查明贵州省紫云县白云小学岩溶塌陷的成因及发育机制,在塌陷区开展了水文地质调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质工程地质钻探、岩土样测试等多项工作。综合研究表明,白云小学岩溶塌陷是特殊的"水-土-岩"不良因素共同作用的产物。根据塌陷区的岩土组构特征,建议在黔中岩溶地区进行工程选址前,采用"监测预防+控水+工程治理"综合防治措施。     

茂兰喀斯特自然保护区聚落空间分布与演变特点

探讨自然保护区聚落空间分布与演变特点,对认识自然保护地区人地关系动态变化具有重要意义。本文采用1963年到2015年的高分辨率影像和地形图数据,研究了茂兰保护区聚落空间分布与动态演变。结果表明:（1）茂兰自然保护区的聚落集中分布在4个实验区,从1963年到2015年,实验区聚落一直呈增加趋势,2005年是聚落集聚程度经历了减弱再到增加过程的拐点;（2）在聚落规模增加的同时,聚落的功能也在发生着变化,形成了以旅游业为主的新型生态旅游型聚落;（3）保护区峰丛洼地中聚落面积与耕地面积二者呈显著的正相关,保护区聚落密度低、聚耕比小是保护区植被得以较完整保存的根本原因。研究结果有助于为查清茂兰自然保护地区人-地关系动态状况、为连片峰丛洼地区的人-地关系优化调控提供参考。      

Groundwater-related thallium transfer processes and their impacts on the ecosystem: southwest Guizhou Province,China

The small karstic watershed of Lanmuchang, in a Hg–Tl mineralized area in SW Guizhou Province, China, exhibits an enrichment of toxic Tl in groundwater and related stream water. This affords an excellent demonstration of the natural processes of Tl dispersion, and the resultant impact on the local ecosystem. The distribution of Tl in the water system follows a decreasing concentration pattern from deep groundwater to stream water to shallow groundwater. Tl shows high levels (13–1100 μg/L) in deep groundwater within the Tl-mineralized area, decreasing with distance away from the mineralized area to background levels (0.005 μg/L). The distribution of Tl in the water system is constrained by Tl mineralization, water–rock interactions and hydrogeological conditions. Tl concentrations in waters generally correlate with concentrations of total dissolved solids, sulphate, Ca and pH values, suggesting the contribution of water-rock interactions to water geochemistry. Water–rock interactions are driven by weathering of Tl-bearing sulfides which decreases pH values in groundwater, and by dissolution of limestone enhanced by acid fluids. Tl in stream water in both the base-flow and flood-flow regimes shows higher concentrations than it does in shallow groundwater that serves as the stream's source (mainly springs, dug-well flows and karstic cave waters). Concentrations of Tl in stream water in the flood-flow regime are generally lower than in the base-flow regime due to dilution effects, but those in the waters of mid-stream are almost the same as in the base-flow regime, probably due to contribution from Tl-rich soil water seepage or from acid mine drainage (AMD). Unexpectedly, Tl concentrations in stream water in both regimes are remarkably higher (2–30 fold) downstream than up- and mid-stream. These pronounced increases of Tl concentration are likely caused by unidentified discharges of deep groundwater through fractured zones to the downstream trace. The groundwater-related Tl transfer processes affect the ecosystem through contamination of water supply and arable soil and ultimately the food chain with undoubted risks to human health. Therefore, the results of this study are important for environmental planning and regulations, and will also serve as baseline data for future research on Tl natural dispersion processes.     

Physicochemical Conditions of Differential Mineralization of Au and As in Gold Deposits,Southwest Guizhou Province,China

The conditions under which gold and arsenic are enriched separately during mineralization in gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province were described and the thermodynamic calculations gave: 200–150°C at 400 × 10⁻⁶ -300 × 10⁶ Pa (corresponding to a depth between 1.6 km and 1.2 km); lgf o₂,−40 to -35 Pa; lgf s₂, -20 to−16 Pa; pH 5.0 -4.2 and Eh -0.53 V. This project was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Open Lab. of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Dissolved rare earth elements in river waters draining karst terrains in Guizhou Province,China

Winter seasonal concentrations of dissolved rare earth elements (REE) of two major river systems (the Wujiang River system and the Yuanjiang River system) in karst-dominated regions in winter were measured by using a method involving solvent extraction and back-extraction and subsequent ICP-MS measurements. The dissolved REE concentrations in the rivers and their tributaries are lower than those in most of the large rivers in the world. High pH and high cation (i.e., Na⁺ + Ca²⁺) concentrations of the rivers are the most important factors controlling the concentrations of dissolved REE in the river water. The dissolved load (<0.22 μm) REE distribution patterns of high-pH river waters are very different from those of low-pH river waters. The shale (PAAS)-normalized REE patterns for the dissolved loads are characterized by light REE-enrichment and heavy REE-enrichment. Water in the upper reaches of the Wujiang River generally shows light REE-enriched patterns, while that in the middle and lower reaches generally shows heavy REE-enriched patterns. The Yuanjiang River is heavy REE enriched with respect to the light REE in the same samples. Water of the Wuyanghe River draining dolomite-dominated terrains has the highest heavy REE-enrichment. Most river water samples show the shale-normalized REE patterns with negative Ce and Eu anomalies, especially water from Wuyanghe River. Y/Ho ratios show that the water/particle interaction might have played an important role in fractionation between HREE and LREE.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of alkaline ultramafic dykes from southwest Guizhou Province,SW China

Geochronological, geochemical and whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopic analyses have been completed on a suite of alkaline ultramafic dykes from southwest (SW) Guizhou Province, China with the aim of characterising their petrogenesis. The Baiceng ultramafic dykes have a LA-ICP-MS zircon ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 88.1 ± 1.1 Ma (n = 8), whereas two phlogopites studied by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating methods give emplacement ages of 85.25 ± 0.57 Ma and 87.51 ± 0.45 Ma for ultramafic dykes from Yinhe and Lurong, respectively. In terms of composition, these Late Mesozoic ultramafic dykes belong to the alkaline magma series due to their high K₂O (3.31–5.04 wt.%) contents. The dykes are characterised by enrichment of light rare earth element (LREE) and large-ion lithosphile elements (LILEs) (Rb and Ba), negative anomalies in high field strength elements (HFSEs), such as, Nb, Ta and Ti relative to primitive mantle, low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7060–0.7063) and positive ε_Nd(t) values (0.3–0.4). Such features suggest derivation from low degree (< 1%) partial melting of depleted asthenospheric mantle (garnet-lherzolite), and contamination to various degrees (～ 10%) by interaction with upper crustal materials.     

四川旺苍化龙垂向剖面土壤地球化学特征

采集四川旺苍化龙乡10个垂向剖面分层样100件,对其中的SiO2、Fe2O3、Cr、Cd、Ge、Se等27个组分进行测定。通过不同类型土壤层元素平均值、富集系数、变异系数的分析,对元素的分布、迁移规律、来源等进行探讨。结果显示：与表层土壤背景值相比,Mo、As含量偏高而强富集,F、Ge富集,SiO2、Fe2O3、Cr、Cd、B、Ga、P呈高背景分布,P2O5、S、Ni、Se呈地球化学亏损分布,其余元素呈低背景分布;Cd（Cv=2.33）及As（Cv=2.85）呈强分异,其他元素在垂向剖面上呈均匀—较均匀分布;P2O5、S、B、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Hg、Se的平均含量随深度增加不断减小,SiO2、Fe2O3、Cr、Ga等基本没有变化,F、Mn随深度增加先升高后降低,Ge随深度增加先降低后升高。研究区具有适合茶叶种植的富Ge土壤。     

Environmental Geochemistry of Fluorine in the Rock—Soil—Water System in the Karst Region of Central Guizhou Province

Systematic determination of and adsorption experiment on fluorine in the carbonate rock-soil-water system in the karst region studied in Guzhou Province,in conjunction with the mineral surface and soil chemistry data,have revealed the geochemical characteristics of F and the mechanisms of its transport and entrichment in the rock-soil-water-system of the karst region central guizhou province,Deep-seated underground waters(-100m or lower)and soil layers in the karst region of central Guizhou are characterized by high-F anomalies whereas shallow-level underground and surface waters by low contents of F(mostly lower than 05mg/L).Fluorine in soil and water in the region studied comes largely from Triassic marine strata dominated by gypsum-bearing carbonate rocks.The special adsorption and desorption of F on the surface of geothite in soil layers are the important mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock-soil-water system of the karst region studied.     

Influence of droughts on remote villages in the karst region of Guizhou Province,China: Causes and control

Even though the precipitation is abundant in the Karst region of Guizhou Province, remote villages in this area frequently suffer severe droughts. This paper studied the causes of droughts in this region through field investigation and references collection. Based on the cause analysis, some suggestions were provided for hazard prevention and control from an engineering perspective. Besides occasional extreme weathers, the drought in this area is primarily caused by its unique geological structures of Karst plateau and underdeveloped agricultural techniques. Meanwhile, the vicious cycle between drought and poverty, which causes the deficiency of water conservancy facilities and hazard prevention awareness, is an important reason for the frequent occurrence of agricultural and socioeconomic drought. Considering the social and economic conditions of remote villages, the long-term control of drought can only be realized if current measures are capable of bring immediate effects and benefits. Therefore, the construction of well-planned and designed water conservancy system based on each village’s natural and social conditions are the priority for current hazard prevention. Generally, the exploitation of subterranean river should be considered as the first choice to stabilize the water supply for remote villages. Meanwhile, the construction and improvement of micro water conservancy facilities, such as small water tank, small pond and so on, can effectively support the water providence during droughts as well.