Palynomorph and palynofacies indications of age, depositional environments and source potential for hydrocarbons: Lower Cretaceous Zubair Formation, southern Iraq

Assemblages of miospores and dinoflagellate cysts encounterd in core samples three boreholes drilled in southern Iraq an Aptian-mid Albian age-range for the Zubair Formation, the largest oil reservoir in southern Iraq and neighbouring Kuwait. Four types of palynofacies have been identified, and are interpreted to indicate delta top swamp and marsh, delta front, prodelta and marine platform environments respectively. Amorphous matter comprises more than 50% of the organic component of some of the palynofacies in the upper part of the Zubair Formation. The rocks with which they are associated are highly rated as a potential source of liquid hydrocarbons. Those deposits yielding less than this (down to 12%) are considered to have moderate potential.     

Salinity mapping model and brine chemistry of Mishrif reservoir in Basrah oilfields,Southern Iraq

Cation and anion concentrations and boron isotopic ratio of brines in the Mishrif Formation (U. Campanian-Tuoronian) from North Rumaila, South Rumaila, Majnoon, Zubair, and West Qurna oilfields southern Iraq were investigated. The aims of this study are to define the type, origin of the oilfield waters, and its flow model in the subsurface oil traps. Mishrif brines are characterized by having higher concentrations of sodium (50,500–84,200 ppm), chlorine (102,100–161,500 ppm), and boron (21.9–31.1 ppm) with lower sulfate contents (187–1350 ppm) relative to the modern seawater. Samples have slightly depleted in δ ¹¹B (35.4‰) relative to seawater fall near the seawater intrusion of the diagram Cl/Br Vs δ ¹¹B and occupied the field of evaporated seawater on the diagrams of Cl vs B and 1/Br vs δ ¹¹B. The brine of Na-chloride type is characteristics of the Mishrif reservoir in all oilfields except WQ which defined by facies of Na-Ca-chloride type. A weak acidic brine of a salinity six-time greater than seawater plays a role in generating the formation pressure and controlling the fluid flow. The reservoir rock-fluid interactions were interpreted using boron isotopes which eventually reveal an ongoing dilution process by the present seawater intrusion and injection water used for the secondary production under conditions of high-temperature digenetic reactions. The ¹¹B in the oilfield water is resulted from uptake of the tetrahedral borate after precipitation of calcium carbonate, while ¹⁰B is sourced from the thermal maturation of organic matters.     

Occurrence of diagenetic alunites within karst cavity infill of the Dammam Formation,Ahmadi, Kuwait: an indicator of hydrocarbon gas seeps

Alunite minerals occur as white powdery lumps and laminated coloured deposits within cavity and solution channel infill of the palaeokarst zone of the Upper Eocene Dammam Formation. This formation is exposed in a quarry located on the Al Ahmadi ridge within the Greater Burgan oil field in southern Kuwait. Field occurrences and sedimentary structures of the alunite deposits were described. Collected samples were petrographically described, and their mineralogy and geochemistry were determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence, respectively. Microfabrics were investigated using SEM, revealing that they are primarily composed of fibrous alunogen (hydrous aluminium sulphate) and pseudo-cubical K-alunite (hydrous potassium aluminium sulphate). Their mode of occurrence suggests a hypogenetic origin, where sulphide gases associated with hydrocarbon gases reacted with an Al-rich solution leached from clay minerals and feldspars of the cavity-fill muddy sand sediments. The hydrocarbon gases may have seeped from sub-surface petroliferous formations within the Greater Burgan oil field along vertical fractures. This study suggests that these acidic seeps may have played a role in the development of the palaeokarst zone of the Dammam Formation.     

Europe’s longest-operating on-shore CO2 storage site at Ketzin, Germany: a progress report after three years of injection

The Ketzin pilot site, led by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, is Europe??s longest-operating on-shore CO₂ storage site with the aim of increasing the understanding of geological storage of CO₂ in saline aquifers. Located near Berlin, the Ketzin pilot site is an in situ laboratory for CO₂ storage in an anticlinal structure in the Northeast German Basin. Starting research within the framework of the EU project CO₂SINK in 2004, Ketzin is Germany??s first CO₂ storage site and fully in use since the injection began in June 2008. After 39?months of operation, about 53,000 tonnes of CO₂ have been stored in 630?C650?m deep sandstone units of the Upper Triassic Stuttgart Formation. An extensive monitoring program integrates geological, geophysical and geochemical investigations at Ketzin for a comprehensive characterization of the reservoir and the CO₂ migration at various scales. Integrating a unique field and laboratory data set, both static geological modeling and dynamic simulations are regularly updated. The Ketzin project successfully demonstrates CO₂ storage in a saline aquifer on a research scale. The results of monitoring and modeling can be summarized as follows: (1) Since the start of the CO₂ injection in June 2008, the operation has been running reliably and safely. (2) Downhole pressure data prove correlation between the injection rate and the reservoir pressure and indicates the presence of an overall dynamic equilibrium within the reservoir. (3) The extensive geochemical and geophysical monitoring program is capable of detecting CO₂ on different scales and gives no indication for any leakage. (4) Numerical simulations (history matching) are in good agreement with the monitoring results.     

The utility of cluster analysis in determining sedimentary facies

Data on 12 variables in 98 thin sections from 150 carbonate core samples of the Mauddud Formation (early Middle Cretaceous) in 13 well locations distributed throughout the Greater Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait, are re-examined using two correlation coefficients, distance similarity and product-moment, for data comparison and the weighted-pair group clustering technique with simple arithmatic averages for clustering of coefficients. The analysis shows results compatible with those obtained with subjective appraisal of the same data. The method can be utilized for sedimentary microfacies recognition and can be profitably applied in frontier areas where data are limited.     

Potential assessment of CO2 geological storage based on injection scenario simulation: A case study in eastern Junggar Basin

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the effective means to deal with global warming, and saline aquifer storage is considered to be the most promising storage method. Junggar Basin, located in the northern part of Xinjiang and with a large distribution area of saline aquifer, is an effective carbon storage site. Based on well logging data and 2D seismic data, a 3D heterogeneous geological model of the Cretaceous Donggou Formation reservoir near D7 well was constructed, and dynamic simulations under two scenarios of single-well injection and multi-well injection were carried out to explore the storage potential and CO₂ storage mechanism of deep saline aquifer with real geological conditions in this study. The results show that within 100 km² of the saline aquifer of Donggou Formation in the vicinity of D7 well, the theoretical static CO₂ storage is 71.967 × 10⁶ tons (P50)^①, and the maximum dynamic CO₂ storage is 145.295 × 10⁶ tons (Case2). The heterogeneity of saline aquifer has a great influence on the spatial distribution of CO₂ in the reservoir. The multi-well injection scenario is conducive to the efficient utilization of reservoir space and safer for storage. Based on the results from theoretical static calculation and the dynamic simulation, the effective coefficient of CO₂ storage in deep saline aquifer in the eastern part of Xinjiang is recommended to be 4.9%. This study can be applied to the engineering practice of CO₂ sequestration in the deep saline aquifer in Xinjiang.     

Programed oil generation of the Zubair Formation, Southern Iraq oil fields: results from Petromod software modeling and geochemical analysis

1D petroleum system modeling was performed on wells in each of four oil fields in South Iraq, Zubair (well Zb-47), Nahr Umr (well NR-9), West Qurna (well WQ-15 and 23), and Majnoon (well Mj-8). In each of these fields, deposition of the Zubair Formation was followed by continuous burial, reaching maximum temperatures of 100°C (equivalent to 0.70%Ro) at depths of 3,344–3,750 m of well Zb-47 and 3,081.5–3,420 m of well WQ-15, 120°C (equivalent to 0.78%Ro) at depths of 3,353–3,645 m of well NR-9, and 3,391–3,691.5 m of well Mj-8. Generation of petroleum in the Zubair Formation began in the late Tertiary, 10 million years ago. At present day, modeled transformation ratios (TR) indicate that 65% TR of its generation potential has been reached in well Zb-47, 75% TR in well NR-9 and 55-85% TR in West Qurna oil field (wells WQ-15 and WQ-23) and up to 95% TR in well Mj-8, In contrast, younger source rocks are immature to early mature (<20% TR), whereas older source rocks are mature to overmature (100% TR). Comparison of these basin modeling results, in Basrah region, are performed with Kifle oil field in Hilla region of western Euphrates River whereas the Zubair Formation is immature within temperature range of 65–70°C (0.50%Ro equivalent) with up to 12% (TR?=?12%) hydrocarbon generation efficiency and hence poor generation could be assessed in this last location. The Zubair Formation was deposited in a deltaic environment and consists of interbedded shales and porous and permeable sandstones. In Basrah region, the shales have total organic carbon of 0.5–7.0 wt%, Tmax 430–470°C and hydrogen indices of up to 466 with S2?=?0.4–9.4 of kerogen type II & III and petroleum potential of 0.4–9.98 of good hydrocarbon generation, which is consistent with 55–95% hydrocarbon efficiency. These generated hydrocarbons had charged (in part) the Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs, especially the Zubair Formation itself, in the traps formed by Alpine collision that closed the Tethys Ocean between Arabian and Euracian Plates and developed folds in Mesopotamian Basin 15–10 million years ago. These traps are mainly stratigraphic facies of sandstones with the shale that formed during the deposition of the Zubair Formation in transgression and regression phases within the main structural folds of the Zubair, Nahr Umr, West Qurna and Majnoon Oil fields. Oil biomarkers of the Zubair Formation Reservoirs are showing source affinity with mixed oil from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata, including Zubair Formation organic matters, based on presentation of GC and GC-MS results on diagrams of global petroleum systems.     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷滩海地区奥陶系原油油源分析

近年来渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的油气勘探取得了重大突破。在滩海区奥陶系古潜山钻遇工业性高产油气流,使奥陶系古潜山成为南堡油田重要勘探目的层之一,但目前对奥陶系主要产油层中油气的来源问题仍存在着不同的认识。通过对奥陶系原油与古近系沙三段、沙一段和东三段3套烃源岩的地球化学特征进行对比研究,并结合奥陶系油气成藏特征,探讨了奥陶系原油的油源。结果表明：南堡油田奥陶系原油生物标志化合物特征和稳定碳同位素组成与沙三段烃源岩的相似,二者具有较好的亲缘关系;同时,区域性的不整合面、油源断层可以成为沟通奥陶系古潜山储层与沙三段油源的运移通道;奥陶系原油主要来源于沙三段烃源岩。     

莱州湾沙三中三角洲储层地震相控反演预测

垦利10-1油田位于莱北低凸起北部斜坡带,储层评价重点的沙河街组整体为复杂断块油藏,主力含油层段沙三中Ⅰ油组以辫状河三角洲沉积为主,Ⅱ油组发育高频进积型三角洲,砂体横向变化大,储层厚度薄,采用常规手段无法准确刻画进积体内部砂体边界,预测精度不高。文章利用地震相控反演技术,将沉积相特征在地震剖面上进行转化,再由储层变量先验信息随机模拟空间储层参数体,建立完整的地质统计变差函数,并创新性的引入噪声模型自适应正则化参数,实现了反演解的稳定性和分辨率都得到了提升。垦利10-1油田的实际应用表明,反演结果与盲井资料吻合较好,能够准确清晰刻画单一进积体砂泥岩的边界,符合三角洲沉积规律,实现了精准预测中深层油气藏的目的,对于今后进一步深层油气勘探开发工作具有重大的指导意义。     

用试井资料研究低渗透裂缝性油藏渗流模式及演化特征——以准噶尔盆地火烧山油田为例

对于注水开发多年,尤其是多次采取增产增注措施后的油藏,如何准确地判定低渗透非均质储集层渗流特征及其演化规律,难度比较大。针对火烧山低渗透裂缝性油藏,根据不稳定试井曲线识别储层模型,分析了不同开发阶段储层渗流系统的演化规律。由于火烧山油田天然裂缝发育,而且多数井采用压裂方式进行投产,开发初期储层模型主要表现为人工裂缝或双孔模型。开发过程中,随着地层压力的降低及调剖堵水措施的实施,油井渗流特征往单孔模型转变、注水井渗流系统向径向复合模型转变;渗流系统的演化改变了储层的有效渗透率,使其整体上呈现降低的趋势。储层初期有效渗透率场与油井水窜特征基本吻合,有效渗透率的逐步下降与油藏含水上升速度的下降基本吻合,从而为油藏下一步开发调整可行性评价提供了重要依据。     

低渗透油藏二氧化碳混相驱注采方式研究——以克拉玛依油田X区克下组低渗透油藏为例

[研究目的]克拉玛依油田X区克下组低渗透油藏存在物性差、水驱开发采收率低等问题,影响了油田的可持续发展.CO2是全球变暖的主要成分,世界各国都在想方设法减少CO2的排放量,本文试图利用CO2驱油气方式提高该油藏的采收率,变害为利.[研究方法]文章选取研究区60余口取心井目标层位岩心样品,开展扫描电镜及压汞测试分析等研究...     

伊拉克HF油田上白垩统碳酸盐缓坡相储层发育特征

伊拉克HF油田上白垩统Hartha组灰岩沉积在碳酸盐缓坡环境,储层发育特征及其主控因素尚不明确。通过钻井、测井、岩芯和地震资料,并结合薄片观察、分析化验,研究了该油田Hartha组的岩石学特征、储集空间特征及物性特征,并分析了沉积相和成岩作用对储层发育的控制。结果表明,厚度约50 m的Hartha组的储层岩石类型主要为粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和颗粒灰岩,孔隙度10%～22%,渗透率集中在(0.1～0.5)×10^(-3 )μm^2和(1～5)×10^(-3 )μm^2,基质物性较好。Hartha组上段储集性能相对较好,Hartha组下段发育外缓坡灰泥,储集性较差。沉积作用对储层的物性起着主要控制作用,滩相储层的物性明显好于非滩相。该套灰岩的储集空间为粒间孔、铸模孔、生物体腔孔,以及粒内溶孔和微裂缝。晚白垩世暴露剥蚀期,在表生作用下Hartha A层溶孔部分被胶结物充填,存在局部的强烈胶结带。     

氮气钻井与筛管完井在中浅油层开采中的利用

氮气钻井是使用氮气作为循环介质来冷却钻头并带出井筒内岩屑的钻井工艺技术,一般在深井提速或储层钻进中使用。大庆中浅油层具有低孔渗、低丰度、低产量等特点,采用常规钻井工艺开采会导致储层伤害,大幅降低原油产量。介绍了氮气钻井技术、柴油助返技术以及筛管完井技术在大庆中浅油层中的应用。通过4口井的现场试验和摸索,已经在大庆中浅油层的钻完井中形成了配套技术。还通过现场应用效果分析,说明了氮气钻完井技术在大庆中浅油层开采中的可行性和重要性。     

孤岛油田馆陶组热储地热资源开发利用分析

孤岛油田蕴藏丰富的中、低温地热资源,对其进行合理的开发利用,对推进该区新、旧热能转换,促进地方经济发展具有重要意义。在总结以往勘探成果的基础上,查明了孤岛油田为大地热流高值异常区,平均值为72.62 mW/m²。重点研究馆陶组热储地热地质条件,查明了馆陶组下段热储厚度为106~145 m,平均孔隙度约为30%,热储温度为75.5~82 ℃,单位降深涌水量为3.71~10.55 m³/(h·m),是地热资源开发的有利目标热储。采用热储法估算区内馆陶组下段热储中蕴藏的地热资源量为3.745×10¹⁸ J,折合标准煤量1.28亿t,地热水储存量约为60.87×10⁸ m³; 采用开采强度法估算的该区地热水允许开采量约为253万m³/a,可支持供暖面积约100万m²。     

Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide in the ground water of Kuwait

Hydrogen sulfide occurs in high concentration (10–200 mg/l) in different parts of Kuwait City and its suburbs at relatively shallow depths (15–40 m from the surface). This was revealed by drilling through the aquifer system underlying the city and sampling and analyzing the ground water at the drilled locations. The near-absence of coliform bacteria in the sulfide-rich zones, the presence of sulfur-reducing bacteria in the deep (>80 m) Dammam Formation aquifer and a linear positive relation between the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and the total dissolved solids content suggested non-anthropogenic origin of the sulfide in the ground water of Kuwait. The upward movement of sulfide-rich water from depth and its differential flushing by surface recharge through outcrops of the aquifers appear to have given rise to the present distribution of hydrogen sulfide in the aquifers underlying the Kuwait City.     

内蒙古科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征

根据碎屑岩铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察分析资料，研究了科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征。科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂砾岩。碎屑岩的岩性特征对沙海组储集层的成岩作用具有显著的影响作用。     

普光地区碳酸盐岩储层孔隙类型测井识别及孔渗关系

普光地区长兴组和飞仙关组碳酸盐岩储层孔隙度与渗透率之间没有严格通用的数学关系,导致储层渗透率计算具有很大困难.通过对该地区测井资料、常规薄片、铸体薄片和岩心物性等资料进行分析,表明碳酸盐岩孔隙类型是影响孔渗关系的主要因素.基于常规测井资料构造出对孔隙结构比较敏感的测井特征:声波时差与密度比值和深浅侧向电阻率比值,可用于对该地区碳酸盐岩孔隙类型进行识别,再针对不同的孔隙类型建立相应的孔渗关系模型,用于计算该地区储层渗透率.实例资料处理结果表明,模型计算渗透率与岩心分析渗透率符合较好,且井间规律具有一致性,基于孔隙结构建立的储层孔隙度与渗透率模型能较好地确定储层渗透率.      

哈萨克斯坦B油田M02段综合地震储层预测

哈萨克斯坦B油田下白垩统上达乌尔组M02段为辫状河相沉积,储层以含砾砂岩和细砂岩为主,砂体在纵横向上变化较快,储层展布规律认识不清严重制约了油田的滚动勘探开发进程.本次研究基于新一轮精细构造解释成果,通过精细合成记录标定、地震正演模拟、地震属性分析、常规地震反演以及地质统计学反演等储层预测技术的综合应用,消除了地震属性...     

柴达木盆地昆北油田切16区路乐河组沉积特征与储层预测

柴达木盆地西南部昆北构造带发现以古近系路乐河组陆源碎屑岩为储层的油田.根据昆北油田切16区探井岩心观察、测录井资料分析,结合岩石铸体薄片观测、电子扫描显微镜镜下分析等结果,初步确定了昆北油田切16区路乐河组主要发育两期辫状三角洲体系;路乐河组储层岩石类型分布相对稳定,成分成熟度较低,主要为岩屑长石砂岩,岩屑成份以花岗岩为主,骨架偏刚性,储层中杂基含量相对较高、胶结物含量较低;储集层孔隙较发育且分布相对较均匀,孔隙连通性较好,孔隙类型主要以残余原生粒间孔为主;储层物性受沉积相带分布,成岩作用以及杂基含量共同控制,压实作用是储层物性的主控因素.通过结合主力油层段测井响应特征及层控地震振幅属性分析,认为昆北油田切16区、切15井与切169井的东部以及切20井的西南部的构造相对较高部位为今后有利勘探目标.     

尕斯库勒油田N1-N21油藏剩余油分布模式

尕斯库勒油田N_1-N_2~1油藏经过多年开采已进入中等含水阶段,寻找剩余油是油藏稳产增产的首要任务。根据尕斯库勒油田N_1-N_2~1油藏的取芯、测井、生产动态等多种资料,采用"单因素解析多因素耦合"的研究思路,在深入解析沉积微相、储层构型、储层非均质性、微构造、井网布置、注采关系等单个因素对剩余油的控制机理后,针对地下不同的情况,筛选出相应的优势控制因素,从多因素耦合的角度对尕斯库勒油田N_1-N_2~1油藏的剩余油分布进行了研究。总结出3种由多种因素共同控制的剩余油分布模式,对进入高含水期油田剩余油的开采有重要意义。构造起伏明显时,沉积微相-微构造-封闭断层-注采关系的控油模式是主要的剩余油分布模式,储层构型-平面非均质性-井网部署的控油模式则适用于构造平缓的部位,而储层构型-夹层-韵律性-注采关系的控油模式是纵向上剩余油分布的主要模式。