Effect of sodium sulphate on the shear strength of clayey soils stabilised with additives

The effect of sulphates on the soil stabilisation using mineral additives such as lime, cement and fly ash has been reported by several researchers. The effect of sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄) (0–6% by dry weight of soil) on the behaviour of the grey clayey soil (GS) and red clayey soil (RS) stabilised with lime (L) (0–8%), natural pozzolana (NP) (0–20%) and with a combination of lime-natural pozzolana (L–NP) was investigated. The soil specimens were subjected to testing of direct shear strength after 7, 30, 60 and 120 days of curing period. In the absence of Na₂SO₄, the results show that both clayey soils can be successfully stabilised with L or with a combination of L–NP, which substantially increases their shear strength and produces high values of shear parameters. However, at short curing period and for any content of Na₂SO₄, a further increase in shear strength and shear parameters is observed. Moreover, after 30 days of curing, the RS specimens stabilised with L or with NP alone are altered when the Na₂SO₄ is greater than 2%, whereas the GS specimens are not altered. However, the alteration of RS specimens is little when the L and NP are combined on curing with a high content of Na₂SO₄. Generally, the effect of Na₂SO₄ on both stabilised clayey soils depends on the curing time, percentage of additives used and their type, mineralogical composition of stabilised soils and Na₂SO₄ content.     

真空-堆载预压作用下软土蠕变特性试验研究

采用改进的、可施加负压的三轴仪开展了真空预压、堆载预压以及真空-堆载联合预压作用下软土的固结蠕变试验,描述了加载率、应力比和时间等对软土蠕变特性的影响,分析了轴向应变（率）、体积应变（率）及偏应变（率）与应力比和时间之间的关系。结果表明：轴向应变率和体积应变率与时间的对数关系并非线性,但经过若干天以后可近似认为是线性关系;在不同应力比n下,体应变与时间的关系可用双曲线方程来表示;偏应变、偏应变率与时间的关系符合双曲线方程,通过温州软黏土样的蠕变试验结果验证了其有效性。     

石灰稳定红黏土强度的长期碳化效应

碳化效应是石灰稳定土强度增长机理之一,但长期的碳化作用是否对其强度一直起促进作用？如果没有压实作用,碳化效果到底如何？这些关键问题还没有得到充分的论证。采用灰土拌和后击实养护和养护后再击实的不同制样方法,通过承载比CBR试验,探讨压实作用对碳化效应的影响。制备4种初始含水率的击实试样,开展碳酸溶液和纯水浸泡下的CBR试验,论证长期碳化对石灰稳定土强度的作用效果。结果表明,自然养护90 d后再击实试样的CBR值明显低于击实后养护的试样;初始含水率为34%时前者约为后者的12倍。另外,碳酸溶液浸泡15 d后的试样CBR值均小于纯水浸泡的试样CBR值,但初始含水率越大其影响程度越小,当初始含水率大于34%后两者之间的强度基本没有差别。为进一步佐证长期碳化作用能弱化石灰稳定土的强度,开展不同浸泡时间的无侧限抗压强度试验,发现石灰土的强度呈现先增大后减少的变化趋势,再次证实长期的碳化作用弱化石灰稳定土的强度。最后,利用热重分析法测试经过碳酸溶液浸泡前后的石灰稳定土,发现长期碳化溶解了部分石灰土中的碳酸钙和硅酸盐类胶结物。借助扫描电镜图片和孔隙尺寸分布曲线,从微观角度揭示不同击实和养护方式对石灰稳定土强度的影响机制。     

Effect of polypropylene fibre and lime admixture on engineering properties of clayey soil

In order to reduce the brittleness of soil stabilized by lime only, a recent study of a newly proposed mixture of polypropylene fibre and lime for ground improvement is described and reported in the paper. To investigate and understand the influence of the mixture of polypropylene fibre and lime on the engineering properties of a clayey soil, nine groups of treated soil specimens were prepared and tested at three different percentages of fibre content (i.e. 0.05%, 0.15%, 0.25% by weight of the parent soil) and three different percentages of lime (i.e. 2%, 5%, 8% by weight of the parent soil). These treated specimens were subjected to unconfined compression, direct shear, swelling and shrinkage tests. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the specimens after shearing, the improving mechanisms of polypropylene fibre and lime in the soil were discussed and the observed test results were explained. It was found that fibre content, lime content and curing duration had significant influence on the engineering properties of the fibre–lime treated soil. An increase in lime content resulted in an initial increase followed by a slight decrease in unconfined compressive strength, cohesion and angle of internal friction of the clayey soil. On the other hand, an increase in lime content led to a reduction of swelling and shrinkage potential. However, an increase in fibre content caused an increase in strength and shrinkage potential but brought on the reduction of swelling potential. An increase in curing duration improved the unconfined compressive strength and shear strength parameters of the stabilized soil significantly. Based on the SEM analysis, it was found that the presence of fibre contributed to physical interaction between fibre and soil whereas the use of lime produced chemical reaction between lime and soil and changed soil fabric significantly.     

Desiccation shrinkage of non‐clayey soils: a numerical study

A mesoscale model of desiccation of soil based on the evolution of the pore system idealized as bimodal is numerically examined. A simplified evolution of the model reveals a series of characteristics that qualitatively agree with the observed macroscopic experimental findings. The principal mechanism is deemed to be driven by the surface evaporation and water outflow generating a pore pressure gradient resulting in the shrinkage mainly of the largest pores. The amount of shrinkage is a function of (negative) pore pressure and is controlled by the compressibility of the solid matrix. The numerical model includes also the ensuing partial saturation stage initiated by the air entry simulated as a scenario with a moving phase interface inside the pore. The proposed model can be extended beyond the two‐mode porosity soils, to include the multi‐modal porosity, or its statistical representation.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粉煤灰与生石灰加固软土的室内试验研究

粉煤灰是一种工业废弃物,与生石灰一样均可用来加固软土地基。笔者进行了粉煤灰与生石灰加固土的室内配方试验,分别将水泥或生石灰与粉煤灰按照不同的比例干拌均匀后,再与不同含水量的软土人工拌和均匀,测定了不同龄期的无侧限抗压强度;分析了石灰加固土强度与生石灰掺入比和龄期的关系及其压缩系数、压缩模量等的变化。并进一步分析了粉煤灰的加固机理,旨在为其进一步的研究和工程应用提供参考。     

Classification,shear strength,and durability of expansive clayey soil stabilized with lime and perlite

An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of perlite and perlite–lime admixtures on classification, shear strength, and durability properties of an expansive soil containing smectite clay minerals. Two types of mixtures, namely soil–perlite and soil–perlite–lime, were prepared with different percentages of perlite and compacted with standard Proctor energy at their optimum water contents. Samples of 38 mm diameter and 76 mm height for durability tests and square samples of 60 mm edge for shear box test were taken and preserved until test time in a desiccator. Disturbed samples were also taken to determine liquid and plastic limits. The expansive soil shows behavior of fine sand and silt due to pozzolanic reactions in microstructure caused by addition of lime and perlite. Although apparent cohesion of treated soil decreased with increasing amount of perlite for both types of samples, perlite–lime-treated samples had higher apparent cohesion than only perlite-treated samples. Large increments in angle of shearing resistance were obtained with increasing usage of perlite. Samples stabilized with only perlite could not show enough durability at the durability tests based on volumetric stability and unconfined compression strength. However, samples stabilized with lime and more than 30 % perlite proved to have enough durability and shear strength.     

原状膨胀土的强度变形特性及其本构模型研究

对南阳原状膨胀土进行了不同吸力下的三轴剪切试验，试验结果表明原状膨胀土在剪切过程中呈脆性破坏形式，原生裂隙和软弱面是决定原状膨胀土强度的主要因素，建议采用四屈服面的非饱和弹塑性模型描述原状膨胀土的湿胀干缩特性和剪胀剪缩特性。     

Effect of lime and fly ash on swell,consolidation and shear strength characteristics of expansive clays: a comparative study

Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content (weight of lime/weight of dry soil) was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content (weight of fly ash/weight of dry soil) as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime.     

颗粒级配对非饱和粘性土基质吸力的影响规律

颗粒级配是影响非饱和粘性土基质吸力变化规律的主要因素之一。本文在室内实验基础上,根据颗粒级配与非饱和土土水特征曲线基本参数之间的定量关系,探讨了颗粒级配对非饱和土基本特性的影响程度。研究结果表明:颗粒级配对非饱和土残余含水量控制作用明显,后者与粘粒、粉粒含量线性正相关,与角砾含量和粗、细粒含量之比分别线性、非线性负相关;不同粒组中,粉粒含量对土体残余含水量的影响程度最大,角砾含量的影响程度较低。颗粒级配对非饱和土残余基质吸力的影响程度较弱,后者与粘粒含量以及粗、细粒含量之比具有一定的相关性。非饱和土含水量变化幅度以及基质吸力对含量变化的敏感性与颗粒级配相关性最弱。但是,粘粒、粉粒含量以及粗、细粒含量之比对这两个特征值可能具有一定的影响作用。     

石灰改良红层无侧限抗压强度试验研究

红层是一种特殊岩土,作为路基材料时,常会导致不均匀沉陷、翻浆冒泥等病害。为改善其力学性质,工程上通常掺入一定剂量的石灰（Ca（OH）₂）进行改良。由于降水-蒸发的周期性变化,运营期间反复干湿循环作用对路基土的工程性质造成较大影响。基于此,结合室内无侧限抗压强度试验,研究了干湿循环作用对不同掺量的石灰改良红层无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明：在最佳含水率下,石灰改良红层的无侧限抗压强度随石灰掺量的增加而增大;干湿循环作用对改良红层无侧限抗压强度的影响与石灰掺量有关,石灰掺量较低时,改良红层的抗压强度随干湿循环次数的增加而减小,石灰掺量较高时,改良红层的无侧限抗压强度随干湿循环次数的增加而显著增大;未改良红层塑性较大,试样均为塑性鼓胀破坏,掺入石灰后,红层强度增大,脆性增强,呈脆性剪切破坏,经历干湿循环作用后,石灰改良红层试样呈多缝锥形破坏。     

风化泥质软岩变形特性及邓肯模型参数的试验研究

选取广东塘厦风化泥质软岩为研究对象,在一系列三轴试验的基础上,分析探讨该类软岩的变形特性及邓肯模型参数变化规律,并提供工程数值分析和计算所需模型参数。     

矿物成分对软黏土流变性质影响的试验研究

采用改进的直剪蠕变仪,对矿物成分及其含量对软黏土流变性质影响进行试验研究,在相同试验条件下完成了3组含高岭土、膨润土不同百分比试样流变性质的测试。测试结果表明,矿物成分及其含量是影响软黏土流变性质的重要因素之一,土体的黏滞系数随黏土矿物含量的增加而减小,即流变变形阻力随黏土矿物含量的增多而减小。试验结果分析认为,黏土矿物通过颗粒表面的结合水影响土的流变性质,其中强结合水是土体产生流变的主要因素,而弱结合水则是相对次要因素。试验结果有助于进一步认清土体流变的起因,对改进和完善现有流变变形计算理论有一定指导意义。     

软质粉砂岩变形与强度的试验分析

通过对软质粉砂岩试验数据的整理分析,论述了软质粉砂岩在三维应力状态下的变形与强度特性,提出了定量描述岩石强度的力学方程。     

冻融循环对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能影响的试验研究

循环冻融作用下粗粒土的力学性质对于高寒地区边坡稳定性分析意义重大。以藏区某一排土场土体作为依托,开展了不同冻融循环次数后不同级配黏质粗粒土的单轴压缩试验,研究冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能的影响。结果表明：冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土应力-应变关系曲线性状及破坏模式有一定的影响,可使其应变呈现由脆性破坏（软化）向塑性流动（硬化）变化的规律。当提高冻融循环次数时,该类土体的弹模和抗压强度均显著减小,其中5~9次冻融循环前减小幅度较大,之后基本保持不变。单轴抗压性能的弱化与土样循环冻融过程中伴随的细颗粒团聚、大中孔隙增多、密实度下降有关。20次冻融循环后,该土质土样抗压强度、弹模最大降低幅度各自高达43%和77%。可见随着提高细砾组的含量,土样的抗压强度和弹模均呈现下降的趋势,这与该土样内粗、细土颗粒的比例及强度发挥机理密切相关。粗粒土单轴抗压破坏应变随冻融循环次数和细砾组含量的增加有一定的增加趋势。     

Stabilization of clayey soils with Tunisian phosphogypsum: effect on geotechnical properties

Phosphogypsum and cement have been reported to improve the physicochemical properties of clayey soils. The present study aimed to investigate the behavior of various soils with different particle sizes and chemical and mineralogical compositions in the presence of phosphogypsum and cement mixed at various proportions. These hydraulic binders were assayed on three different soil samples, and their effects were examined using a battery of standardized tests, including the Atterberg limit, uniaxial compressive strength, Californian Bearing Rate (CBR) test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microstructure observation (SEM), and X-ray diffraction tests. The results revealed a significant effect associated with the variation of phosphogypsum content in the soils. Keeping the cement content constant in the mixture, the continuous addition of phosphogypsum was noted to allow shifting the domain of plasticity to the highest water contents, which reduces the sensitivity of the soil to water and to increase the strength of soil. An increase of CBR index with the addition of phosphogypsum and cement is obtained. This treatment could have positively influenced the optimum moisture content and the maximal dry density. The mixture of soil-phosphogypsum and cement could give new forms such as ettringite and hydrate indicators of the improvement of the mechanical properties of the soil. This improvement varies from one soil to another, depending on its granularity and its mineralogy. The mineralogical composition of the soil, particularly kaolinite, amount, and size grading, have direct effects on the physical and mechanical properties of the soils under investigation.