恒星的自转

本文由统计的观点讨论三个物理问题:(1)自转恒星的角动量的来源,(2)作一星团之内自转和空间运动的关联,(3) 超巨星是否有相当大的自转。我们的结论是一个恒星的自转角动量可能是由星胚(proto-stars)间或甚至是产生它的物质云间的碰撞引起的。理由是:(a)观测到的恒星自转和它的银线并无关联,(b)属于物理性质不同的集团的星的平均自转速度可以有很大的差别,(C)在天蝎一半人马座B型星团内的恒星自转和它们的内部运动是关联关的:对于星团本身运动得快的星有较快的自转速度。最后一节述及对于由测量得的超巨星光普线宽度推知的速度的解释。这结果和以前所提出的两种超巨星模型均无抵触。     

喷流吸收对3C 279非热辐射谱的影响

考虑了喷流的吸收效应对类星体3C 279多波段能谱的影响.在不含时的同步自康普顿(SSC)模型的基础上,假定喷流中辐射的包受到在其前面的已冷却的包的遮挡,从而使得辐射区的发射可被吸收,这导致能谱的改变.计算表明喷流物质会对类星体辐射区发出的X射线波段的辐射有强烈的吸收,同时喷流物质会以发射线的形式在软X射线和紫外波段将吸收来的能量发射出去.利用这样的模型拟合了类星体3C 279观测到的多波段能谱,并对结果给出了简要的讨论.     

GPS共视资料的处理和分析

由不同地点的时间实验室的原子钟组成的时间尺度（例如TAI）,要求这些时间实验室之间的时间对比手段的稳定性与所用的原子钟的稳定性相匹配,GPSCV是目前国际上最广泛采用的时间对比手段,它的数据处理和误分析是提高这种技术的精度和准确度所必不可少的,CLR－CSAO的GPS CV资料处理与分析作为一个例子说明GPSCV时间对比中需要解决的各种问题和所达到的精确度。     

我国古代记录的特殊流星现象与现代印证

中国古代有着大量的对于流星和流星雨的观测记录，最早可以追溯到3000多年以前。在这些珍贵的记录中，不仅有对于流星的一般描述，而且还有一些至今不能完全理解的特殊流星现象的记录。基于现代对电声变换流星声、流星体的螺旋线形运动、流星的颜色变化和流星的分裂等等的研究，列出在中国古代文献中可以查找到的有关记录。这些记录，不仅是世界文化宝库的一部分，而且对于今天的研究仍有实用价值。对电声变换流星声的报道，只是近20年来，才确立了的并非是观测者的臆想。流星的现代彩色照相观测，更真实地记录和展现了其他的特殊流星现象和它们的发生与演变。这些古代记录与现代的流星观测的对比，可以起到相互印证的作用。     

新的不确定的天体力学——在空间动力学和天体力学国际讨论会上的主要演说

本文讨论了天体力学的不确定的特性,并探讨了它同稳定性研究的关系。当初始条件的不确定、未知的动力学影响以及不可积性同动力系统固有的不稳定性联接在一起时就产生了不确定性,结果,轨迹的集合就代替了单一轨迹,可靠的长期预报变成了不切实际的期望。确定性的问题成为使用经典的或数学的动力学模型的课堂练习,同时所有实际的问题却表现出不确定性来,而拉普拉斯的精神就不再适用了。木文首先定义了所使用的概念,列举了几个例子以说明不确定性的原因;然后讨论了与确定性有联系的稳定性。接着又探讨了不确定性的作用和几个重要的时间尺度。动力学系统的积分和变换的存在看来对确定性是有利的,但事实上它们仅仅延迟了剧烈变动的趋势。     

日面米粒组织的理论

日面米粒组织久已被认为是湍流所造成的现象.它的亮点对暗点的亮度比的平均值为1.20.到目前为止,对于米粒组织的理论尚停留在原始阶段,未能定量解释亮度变化及寿命等数值之间的联系.本文利用可压缩流体的湍流理论来解释米粒组织的亮度比及寿命间的关系.我们证明,湍流的粘滞损耗,可以用来说明它的亮暗不匀的现象,根据这种看法所计算出来的米粒组织的平均寿命为3.5分,而观测值为3.2分.湍流的粘滞损耗使暗区质点运动的动能增加,相当于78°K 的温升.     

关于太阳物理的一些问题

研究太阳的意义现代关於原子能的极端重要的概念,尤其是包含氢在内的熟核子反应的概念,首先就是研究了太阳内部的产能机构而得来的。太阳和恒星的演化问题,不但是天体物理学的中心问题之一,而且也是整个自然科学的一个中心问题,因为这个问题的解决,对于太阳系和地球的起源及演化的根本问题曾天闢解决的途径。太阳可以说是某种巨大     

1972年10月太阳大黑子群的形态分析

1.这个质子活动区的主要形态特点是前导大黑子A的半影纤维的顺时针旋涡结构.2.这种旋涡结构可能是由于A本影的逆时针自旋运动造成的.3.黑子群的N-S磁轴的逆时针旋转运动直接与A黑子的自旋正相关.两种旋转运动的方向与较差自转的影响的方向相反.     

神奇的宇宙实验室(二)——双脉冲星PSRJ0737—3039A/B

研究脉冲星磁层的探针脉冲星磁层是一个包含了极端相对论性带电粒子、超强的等离子体波和极强的磁场的奇异的混合物。这些条件是其他天体所不具备的。脉冲星为等离子体物理的研究提供了一个极好的机会。以往,我们只能从接收到的辐射信息中分析在磁层中发生的物理过程,双脉冲星系统的发现,获得了对脉冲星磁层直接探测的手段,开创了研究脉冲星磁层的新局面。     

杰出的物理学家——普朗克（下）

如上一期文章所述,量子论始于普朗克对黑体辐射中电磁波的能量只能处于某些特定的值而不是连续的这一颠覆人们日常经验的假设,由此开启了一扇了解微观世界的大门。随着更多的不可思议的现象的发现,使人们终于认识到,微观世界的运动规律与人们的经验相去甚远。普朗克经过反复探索,终于冲破传统观念的束缚,有了能量分立性的思想,     

依巴谷与河外参考架连接方法和进展

给出依巴谷星表与河外参考架连接的数学原理及实现这种连接的各种方法，介绍在该领域的最新进展和初步结果．     

Orbit of periodic comet 153P/Ikeya–Zhang

The orbit of Comet C/2002C1 (Ikeya–Zhang) has a similarity to that of Comet C/1661C1 (Hevelius), and the numerical integration of the motion of C/2002C1 backward shows a possible linkage of those two comets. Thus, 153P/Ikeya–Zhang was designated a periodic comet. Historical records of comets in 877 and 1273 are also identified with Comet 153P/Ikeya–Zhang. The integrated orbital elements during 77 and 2362, and historical records of the comet are also presented and discussed.     

Measurements of Flux Cancellation During Filament Formation

We study the process of flux cancellation and filament formation in a nest of three decaying active regions, using data from SOHO MDI and EIT, and Hα images from Meudon and Big Bear. We find that there are no apparent EUV loops connecting the two poles of a cancelling feature prior to and during cancellation, suggesting an absence of coronal magnetic connectivity between these opposite polarity flux patches. We further find that the cancellation occurs at the ends of the Hα sections of the filament and is accompanied by a noticeable increase in Hα intensity and linkage of the Hα sections, but that the locations of the links remain the weakest in Hα absorption. We present our measurements of the amount of flux cancelled at each site and show it is in agreement with an estimate of the axial flux contained in the filament. We also observe two events of flux emergence, and find that they do not influence the filament formation in this case. We compare our results with similar measurements in recent papers and find agreement for the amounts of cancelled flux per patch, except for one case in a young emerging active region, for which we provide an alternative interpretation. We conclude that our measurements of flux cancellation are consistent with both the scenarios in which the filament is formed through ``head-to-tail" linkage, as well as the scenario in which filament flux tubes emerge as a whole from below the photosphere, but that only the former scenario is consistent with the apparent absence of coronal magnetic links between the cancelling magnetic patches.     

Asteroid identification at discovery

We present a novel method for the search of linkages among astrometric observations of asteroids, that is, tentative identifications among asteroids observed. Having two different master sets of asteroid observations each containing a number of separate subsets, we define a linkage as a pair of subsets residing in separate master sets that can be tied together with an orbit for given observational errors. To find linkages among a wealth of observations we use an efficient stepwise filtering approach. First, we start with what we call phase-space address comparison. The first step substantially reduces the initially huge amount of pairs by requiring that pairs to be subjected to further analysis have similar geocentric spherical coordinates at common epochs (for example, at three epochs). Second, we search for orbits for each of the selected pairs of subsets. Succeeding in the effort proves that a linkage exists. If there are contradictions among linkages found—for example, a single subset being linked to several mutually exclusive subsets—additional new or archive observations are usually needed to discard erroneous linkages. The new method is built on six-dimensional statistical orbital inversion (Ranging), and is therefore particularly suitable for analyzing objects with the shortest observational arcs, that is, newly discovered asteroids (and comets). Results from extensive and successful tests on simulated survey observations are presented and discussed. Theoretical and empirical scaling results show that the method is applicable to future large-scale surveys that will increase the rate of asteroid discovery by at least two orders of magnitude. The successful linking of faint single-night observation sets obtained with the Very Large Telescope are briefly reviewed.     

Flux Rope Formation Due to Shearing and Zipper Reconnection

Zipper reconnection has been proposed as a mechanism for creating most of the twist in the flux tubes that are present prior to eruptive flares and coronal mass ejections. We have conducted a first numerical experiment on this new regime of reconnection, where two initially untwisted parallel flux tubes are sheared and reconnected to form a large flux rope. We describe the properties of this experiment, including the linkage of magnetic flux between concentrated flux sources at the base of the simulation, the twist of the newly formed flux rope, and the conversion of mutual magnetic helicity in the sheared pre-reconnection state into the self-helicity of the newly formed flux rope.     

EVIDENCE OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION FROM Hα, SOFT X-RAY AND PHOTOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS

A conventional view of magnetic reconnection is mainly based on the 2-D picture of an X-type neutral point, or on the extension of it to 3-D, and it is thought to be accompanied by flux transport across separatrices (places where the field-line mapping is discontinuous). This view is too restrictive when we realize the variety of configurations that are seen flaring. We designed an algorithm, called Source Method (SM), to determine the magnetic topology of active regions (ARs). The observed photospheric field was extrapolated to the corona using subphotospheric sources and the topology was defined by the link between these sources. H flare brightenings were found to be located at the intersection with the chromosphere of the separatrices so defined. These results and the knowledge we gained on the properties of magnetic field-line linkage, led us to generalize the concept of separatrices to quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) and to design a new method (quasi-separatrix layers method, QSLM) to determine the magnetic topology of ARs. QSLs are regions where the magnetic field-line linkage changes drastically (discontinuously when they behave like separatrices) and the QSLM can be applied to ARs where the photospheric field has been extrapolated using any kind of technique. In this paper we apply the QSLM to observed flaring regions presenting very different configurations and also to a decaying AR where a minor phenomenon, like an X-ray bright point (XBP), is observed. We find that the locations of flare and XBP brightenings are related to the properties of the field-line linkage of the underlying magnetic region, as expected from recent developments of 3-D magnetic reconnection. The extrapolated coronal field lines representing the structures involved in the analyzed events have their photospheric footpoints located at both sides of QSLs. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that magnetic reconnection is at work in various coronal phenomena, ranging from the less energetic ones to large-scale eruptions.     

Spectroscopic investigation of near-Earth objects at Telescopio Nazionale Galileo

In this paper we present new results obtained from our spectroscopic survey of near-Earth objects (called SINEO). We show a set of 36 visible and near-infrared spectra, recorded with the 3.5-m Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo at La Palma (Canary Island). We discuss their taxonomic classification (resulting in 25 objects belonging to the S-complex, five to the C-complex and six to the X-complex), and their overall compositional linkage with the principal source of near-Earth objects, namely the Main Belt. Moreover, for some near-Earth objects we found good spectral fit among meteorites. In particular, we achieved an excellent fit for chondrites of different clans. Finally, we discuss the influences of space weathering among small S-type near-Earth objects.     

Asteroid identification over apparitions

We present a new method for the linking of scarce asteroid astrometry over apparitions, and apply it both to simulated and real data to prove its feasibility. Up to date, there has not been a robust method available to search for linkages between the approximately 50,000 provisionally designated sets of asteroid astrometry spanning less than two days. Unless such a scarce set of astrometry is linked to another set of astrometry, the underlying object can be considered lost as the ephemeris uncertainties are substantial. The new method, which can tackle the challenges, is based on Ranging, which is a fully nonlinear, statistical orbital inversion method. Ranging properly treats astrometric uncertainties and propagates the uncertainty to the resulting orbital-element probability density, which is sampled by a set of orbits. The new orbital-element-space multiple-address-comparison (oMAC) method uses dimensionality-reduction techniques and tree structures to efficiently search for overlapping probability densities in the orbital-element phase space. Overlapping probability densities indicate a candidate linkage between astrometric observation sets. To accept a candidate linkage, we have to find a many-body orbital solution which reproduces the observed positions within the observational uncertainties. To find the linking orbit, we use a multi-step approach starting from a Monte-Carlo generation of possible orbits in a reduced volume of the orbital-element phase space and ending with a least-squares orbital solution, which, in addition to the Sun's gravitation, also takes into account the gravitational influence of the relevant planets. The new multiple-address-comparison method has a loglinear computational complexity, that is, it scales as O(nlogn), where n is the number of included observation sets. It has recently also been implemented for the ephemeris-space multiple-address-comparison (eMAC) method, which is optimized for the short-term linking of scarce astrometry.     

面向Web服务的天文数据发布技术

目前主流的天文数据发布主要使用基于Web页面和基于REST风格的Web服务两种发布技术,但存在诸多不足,特别是不利于自动化工具实现机器识别并调用。WebService技术作为一种日趋成熟的分布式计算模型,拥有跨平台与松耦合等很多优势,通过Web服务实现天文数据发布可以提高天文研究工作的灵活性和自动化程度。对Web服务在虚拟天文台中的应用情况及目前主要的天文数据发布技术进行了系统的调研,并在此基础上就如何实现符合IVOA规范且面向Web服务的天文数据发布服务进行了分析,针对一个天文数据发布实例,设计并实现了同时支持SOAP风格和REST风格的锥型检索服务,测试结果表明服务设计是成功的。     

国际天球参考系

阐述了１９９８年１月４日起ＩＡＵ采用的天球参考系的定义,以及它与以往采用的光学天球参考架ＦＫ５的关系。介绍了国际天球参考系在射电波段的实现过程,其稳定性的维持方法和它与依巴谷星表之间的关系。重点描述了影响国际天球参考架稳定性的物理因素－河外射电源的结构及其变化,射电源喷流的视超光速现象和由银河系盘星和大质量致密晕的引力透镜效应引起的视自行等。