福建省安溪县地质灾害防灾预警体系建设探讨

近年来,安溪县在地质灾害防灾预警体系建设方面卓有成效：①在福建省率先建立县级地质灾害监测预警系统;②在福建省率先建立县级地质灾害气象监测预警系统;③每年台风暴雨前由县政府组织工作组到各个乡镇进行汛前检查,督促落实各项防灾措施,工作组和民兵应急分队在防灾工作中起到重要作用;④建立了比较完善的8项地质灾害防治工作制度;⑤每年县财政都拨出专款用于防灾预警体系的正常运转。     

滑坡位移自动监测系统的运用与管理

温州市地处浙东南沿海,是台风多发地,也是地质灾害频发易发地区。据统计,到2007年初全市发生发现各类地质灾害（隐患）点1754处,主要为山区突发性的崩、滑、流地质灾害。近十年来,国家不断加强地质灾害防治工作,强调“以人为本,预防为主”的方针,组织开展了地质灾害监测预警、应急处置、工程治理与搬迁避让等工程,将做好地质灾害监测作为预防地质灾害发生的一项重要工作来抓。2000年以后在温州市各级政府的领导及各级国土资源部门的管理与指导下,全市广泛开展了地质灾害群测群防工作,基本建立了由县、乡、村三级群测群防网络,以及群测群防点、相关的信息传输渠道及必要的管理制度组成的较完善的群测群防体系。对已发生和发现的地质灾害（隐患）点,通过发放防灾工作明白卡及避险明白卡,明确了防治责任人、监测负责人和监测人及其主要职责,将地质灾害的监测预警工作落到实处。     

中国地质灾害监测预警站网建设构想

为了有效地减轻地质灾害对人民生命、财产和生存环境的危害，保证国家重大工程项目安全进行，实现对地质生态环境的可持续开发利用，全面建立中国地质灾害监测预警站网体系已刻不容缓。本文提出了中国地质灾害监测预警站网建设的目标任务、建设原则和技术要求及监测指标体系；规划了监测预警站网的构成，即中国地质灾害监测预警站网体系由有资质的各级地质环境监测机构及其管理的监测站点所组成，包括1个国家（一级）站，约40个省组（二级）站，700年县级（三级）站和约10000个乡镇级（四级）站以及若干新理论、新方法或新技术监测预警试验区（站）；列出了站网运行必须开展的科学技术研究支撑项目和监测预警站网组织管理的总体要求、制度体系等。     

四川雅安市雨城区地质灾害预警系统研究

区域地质灾害的敏感性评价与诱发因素评价是区域群发性地质灾害预警预报的基础。文中以四川雅安市雨城区为例,系统介绍了区域地质灾害预警预报的方法。在区域地质灾害敏感性评价及区域降雨监测的基础上,研究了降雨诱发区域群发性地质灾害的规律,得出了地质灾害降雨阈值。研究了降雨诱发地质灾害预警预报的方法,建立了大中比例尺的地质灾害预警预报系统,并在四川雅安雨城区开展了系统运行。文中论述的方法可以用于县(市)级的地质灾害预警预报工作。模拟运行及实际运行效果表明,本方法效果较好,能够在类似区域进行推广。     

谈汛期地质灾害防治督导——德阳地质灾害防治督导

根据(从"5.12"大地震过后2009年~2013年)近五年在德阳进行地质灾害的防治督导工作,谈德阳全范围地质灾害的防治督导。加强地方政府建立群测群防体系、网格化管理、落实责任人是关键,地质灾害知识的普及和宣传,以及监测人员的培训与防灾演练及信息报送,建立技术支撑,促进防灾工作,加强在专业上对地质灾害进行预防和认识。     

栾川县地质灾害防治实现四级联防

本刊讯今年以来,栾川县着力构建县、乡（镇）、村、组四级联防体系监测预警网络,目前,全县116处地质灾害隐患点均实现了四级联防监测预警。栾川县政府成立了地质灾害防治工作领导小组,明确乡（镇）和单位主要领导为第一责任人,层层落实防灾工作。在地质灾害重点防范村设立兼职地质灾害防治“协管员”,负责本村地质灾害防治工作。     

重大地质灾害防治理论与实践

<正>经过多年努力,刘传正博士完成了《重大地质灾害防治理论与实践》专著,已由科学出版社正式出版发行。本书包括上下两篇,初步建立了地质灾害防治工程学及其应用的基本理论方法体系。上篇提出了地质灾害防治工程的基本理论方法体系,包括地质灾害的基本概念和基本属性、地质灾害与地质环境变化、地质灾害的调查与勘查评价、监测预警、防治工程论证与设计、地质灾害的应急响应和防灾减灾公     

本溪市南芬区地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的建立

县(市)地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的建设是"全国县市地质灾害调查"专项项目的重要组成部分,本文阐述了以"县(市)地质灾害调查与区划信息系统"为基本建库工具,以MapGIS和FoxPro等软件为辅助工具,建立本溪市南芬区地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的过程.     

前进中的四川省地质环境监测总站

走过46载风雨历程的总站。于2000年正式划归四川省国土资源厅成为直属公益性事业单位,主要负责编制和实施全省地质环境监测工作规划、计划,参与编制地质灾害、地下水、地质遗迹等地质环境资源规划。承担重大地质灾害的监测、调查研究、评价和防治工作,开展地质灾害预测预报工作,建立和完善全省突发性地质灾害的速报制度,推进和建立全省地质灾害“群测群防、群专结合”的监测网络体系。组织地下水、地质遗迹、矿山地质环境等地质环境资源的动态监测预报工作,防止地下水过量开采与污染,为全省国土资源管理服务。     

四川雅安地质灾害预警预报及分析

本文介绍了雅安市地质灾害预警预报系统的建设基础、工作流程和2013年汛期运行情况。本系统在地质灾害调查获取的易发性分区图及预警判据体系的基础上,利用WEBGIS平台构建;运行时需要输入区域降雨量监测值和降雨预测值,得出相应的危险性分布情况。本系统2013年汛期运行,对地方地质灾害防灾减灾提供了技术支持。本文结合一次典型的预警实例（2013年7月7日）,对预警的效果进行了评价,并指出了系统存在的问题和下一步的工作方向。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.