“吕梁运动”新认识

吕梁运动(1.90~1.70 Ga)长久以来被认为是华北克拉通最终稳定固结的造山运动.事实上, 在古元古代末期华北克拉通以伸展-裂解构造为主, 表现为拗拉谷系发育、非造山岩浆活动(环斑花岗岩、斜长岩、辉长岩、花岗岩类及伟晶岩脉等)、大规模基性岩墙群侵位以及早期变质基底隆升或退变质构造热事件等.对已有的大量同位素年代学资料分析后证明, 这一时期的岩浆侵位与基底构造-热事件在时间上的分布具有多峰式特点, 克拉通基底隆升退变质事件滞后于岩浆侵位, 明显区别于造山带普遍记录的构造变形-变质-岩浆侵位的事件序列.古元古代末期构造格局的重新认识, 为我国克拉通在元古代超大陆中的再造模式提供了最基本的制约条件.      

天镇-怀安地区变质基性岩墙群:华北克拉通古元古代末期碰撞-伸展构造体制转换标志

古元古代是华北克拉通形成过程中重要的造山构造演化阶段,该阶段形成的基性岩墙群,为深入理解裂解-俯冲-碰撞-抬升的造山构造-岩浆过程提供了重要信息.本文报道了天镇-怀安地区广泛分布于新太古代-古元古代变质基底中的变质基性岩墙（二辉麻粒岩）,野外产状与区域主期构造面理协调一致,主要由单斜辉石、斜方辉石、斜长石和少量角闪石组成.LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得变质基性岩墙的变质年龄为1 820~1 834 Ma,与区内麻粒岩相变质事件一致,结合区域基性岩墙年龄记录,推测其原岩形成年龄为1.95~1.91 Ga.根据岩石地球化学特征可将变质基性岩墙划分为高Mg低Ti型和低Mg高Ti型两类,两者经历了不同程度的橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的分离结晶.两类基性岩墙均亏损高场强元素（如Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和Hf）,结合锆石Hf同位素分析,研究表明基性岩墙来源于俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔或者受到过地壳物质的混染.华北克拉通古元古代存在2.16~2.04 Ga和1.97~1.83 Ga两期基性岩墙侵位事件:早期代表在初始克拉通基础上发生的板内裂解过程,晚期记录了由俯冲碰撞到伸展的转换过程,即碰撞造山构造体制由水平挤压转变为垂向抬升,构造转换时限大致介于1.95~1.91 Ga.      

胶辽地块古元古代构造—热演化与深部过程

近年来的研究表明，华北克拉通由东部地块和西部地块于1．85Ga沿中部带碰撞形成，且碰撞前东部地块的西缘为活动陆缘，研究程度高。相比之下，东部地块的东缘大面积分布的古元古代胶辽吉造山带研究薄弱。根据新近多学科研究成果，综合揭示出胶辽吉造山带古元古代的构造—热演化和深都地质作用过程如下：早期底侵可能与深都地幔柱相关，发生于2．53～2．36Ga之间，导致2．47～2．33Ga岩墙事件、胶辽吉裂谷带的形成和双峰式火山活动。该幕底侵不仅导致地壳上都沉积格架的不同，也导致地壳内初始热结构的分异，从而决定不同空间上变质作用类型和PTt轨迹的差异。晚期底侵导致地壳下部于2．17Ga左右产生A型辽吉花岗岩、2．2Ga与2．0Ga的伟晶岩事件和顺层伸展变形。其主要的造山运动发生在1．911～1．883Ga之间，裂谷封闭、收缩变形，在该造山带南部出现高压变质。之后，1．875～1．66Ga之间，出现小断块的拆沉、环斑花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和正长岩的非造山岩浆事件、伟晶岩脉和基性岩墙群事件和榆树砬子群沉积。东都地块南缘大别—苏鲁一带1．7～1．6Ga期间应是一个重要的古元古代强烈活动陆缘带。中元古代1．6Ga以后大别—苏鲁一带经历了一系列再造事件而与东都地块主体形成显著差异。总之，胶辽吉造山带的底侵样式、碰撞过程、拆沉方式都直接制约着浅部地壳的构造—热演化特征。     

华北克拉通古元古代地质记录及其构造意义

华北克拉通上存在广泛的古元古代地质记录,尤其是构造岩石组合和同位素年龄资料,显示克拉通上可能存在多条古元古代的汇聚拼合带：如鄂尔多斯地块与华北东部-阴山地块之间的拼合造山带、华北东部地块与狼林地块之间的胶辽造山带以及华北克拉通北缘的安第斯型汇聚边界等。华北克拉通中部地区的古元古代锆百年龄数据统计,显示出2．3～24Ga、20～22Ga和18～1．95Ga三组年龄值,暗示华北克拉通古元古代可能存在两个演化阶段：其中古元古代末期（18～1．95Ga）的造山事件已得到了广泛认可,并认为-9全球Columbia超大陆汇聚事件相关;而2.3～2.4Ga、2.00～2.2Ga所代表的构造热事件的性质和意义尚不明确。我国古元古代末期有关陆块汇聚的构造热事件以及其后的裂解事件群和地层学记录,与新的国际前寒武纪地质年代表建议的古-中元古代界线一致,这将促进我国特别是古-中元古代的前寒武纪研究。     

扬子陆核古元古代A型花岗岩的年代学与地球化学研究及其构造意义

以侵入于宜昌崆岭杂岩中的圈椅埫花岗岩体为研究对象,系统研究了其年代学和地球化学特征,并据此对岩石成因和扬子陆核古元古代构造演化过程进行探讨。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,圈椅埫花岗岩形成年龄为(1 822±44) Ma,说明其为扬子陆核古元古代岩浆活动产物。地球化学研究表明,该花岗岩体富Si,贫Al、Mg,微量元素组成上富集Rb、Th,具有Eu、Ba、Sr和高场强元素的负异常。岩石具有高Ga/Al比值和(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)含量,其锆石饱和温度计算值较高(＞862 ℃),综合地质地球化学特征表明该岩体应属铝质A型花岗岩。岩体的εNd(t)值在-12.4~-10.3之间变化,对应两阶段Nd同位素模式年龄值为3.3~3.2 Ga,暗示岩体可能形成于扬子陆核深部古老的长英质地壳物质在后碰撞伸展构造背景低压、高温条件下部分熔融。结合前人已有的研究成果,认为其可能与区域上2.0~1.9 Ga板块碰撞造山后发生的由碰撞挤压向伸展作用的构造转换作用有关。扬子陆核古元古代构造岩浆事件与全球范围内2.1~1.8 Ga的与Columbia超大陆演化有关的碰撞造山-裂解事件时间吻合,表明扬子陆核可能是Columbia超大陆的重要组成部分之一。     

秦昆结合区两期基性岩墙群^40Ar／^39Ar定年及其构造意义

秦昆(秦岭-昆仑)结合区在不同地质背景基础上于柴达木东缘次级造山带南东段的拉龙洼和满丈岗地区发育了两期基性岩墙群,~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年结果分别为393.5Ma和197.5Ma,它们分别代表着东古特提斯洋北支及其北侧秦昆间共和坳拉谷的初始伸展离散和这一构造系统封闭碰撞造山后的伸展垮塌构造岩浆事件。结合区域资料进一步分析表明,晚古生代中晚期东昆南-阿尼玛卿和阿尼玛卿-文县-勉略两支裂谷发育成相互沟通的东古特提斯洋北支时,苦海-赛什塘一支发生“夭折”而形成共和坳拉谷,这一构造系统于三叠纪晚期各区段几乎是同时发生收缩、闭合、碰撞造山,东昆南-阿尼玛卿-文县-勉略有限洋盆的向北俯冲碰撞造山形成统一的秦昆造山带,共和坳拉谷的封闭使西秦岭与东昆仑完成了侧向间的衔接。本文的研究给这一秦昆衔接的动力学演化过程提供了时代依据。     

华北克拉通元古代的三次伸展事件

本文根据作者在山西、河北一带获得的三组元古代年龄数据，即基性岩墙群1.855Ga的Rb-Sr等时线年龄；太古代地层大面积钾质交代的^40Ar-^39Ar坪年龄1．262Ga和^49Ar-^39Ar等时线年龄1．274Ga；以及基性岩墙群0.731-0.601Ga的K－Ar稀释法年龄。结合前人研究资料，作者认为华北克拉通存在1．8－1．7Ga，1.3-1.2Ga，和0.8-0.7Ga三次伸展事件，它们之间相隔0．5GA。最后一次伸展事件可以延续到晚元古代末。文章最后提出了华北克拉通这三次事件与全球超大陆裂解事件是否响应和如何响应的问题。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗中元古代片麻状花岗岩的成因及大地构造意义

内蒙古锡林浩特地块位于兴蒙造山带中部,地块前寒武纪岩系由宝音图群和片麻状花岗岩等组成。锡林浩特地块~1.4Ga片麻状花岗质岩石的发现为古老地块提供了佐证,但其岩石成因及大地构造意义不清。苏尼特左旗地区中元古代花岗岩主要由片麻状正长花岗岩和片麻状二长花岗岩组成。4件样品的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄为1373~1399Ma,属中元古代中期。片麻状花岗岩具有高硅、富碱、K2O/Na2O比值>1和过铝质等特征,并且稀土总量高、Eu负异常明显、轻稀土富集且重稀土亏损,属于A2- 型花岗岩。总体具有弱亏损的同位素组成,全岩εNd(t)除一个样品为负值(-0.2)以外,均为较小正值(+0.3~+1.0),两阶段Nd模式年龄tDM2 为1.88~1.97Ga,锆石εHf(t)值均为正值(+0.8~+11.1),tDM2 大多介于1.45~2.17Ga之间,表明主要源于古元古代末期新生地壳的部分熔融。区域上~1.4 Ga钾质花岗岩类的广泛出现表明为一次陆壳伸展作用引发构造岩浆事件,它是对全球哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的响应,锡林浩特地块中元古代(~1.4Ga)A- 型花岗岩的发现表明中元古代中期华北克拉通和锡林浩特地块同处于大陆伸展的构造环境。     

西大别~2.0 Ga变质花岗岩的发现及其Hf同位素特征

扬子陆块广泛存在2.10～1.90 Ga构造热事件的年代学信息,然而在大别地区该时期的岩浆岩体尚未报道,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,对西大别金盘岩体的变质花岗岩开展了锆石年代学和Hf同位素分析。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示变质花岗岩的结晶年龄为(2022±17)Ma(MSWD=2.3),代表了大别造山带古元古代的岩浆活动记录。锆石的εHf(t)值(-10.6～-7.6)及其二阶模式年龄(2.96～3.12 Ga)表明该岩体来源于古老陆壳的再造。综合已有Hf同位素资料,扬子陆块北缘广泛发育2.95～3.18 Ga太古宙地壳,为该类花岗岩的岩浆形成提供了物源。金盘岩体形成于古元古代碰撞造山作用时期(2.03～1.93 Ga),可能指示了Columbia超大陆聚合在大别地区的响应。该～2.0 Ga花岗岩体的识别,为研究大别造山带早前寒武纪构造岩浆事件的演化序列提供了新的资料。     

华北克拉通中元古代基性岩墙群形成机制及构造应力场

本文通过研究华北克拉通中部中元古代基性岩墙群的单体形态和分布规律,分析岩墙群形成的力学机制,认为这些基性岩墙群主要是基性岩浆侵位于先存的张性或张剪性破裂中而成。晋北地区和五台－太行山地区的岩墙群主要为张剪性的,吕梁山地区和中条山地区的主要为张性。根据岩墙群的分布规律、侵位方向和力学机制及其与燕辽－中条拗拉槽系之间的关系,认为华北克拉通中部中元古代的区域构造应力场是张性和张剪性构造环境,其主压应力来     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861