Three-dimensional reconstruction of objects buried in layered media using Born and distorted Born iterative methods

We develop electromagnetic inverse scattering methods to reconstruct three-dimensional (3-D) objects buried in layered media. The nonlinear inverse problem is solved iteratively via the conjugate-gradient approach; within each iteration, the problem is linearized by Born and distorted Born approximations. The forward solution for layered media is provided by the stabilized biconjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform method. The inversion results from the Born and distorted Born iterative methods are presented, and the effects of the aperture size and noise on the inversion results are also investigated. Numerical results show that these methods are capable of reconstructing an arbitrary 3-D inhomogeneous object buried in a multilayered medium with high resolution.     

基于傅里叶描述子的高分辨率遥感图像 地物形状特征表达

本文在对傅里叶描述子进行归一化的基础上, 将该方法引入地物轮廓的形状特征描述中, 针对建筑物、 农田、道路和河道4 种典型地物, 分别从谱线特征、不同频段描述子对形状特征的贡献率、形状重构三个方面进行 分析, 结果表明, 在谱线图中, 直流分量对形状特征的贡献率在70%以上, 低频和高频成分共占7%—24%左右, 中 频成分的贡献率只有2%—4%左右, 仅低频成分(第1—5 项)便能够很好地进行地物形状重构。最后将第1—5 项描 述子应用到基于决策树的面向对象分类中, 得出实验区总体分类精度为98.48%     

Three-Dimensional Microwave Tomography by a 2-D Slice-Based Reconstruction Algorithm

This letter deals with the problem of imaging 3-D strong scatterers by means of a 2-D slice tomographic reconstruction algorithm. More in detail, the inversion algorithm is based on two steps. In the first step, 2-D slices of the object are reconstructed; then, they are superimposed and interpolated to achieve the 3-D representation of the object. The Kirchhoff approximation is exploited to develop a linear inversion scheme for reconstructing the 2-D slices for scatterers embedded in the free space. Finally, the inversion algorithm is checked against synthetic data for the interesting case of scatterers resembling the human body.     

Photogrammetric measurement of small objects using a non-metric camera

Effort has been made to use a non calibrated, non metric camera for making measurements on a small object, designing the close range photogrammetry system in a manner, to keep the effect of distortions to minimum.     

一种城市高大地物阴影检测方法

针对水体、偏蓝色地物会影响阴影检测精度这一问题,该文提出了一种基于WorldView-2影像的城市高大地物阴影检测方法。首先,在统计分析阴影及典型地物光谱值的基础上,对C1C2C3色彩不变空间中的C3分量利用直方图阈值法分割阴影区域和非阴影区域,分离后的阴影区域中包含了绿色植被信息;然后,利用多波段运算提取植被信息;其次,对最初的阴影植被混合区域和植被区域做逻辑差运算,得到目标阴影区域;最后,对阴影提取结果进行小区域去除和形态学滤波等后处理。实验结果表明,该方法针对WorldView-2影像具有普适性,能够有效避免水体、偏蓝色地物的影响,能够精确、快速地检测阴影区域。     

Considerations about antenna pattern measurements of 2-D aperture synthesis radiometers

Accurate measurement of the antenna voltage patterns of large-aperture synthesis radiometers is critical in order to achieve good radiometric accuracy, and a very time consuming and expensive task. Measurement requirements and a tradeoff study relating radiometric accuracy degradation and number of elements to be measured are presented.     

煤层顶底板DEM二维光照渲染制图方法

煤层顶底板等高线图是煤矿企业用于生产决策的一种常用图纸,这种图的直观性较差,难以阅读。参照Tanaka明暗等值线图的方法提出一种基于二维显示的煤层底板DEM的光照渲染制图方法。该方法通过假定光源所处的位置,并计算DEM的三角面片的法向,进而求得三角面片的亮度,然后以填充绘制的方式将所有三角形以二维的方式绘制出来。这种方法具有显示效率高、编程简单、易于图层叠加、效果较Tanaka法逼真等优势。     

First 2-D Interferometric Radiometer Imaging of the Earth From an Aircraft

The Helsinki University of Technology has recently finished the construction of a 2-D airborne aperture synthesis radiometer and conducted a successful test flight with the complete instrument. During the test flight, a number of different brightness temperature sources were measured to examine the instrument's stability, electromagnetic compatibility issues, calibration methods, and image reconstruction algorithm. A set of images from this first test flight is presented, and their main features are discussed     

二维水质扩散模型的建立及应用

根据东湖实际,探讨了二维湖泊水质扩散模型及其定解。提出的二维交替算法,具有快速收敛及确保精度等特点,改进后的内插模型解决了流场和浓度场的初始值和边界条件问题,形成了全湖数字高程模型;在浓度等值线快速生成的基础上,通过接口自动形成信息系统空间和属性文件,完成了专题自动分类。     

Contributions to a quality description of areal objects in spatial data sets

In this paper, we present a quality evaluation of two-dimensional building acquisition. We propose methods for identification and quantification of differences between independently acquired regions, and we present a systematic classification of those differences. Differences between acquired sets R_j={r_i}_j of region r_ij depend on the context of observation, on the technique of observation, etc. We distinguish topological and geometrical differences. Topological differences refer to the interior structure of a set of regions as well as to the structure of the boundary of a single region. Geometrical differences refer to the location of the boundary of a single region or of a set of regions, independent of their representation and of the structure of the boundaries.Identification of differences requires a matching of two data sets R₁ and R₂, which is done here by weighted topological relationships. For the identification of topological differences between two sets R₁ and R₂ of regions, we use the two region adjacency graphs (RAGs). For an identification of geometrical differences, we use the zone skeleton between two matched subsets r_p1 and r_q2 of the given sets. The zone skeleton is labeled with the local distances of the corresponding boundaries of the subsets; especially, we investigate its density function. An example based on two real data sets of acquired ground plans of buildings, shows the feasibility of the approach.     

保持几何形状的矢量地图水印算法应用分析

不同类型的矢量地图水印嵌入算法对矢量地图几何特征的影响程度不同,导致含水印矢量地图的可用性遭到不同程度的破坏.针对这一问题,实现了一种现有的保持几何形状的矢量地图水印算法,将其应用于某居民地面矢量数据,并提出了几何形状和坐标精度评价方法,对该水印嵌入算法的普适性和有效性进行分析与评价.     

2-D delineation of individual citrus trees from UAV-based dense photogrammetric surface models

One of the challenges of remote sensing and computer vision lies in the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of individual trees by using automated methods through very high-resolution (VHR) data sets. However, a successful and complete 3-D reconstruction relies on precise delineation of the trees in two dimensions. In this paper, we present an original approach to detect and delineate citrus trees using unmanned aerial vehicles based on photogrammetric digital surface models (DSMs). The symmetry of the citrus trees in a DSM is handled by an orientation-based radial symmetry transform which is computed in a unique way. Next, we propose an efficient strategy to accurately build influence regions of each tree, and then we delineate individual citrus trees through active contours by taking into account the influence region of each canopy. We also present two efficient strategies to filter out erroneously detected canopy regions without having any height thresholds. Experiments are carried out on eight test DSMs composed of different types of citrus orchards with varying densities and canopy sizes. Extensive comparisons to the state-of-the-art approaches reveal that our proposed approach provides superior detection and delineation performances through supporting a nice balance between precision and recall measures.     

激光扫描与无人机一体化控制下的复杂体育场馆高精度三维重建

针对复杂体育场馆外部精细建模在完整性和精度方面存在的问题,本文提出了地面控制、地面激光扫描、无人机建模控制一体化的高精度建模方法。首先应用特制标志建立区域内控制、扫描、无人机高精度一体化坐标系统;其次对地面多站激光扫描点云结合控制坐标进行区域整体平差配准,生成一体化坐标系统下高精度地面点云模型;然后应用无人机数据和控制点生成一体化坐标下的高精度顶部数据;最后融合两种数据生成对象完整高精度精细模型。试验证明,整体平差解算方法可实现多站点云的高精度配准,一体化控制可实现非同源异质数据高精度融合,解决了复杂建筑对象的高精度建模问题,具有很大的实用价值。     

Archiving and distribution of 2-D geophysical data using image formats with lossless compression

Certain types of two-dimensional (2-D) numerical remote sensing data can be losslessly and compactly compressed for archiving and distribution using standardized image formats. One common method for archiving and distributing data involves compressing data files using file compression utilities such as gzip and bzip2, which are widely available on UNIX and Linux operating systems. GZIP-compressed files and bzip2-compressed files must first be uncompressed before they can be read by a scientific application (e.g., MATLAB, IDL). Data stored using an image format, on the other hand, can be read directly by a scientific application supporting that format and, therefore, can be stored in compressed form, saving disk space. Moreover, wide use of image formats by data providers and wide support by scientific applications can reduce the need for providers of geophysical data to develop and maintain software customized for each type of dataset and reduce the need for users to develop and maintain or download and install such software. This letter demonstrates the utility of standardized image formats for losslessly compressing, archiving, and distributing 2-D geophysical data by comparing them with the traditional file compression utilities gzip and bzip2 on several types of remote sensing data. The formats studied include TIFF, PNG, lossless JPEG, JPEG-LS, and JPEG2000. PNG and TIFF are widely supported. JPEG2000 and JPEG-LS could become widely supported in the future. It is demonstrated that when the appropriate image format is selected, the compression ratios can be comparable to or better than those resulting from the use of file compression utilities. In particular, PNG, JPEG-LS, and JPEG2000 show promise for the types of data studied.     

基于多分辨率特征的UWB SAR二维广义似然比目标检测方法

针对超宽带合成孔径雷达(UWB SAR)工作体制及探测背景的特殊性,结合成像过程,分析了不同分辨率条件下目标与杂波的区别,在此基础上采用了两种形式的一阶自回归(AR)模型实现对多分辨率序列的建模,并提出了广义似然比(GLR)的二维计算方法.该方法大大提高了多分辨率特征提取的稳定性,基于实际UWB SAR图像的试验结果表明:利用多分辨率特征可明显增强图像信杂比,从而提高UWB SAR目标检测效果.     

Statistical methods for analyzing the distribution of spatial objects in relation to a surface

This paper develops statistical methods for analyzing the distribution of spatial objects—points, convex polygons, and line segments—in relation to a surface. We propose statistics for measuring the relationship between the distribution of these objects and a surface and derive their expectations and variances under the null hypothesis that the objects are independently and randomly distributed. The statistics are approximately distributed according to the normal distribution under the null hypothesis, which enables us to test the significance of the spatial relationships statistically. Using the proposed methods, we empirically analyze the distribution of convenience stores in relation to the distribution of population in a suburb of Osaka, Japan. Some empirical findings are shown.     

基于ERDAS的三维虚拟地理环境开发方法研究

本文论述了利用ERDAS开发三维虚拟环境的过程,提出了ERDAS解决大比例尺三维虚拟环境的技术方案,建立了从元数据到真实三维的流程、步骤以及相应算法,同时利用ERDAS的二次开发功能解决了三维虚拟环境界面设计及功能扩展.     

基于改进二维离散希尔伯特变换的图像边缘检测方法

提出一种新的基于二维希尔伯特变换的边缘检测方法。对于频域信号而言,希尔伯特变换不改变信号的幅值,而仅仅改变其相位,即负频率的相位作+90°相移,而正频率作-90°相移。经由傅里叶变换后,边缘特征呈极值状态,因此本文利用二维离散希尔伯特变换实现边缘检测。由于二维离散希尔伯特变换结果具有方向性,提出利用两个呈正交性的二维离散希尔伯特变换的幅度平方和来检测图像边缘特征。此外将高斯核函数引入到希尔伯特变换中,以减少图像噪声对检测结果的影响,并根据PSNR(峰值信噪比)来确定最佳参数σ,从而得到理想的边缘检测效果。为验证该方法的检测结果,将所提方法与传统边缘检测算子的检测效果进行了比较分析,并将该方法运用于卫星遥感图像中,结果表明该方法可以有效地应用于边缘检测工作中。     

利用Sentinel-2影像超分辨率重建的红树林冠层氮含量反演

氮素是植被整个生命周期的必要元素,红树林冠层氮素含量（CNC）遥感估算对红树林健康监测具有重要意义。以广东湛江高桥红树林保护区为研究区,本文旨在基于Sentinel-2影像超分辨率重建技术进行红树林CNC估算和空间制图。研究首先基于三次卷积重采样、Sen2Res和SupReMe算法实现Sentinel-2影像从20 m分辨率到10 m的重建;然后以重建后的影像和原始20 m影像为数据源构建40个相关植被指数,采用递归特征消除法（SVM-RFE）确定CNC估算的最优变量组合,进而构建CNC反演的核岭回归（KRR）模型;最后选取最优模型实现CNC制图。研究结果表明：基于Sen2Res和SupReMe超分辨率算法的重建影像不仅与原始影像具有很高的光谱一致性,且明显提高了影像的清晰度和空间细节。红树林CNC反演波段主要集中在红（B4）、红边（B5）、近红外波段（B8a）以及短波红外波段（B11和B12）,与“红边波段”相关的植被指数（RSSI和TCARIre1/OSAVI）也是红树林CNC反演的有效变量。基于3种方法重建后10 m的影像构建的模型反演精度（R²val>0.579）均优于原始20 m的影像（R²val=0.504）;基于Sen2Res算法重建影像构建的反演模型拟合精度（R²val=0.630,RMSE_val=5.133,RE_val=0.179）与基于三次卷积重采样重建影像的模型拟合精度（R²val=0.640,RMSE_val=5.064,RE_val=0.179）基本相当,前者模型验证精度（R²cv=0.497,RMSE_cv=5.985,RE_cv=0.214）较高且模型变量选择数量最为合理。综合重建影像光谱细节及模型精度,基于Sen2Res算法重建的Sentinel-2影像在红树林CNC估算中具有良好的应用潜力,能为区域尺度红树林冠层健康状况的精细监测提供有效的方法借鉴和数据支撑。