Trends of Minimum and Maximum Daily Temperatures in Italy from 1865 to 1996

Summary Annual and seasonal changes in maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) and in daily temperature range (DTR) in Italy are investigated. Monthly average series for northern and southern Italy are analysed for evidence of trend. Tmax and Tmin show a positive trend over the period 1865–1996 which is greater in southern Italy than in northern Italy. DTR shows a positive trend, but greater in the North than in the South. There is a positive correlation between DTR and mean monthly temperature especially in spring and in summer, while there is a high significant negative correlation between DTR and monthly precipitation. Analysis of temperature, precipitation and DTR during the period 1865–1996 suggests that a general relationship between the very warm last 15–20 years and an increase in the frequency of sub-tropical anticyclones over the Central-Western Mediterranean. This relationship is based on the hypothesis that in Italy more frequent sub-tropical anticyclones could have been the most characteristic feature of the warm periods during the last 130 years. Received June 4, 1999 Revised November 2, 1999     

Analysis of recent trends in mean maximum and minimum temperatures in a region of the NW of Spain (Castilla y León)

Summary The present paper is an analysis of mean maximum and minimum temperatures carried out on monthly, seasonal and annual time-scales examining the data collected at 171 meteorological stations over a region in the North West of Spain (Castilla y León) for the period 1961–1997. Various statistical tools were used to detect and describe significant trends in these data. The magnitude of the trends was derived from the slopes of the regression lines using the least squares method, and the statistical significance was determined by means of the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. The pattern obtained is quite similar for mean maximum and minimum temperatures with increases in all months of the year, and in the annual series. The seasonal series corresponding to winter and summer also followed this same pattern. Spring and autumn were found to be more irregular. Because maximum temperature increased at a higher rate than minimum temperature in this period, an increase in the annual diurnal temperature range (DTR) was observed. The correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the regional maximum and minimum temperatures and DTR series for the period 1961–1997 have also be studied in this paper.     

Differences and sensitivities in potential hydrologic impact of climate change to regional-scale Athabasca and Fraser River basins of the leeward and windward sides of the Canadian Rocky Mountains respectively

Sensitivities to the potential impact of Climate Change on the water resources of the Athabasca River Basin (ARB) and Fraser River Basin (FRB) were investigated. The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) of IPCC projected by seven general circulation models (GCM), namely, Japan’s CCSRNIES, Canada’s CGCM2, Australia’s CSIROMk2b, Germany’s ECHAM4, the USA’s GFDLR30, the UK’s HadCM3, and the USA’s NCARPCM, driven under four SRES climate scenarios (A1FI, A2, B1, and B2) over three 30-year time periods (2010–2039, 2040–2069, 2070–2100) were used in these studies. The change fields over these three 30-year time periods are assessed with respect to the 1961–1990, 30-year climate normal and based on the 1961–1990 European Community Mid-Weather Forecast (ECMWF) re-analysis data (ERA-40), which were adjusted with respect to the higher resolution GEM forecast archive of Environment Canada, and used to drive the Modified ISBA (MISBA) of Kerkhoven and Gan (Adv Water Resour 29(6):808–826, 2006). In the ARB, the shortened snowfall season and increased sublimation together lead to a decline in the spring snowpack, and mean annual flows are expected to decline with the runoff coefficient dropping by about 8% per °C rise in temperature. Although the wettest scenarios predict mild increases in annual runoff in the first half of the century, all GCM and emission combinations predict large declines by the end of the twenty-first century with an average change in the annual runoff, mean maximum annual flow and mean minimum annual flow of −21%, −4.4%, and −41%, respectively. The climate scenarios in the FRB present a less clear picture of streamflows in the twenty-first century. All 18 GCM projections suggest mean annual flows in the FRB should change by ±10% with eight projections suggesting increases and 10 projecting decreases in the mean annual flow. This stark contrast with the ARB results is due to the FRB’s much milder climate. Therefore under SRES scenarios, much of the FRB is projected to become warmer than 0°C for most of the calendar year, resulting in a decline in FRB’s characteristic snow fed annual hydrograph response, which also results in a large decline in the average maximum flow rate. Generalized equations relating mean annual runoff, mean annual minimum flows, and mean annual maximum flows to changes in rainfall, snowfall, winter temperature, and summer temperature show that flow rates in both basins are more sensitive to changes in winter than summer temperature.     

A diagnosis of twentieth century temperature records at West Lafayette,Indiana

A diagnostic study of 80 yrs(1901–80) of surface temperatures collected at West Lafayette, Indiana, has been found to be in tune with the global trend and that for the eastern two-thirds of the United States, namely, cold at the turn of the century, warming up to about 1940, and then cooling to present. The study was divided into two cold periods (1901–18, 1947–80) and a warm period (1919–46), based on the distribution of annual mean temperature. Decadal mean annual temperatures ranged from 10 °C in period I to 12.2 °C in period II, to 9.4 °C during the present cold period. Themean annual temperature for the 80 yr ranged from the coldest of 8.7 °C in 1979 to the warmest of 13.6 °C in 1939. Thedaily mean temperature for the entire 80-yr ranged from -4.7 °C on 31 January to 25.1 °C on 27 July. Thecoldest daily mean was -26.7 °C on 17 January, 1977, and thewarmest daily mean was 35 °C on 14 July, 1936. The range of values for thedaily mean maximum temperatures was -.2 °C on 31 January to 31.4 °C on 27 July. Corresponding values for thedaily mean minimum are -9.2 °C on 31 January and 18.7 °C on 27 July. The all-time extreme temperatures are -30.6 °C on 26 February, 1963 and 43.9 °C on 14 July, 1936. Climatic variability has been considered by computing the standard deviations of a) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperature per year, and b) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures for each day of the year for the 80-yr period. These results have shown that there is more variability in the daily mean maximum per year than in the daily mean minimum, for each year of the 80-yr period. Also the variability for both extremes has been greater in each of the two cold periods than in the warm period. Particularly noticeable has been theincrease in the variability of the daily mean minima per year during the current cooling trend. Further, it has been determined that the variability in the daily mean maxima and minima for each day of the year (based on the entire 80 yrs is a) two times greater in the winter than in the summer for both extremes, and b) about the same for each in the summer, greater for daily maximum in the spring and fall, but greater for the daily minimum during the winter. The latter result is undoubtedly related to the effect of snow cover on daily minimum temperatures. An examination of daily record maximum and minimum temperatures has been made to help establish climatic trends this century. For the warm period, 175 record maxima and 68 record minima were set, compared to 213 record minima and 105 record maxima during the recent cold period. For West Lafayette, the present climatic trend is definitely one of extreme record-breaking cold. Evidence has also been presented to show the substantial increases in snowfall amounts in the lee regions of the Great Lakes during the present cold period, due to the lake-induced snow squalls associated with cold air mass intrusions. The possible impact of the cooling trend on agricultural activities has also been noted, due to a reduced growing season.     

1961-2004年宁夏极端气温变化趋势分析

 利用1961-2004年宁夏逐日最高、最低气温资料,分析了宁夏44 a来最高、最低气温的变化趋势。结果表明：宁夏的最高、最低气温表现出了明显的变化趋势,最高气温＜0℃的日数减少,＞30℃的日数增加;在年平均最低气温升高的同时,极冷日数也在增加,相对于1961-1990年的平均值,20世纪90年代和21世纪最初的4 a年极冷日数分别增加了1.1 d和0.7 d,距平百分率分别达350%和275%。     

1961-2004年宁夏极端气温变化趋势分析

利用1961-2004年宁夏逐日最高、最低气温资料,分析了宁夏44 a来最高、最低气温的变化趋势。结果表明：宁夏的最高、最低气温表现出了明显的变化趋势,最高气温＜0℃的日数减少,＞30℃的日数增加;在年平均最低气温升高的同时,极冷日数也在增加,相对于1961-1990年的平均值,20世纪90年代和21世纪最初的4 a年极冷日数分别增加了1.1 d和0.7 d,距平百分率分别达350%和275%。     

Monthly air temperature trends in Switzerland 1901–2000 and 1975–2004

Summary We analysed long-term temperature trends based on 12 homogenised series of monthly temperature data in Switzerland at elevations between 316 m.a.s.l. and 2490 m.a.s.l for the 20^th century (1901–2000) and for the last thirty years (1975–2004). Comparisons were made between these two periods, with changes standardised to decadal trends. Our results show mean decadal trends of +0.135 °C during the 20^th century and +0.57 °C based on the last three decades only. These trends are more than twice as high as the averaged temperature trends in the Northern Hemisphere. Most stations behave quite similarly, indicating that the increasing trends are linked to large-scale rather than local processes. Seasonal analyses show that the greatest temperature increase in the 1975–2004 period occurred during spring and summer whereas they were particularly weak in spring during the 20^th century. Recent temperature increases are as much related to increases in maximum temperatures as to increases in minimum temperature, a trend that was not apparent in the 1901–2000 period. The different seasonal warming rates may have important consequences for vegetation, natural disasters, human health, and energy consumption, amongst others. The strong increase in summer temperatures helps to explain the accelerated glacier retreat in the Alps since 1980. Authors’ addresses: Martine Rebetez, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Michael Reinhard, Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.     

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO OBSERVED TEMPERATURE INCREASE AT WUHAN STATION, CENTRAL CHINA

Based on an in-homogeneity adjusted dataset of the monthly mean temperature, minimum and maximum temperature, this paper analyzes the temporal characteristics of Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity at Wuhan Station, and its impact on the long-term trend of surface air temperature change recorded during 1961–2015 by using an urban-rural method. Results show that UHI effect is obvious near Wuhan Station in the past 55 years, especially for minimum temperature. The strongest UHI intensity occurs in summer and the weakest in winter. For the period 1961–2004, UHI intensity undergoes a significant increase near the urban station, with the increase especially large for the period 1988–2004, but the last 10 years witness a significant decrease, with the decrease in minimum temperature being more significant than that of maximum temperature. The annual mean urban warming and its contribution to overall warming are 0.18?C/10yr and 48.8% respectively for the period 1961–2015, with a more significant and larger urbanization effect seen in Tmin than Tmax. Thus, a large proportion warming, about half of the overall increase in annual mean temperature, as observed at the urban station, can be attributed to the rapid urbanization in the past half a century.     

Detection of Variations in Air Temperature at Different Time Scales During the Period 1889–1998 at Firenze, Italy

In an attempt to contribute to studies on global climatic change, 110 years of temperature data for Firenze, Italy, were analysed. Means and trends of annual and monthly temperatures (minimum, maximum and average) were analysed at three different time scales: short (20 years), medium (36–38 years) and long (55 years). Comparative changes in extreme events viz. frosts in the first and second parts of the 20th century were also analysed. At short time scales, climatic change was found in minimum and average temperatures but not in maximum temperatures. At all three time scales, the annual means of minimum, maximum and average temperatures were significantly warmer in the last part than in the early part of the 20th century. The monthly mean temperatures showed significant warming of winter months. Over the last four decades, minimum, maximum and average temperatures had warmed by 0.4, 0.43 and 0.4 ∘C per decade, respectively, and if this trend continues, they will be warmer by 4 ∘C by the end of the 21st century. The significant decline in days with subzero temperatures and frosts in the last half of the 20th century, further substantiated the occurrence of climate change at this site.     

1981—2011年阿里河地区气温极差变化浅析

利用1981—2011年阿里河镇的平均气温及逐日最高、最低气温资料,详细分析了年平均气温、年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温以及年平均气温极差的变化规律和特点。结果表明:阿里河地区的年平均气温呈明显上升趋势;年极端最高、最低气温都呈上升趋势;年平均气温极差值逐渐增大。     

用EOF分析黑龙江省42a来气温增暖的时空分布特征

根据黑龙江省分布相对均匀、资料年代较长的16个代表站的1961～2002年春、夏、秋、冬、年平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温资料,用EOF(经验正交函数)展开和趋势法,分析了黑龙江省42a气温变化状况,得出:黑龙江省在近42a间增温趋势明显,其中平均最低气温增高最为显著。从各季来看,冬季升温幅度最大,并且年平均气温增暖分布为由南向北越来越明显。     

1961—2010年锡林郭勒盟极端气温事件变化分析

根据1961—2010年锡林郭勒盟的平均气温及逐日最高、最低气温资料,详细分析了年平均气温、年季平均最高、最低气温以及极端气温的变化规律和特点。结果表明:锡林郭勒盟的年平均气温与全国同步,呈显著上升趋势;年平均最高、最低气温都呈增温趋势,季平均最高、最低气温的变化存在较大的季节性差异,冬季和秋季的增暖趋势异常明显,日较差整体呈现减小趋势;高温日数呈上升趋势,低温日数均呈下降趋势。     

近46年重庆地区气温变化特征分析

利用1961~2006年期间重庆地区的气温资料,对重庆气温变化的特征进行分析。结果表明:近46年,重庆年平均、年平均最高气温都经历了先降温后升温的过程,而且前期1961~1985年的降温趋势和后期1986~2006年的升温趋势都很显著,均通过了0.01的显著性水平检验。而年平均最低气温近46年的整体上升趋势明显,通过了0.01的显著性水平检验。对于重庆平均气温和平均最高气温,在前期降温过程中,春季和夏季的下降趋势显著;而在后期的升温过程中,春季和秋季的增温趋势显著。      

1961-2010年气候变化对天津市采暖期和夏季空调期的影响

根据1961－2010年天津市逐日气象要素,包括平均温度、最高温度、最低温度、相对湿度以及风速,采用统计学方法分析了近50 a天津市的冷暖度日变化以及冬季采暖期和夏季空调期的气候变化特征,探讨了冷暖度日、舒适日数与区域气候变化之间的关系。结果表明：近50 a天津市冷暖度日具有相反的变化趋势,暖度日（HDD）显著下降、冷度日（CDD）显著上升,且暖度日的变化幅度大于冷度日,变化主要集中于80年代之后。冷暖度日与极端温度之间具有显著相关性。采暖期低温日数呈下降趋势、空调期高温日数呈上升趋势。采暖期冷不舒适日数呈显著下降趋势,夏季空调期热不舒适日数呈显著上升趋势,与同期平均气温之间存在显著性相关,且不舒适气候的随机性呈增多趋势。说明在气候变暖背景下,区域气候变化对天津市采暖期和夏季空调期具有重要影响。     

石家庄地区近46 a温度变化特征

利用石家庄地区1961～2006年5个气象站气温资料,分析了该地区的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、平均日较差以及炎热日和寒冷日的年际以及各月的变化特征。分析结果表明,近46a来,石家庄地区的气候显著增暖,平均气温冬季增暖幅度最大,夏季最小,2月份增暖幅度最大,5月份最小。与平均气温变化趋势相一致,最高温度和最低温度也呈上升趋势,其中最低温度的升高趋势远大于平均气温和最高温度。石家庄地区中东部增暖幅度较大。近46a平均日较差显著减小,这主要是因为最低气温的升高幅度大于最高气温。寒冷日数显著减少,炎热日数增加不明显,西部、北部和南部的炎热日数甚至呈弱的减少趋势。     

合肥市53年气温变化特征分析

利用1953-2005年安徽省合肥市逐日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温资料,应用最小二乘法和Morlet小波分析法,对合肥市温度变化进行了分析。结果表明,合肥市53a来年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温变化,均具有明显冷期和暖期交替的阶段性特点,而且冷期持续时间比暖期持续时间长;春季、秋季和冬季年平均气温均呈上升趋势,但增幅不同,冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小,而夏季气温呈微弱的下降趋势;年极端最高气温呈微弱的下降趋势,年极端最低气温则呈强烈的上升趋势;年热积温呈下降趋势,年冷积温则呈明显的上升趋势;年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温变化具有明显的周期性,均存在30a左右的大尺度周期振荡,而中小尺度周期振荡则不相同。     

1971—2017年土默特左旗气温变化与相关节气分析

文章利用1971—2017年土默特左旗的气温资料,采用线性趋势法、变异系数法、t检验法,对土默特左旗与农事活动相关的节气气温变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温、年平均气温曲线的走势是一致的,但顺序发生了变化;谷雨、小满、夏至、小暑、立秋、处暑、白露的年平均气温呈显著的升高趋势,说明以上节气的年平均气温总体上是明显升高的,年平均最高气温的谷雨、夏至、处暑、白露节气呈极显著的升高趋势,年平均最低气温除大暑和处暑外呈极显著的升高趋势。20世纪70年代时谷雨节气的年平均最低气温变异系数最大,为0.41,80年代时小暑节气的年平均最高气温变异系数最小,为0.02。2010年以后,谷雨节气年平均最低气温的变异系数最大为0.21,夏至节气年平均气温的变异系数最小为0.02。     

南京极值温度长期变化及其与平均温度的关系

利用1951-2009年南京日平均气温、日最高气温以及日最低气温等资料,分析了南京日最高气温和最低气温的长期演变趋势及其与平均温度的关系。结果表明：近60a来,南京年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈变暖趋势,20世纪90年代增温尤为明显;日最高气温,除夏季表现为降温趋势外,其他季节均为升温趋势;而四季平均气...     

Seasonal temperatures over Italy and their relationship with low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns

An analysis of Italian seasonal temperatures from 1961 to 2006 was carried out, using homogenized data from 49 synoptic stations well distributed throughout Italy. The results show remarkable differences among seasons. Stationarity characterizes winter series, except for Northern Italy (where a warming trend from 1961 is identified); a positive trend over the entire period is recognized for spring series. Summer series are marked by a negative trend until 1981 and by a positive trend afterwards; finally, autumn series show a warming starting from 1970. The relationship between seasonal temperatures and four teleconnection patterns (North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic Pattern, Scandinavian Pattern and Arctic Oscillation) influencing European climate was investigated through Spearman rank correlation and composites. Among the results, the strong linear correlation with the East Atlantic Pattern in all seasons but autumn is remarkable; moreover, the explained variance varies between 31.9% and 50.4% (leaving out autumn). Besides these four atmospheric patterns the role of other factors (e.g. soil moisture) is not dealt with, but their importance and the need for more investigation is pointed out.     

1961—2011年四子王旗气候变化特征分析

利用四子王旗1961—2011年逐日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温以及降水量资料,综合运用线性倾向估计、修正的谢良尼诺夫公式等方法,综合分析了51a来四子王旗气候变化情况。结果表明:1961—2011年间,四子王旗全年平均气温的升高趋势十分显著的,且在1987—1989年出现增温突变现象,平均气温的升高主要是受最低温度的升高而影响的;夏季降水呈现减少趋势,冬、春、秋三个季节是增长趋势,相对来说春季降水增加是显著的;该地区干燥度整体来说并无明显变化趋势。